1993 Canadian federal election

none June 2024 June 2024 1993 Canadian federal election Canada parliamentary no no no 1988 Canadian federal election 1988 1993 10 25 1997 Canadian federal election 1997 295 seats in the House of Commons 148 69.6%Pomfret R. Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=ele&dir=turn&document=index&lang=e Elections Canada January 11, 2014 ( 5.7 pp) Opinion polling for the 1993 Canadian federal election APEC Summit 1993 - Jean Chrétien (3x4).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 CA Liberal nohash Jean Chrétien CA Liberal name June 23, 1990 Ran in Saint-Maurice (won) 83 seats, 31.92% 81 177 96 5,647,952 41.24% 9.32 pp 400px Results by electoral district 400px Results by province and territory Canada 1993 Federal Election seats.svg 380px The Canadian parliament after the 1993 election Prime Minister Kim Campbell CA PC name Prime Minister after election Jean Chrétien CA Liberal name 34th Canadian Parliament 35th Canadian Parliament Bouchardimg229us-signed (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 CA BQ nohash Lucien Bouchard July 25, 1990 CA BQ name Lac-Saint-Jean New party 10 54 44 1,846,024 13.52%results0 Only contested seats in Quebec. New party Preston Manning in 2004 (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 CA Reform nohash Preston Manning November 1, 1987 CA Reform name Ran in Calgary Southwest (won) 0 seats, 2.09% 1 52 51 2,559,245 18.69%results0 Did not contest seats in Quebec. 16.60 pp AudreyMcLaughlin2012 1 (cropped).png 120 120 160 0 0 CA NDP nohash Audrey McLaughlin December 5, 1989 CA NDP name Yukon 43 seats, 20.38% 44 9 35 939,575 6.88% 13.50 pp Prime Minister Kim Campbell of Canada (42-WHPO-P05407-13-1) (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 CA PC nohash Kim Campbell June 13, 1993 CA PC name Vancouver Centre(lost re-election) 169 seats, 43.02% 156 2 154 2,186,422 16.04% 26.98 pp The 1993 Canadian federal election was held on October 25, 1993, to elect members to the House of Commons of the 35th Parliament of Canada. Considered to be a major political realignment, it was one of the most eventful elections in Canada's history. Two new regionalist parties emerged, finishing second and third in seat count. Most notably, the election marked the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level and one of the worst ever suffered by a governing party in the Western democratic world. The Liberal Party, led by Jean Chrétien, won a majority government, defeating the governing Progressive Conservative Party in a landslide. The 22.6% gap between the Liberals and the newly formed Reform Party is the largest difference between the top-two popular vote parties in Canadian federal election history.Canadian Election Results: 1867-2021 https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/elections/1867-present.html 2025-06-06 www.sfu.ca The election was called on September 8, 1993, by the new Progressive Conservative (PC) leader, Prime Minister Kim Campbell, near the end of her party's five year mandate. When she succeeded longtime Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and assumed office on 25 June, the party was deeply unpopular due to the failure of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords in 1990 and 1992, respectively, the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax in 1991, and the early 1990s recession. The PCs were further weakened by the emergence of new parties that were competing for its core supporters, including the western-based Reform Party of Canada and the Bloc Québécois advocating for Quebecois sovereignty and separatism, both of which ended up heavily splitting the PC vote. Campbell's initial efforts helped the party recover somewhat in pre-election polls before the writs were issued on 8 September. However, this momentum did not last. The Progressive Conservatives launched a controversial attack ad during the campaign in hopes of staunching the bleeding. It did not work; the Progressive Conservatives suffered the most lopsided defeat for a Canadian governing party at the federal level, losing 154 seats and official party status in the House of Commons and more than half of their vote from 1988. The Western-based Reform Party won over many traditional PC voters, particularly social conservatives, alienated Western Canadians, and fiscal conservatives who opposed the Mulroney government's deficit spending and tax increases. The popularity of Preston Manning, and profound Western discontent with the PCs, led the Reform Party to replace the PCs as the major right-wing party in the Commons, although it won only one seat east of Manitoba. Though the Progressive Conservatives recovered slightly in the 1997 election, they lost seats in 2000 and would never be a major force in Canadian politics again. In 2003, the Progressive Conservative Party ceased to exist when it merged with the larger Canadian Alliance (the successor of the Reform Party) to create the new Conservative Party of Canada. The sovereigntist Bloc Québécois won almost half of the popular vote in Quebec and became the Official Opposition despite finishing fourth in the popular vote. To date, this is the only time that a party committed to the political secession of a region of Canada has become the Official Opposition of Canada, and the only time a party not first or second in the popular vote would form Opposition. (The Progressives won the second-most seats in 1921 with the third-most votes, but declined to form Opposition, and the second-place Conservatives did in lieu). The traditional third party, the New Democratic Party (NDP), collapsed to nine seats only one election after having what was then its best performance. It remained the NDP's worst result until the 2025 federal election. The turnover of MPs was stark and unprecedented for Canadian politics, with 132 MPs losing their seats. In total, 194 out of 295 ridings changed hands. Having been defeated in her Vancouver Centre riding, Campbell became the first incumbent prime minister since William Lyon Mackenzie King in 1945 to lose a House of Commons seat in a bid for re-election. This was the only election in Canadian history in which a governing party failed to win enough seats to attain official party status. This was also the first election since 1930 in which the winning party obtained a majority government without winning the most seats in Quebec. Background The Liberal Party had dominated Canadian politics for much of the 20th century. The party had been in office for all but 22 years between 1896 and 1984, with the Conservatives/Progressive Conservatives only forming government seven times during this period: in 1911, 1917, 1921 and 1926 (both under Arthur Meighen, without election), 1930, 1957, and 1979. Mulroney era In 1984, Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservatives to a majority government with the most seats in Canadian history, winning a majority of the seats in every province and a majority of votes cast. The Liberals lost 95 seats in the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level at the time. The PCs made a strong showing in Quebec, a province where they had held few seats for much of the century. Between 1896 and 1984, they had only taken a majority of seats in that province once, in their 1958 landslide—the only other time besides 1984 that a party won more than 200 seats in an election. After winning only one seat in Quebec (out of 75) in 1980, the Tories won 58 seats in 1984, leaving the Liberals with almost no seats outside of Montreal. Mulroney's government was based on a coalition of socially conservative populists from the West, fiscal conservatives from Atlantic Canada and Ontario, and Quebec nationalists. This coalition helped him win reelection in 1988 (an election almost wholly focused on the proposed Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement) but with only a plurality of the votes cast this time. Over the next five years, the popularity of Mulroney and his party declined further. The late 1980s recession severely harmed the Canadian economy, as both unemployment and the public debt grew. Despite the government's pledges to reduce the annual federal deficit, it grew from $34.5 billion in 1984, when Mulroney took power, to more than $40 billion by the time Mulroney stepped down in 1993. The federal debt was at $500 billion in 1993.Bliss 312. Mulroney brought in the unpopular Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 1991 and his governing policies were broadly unpopular by early 1993.McMurdy Deirdre Falling Expectations https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/1/4/falling-expectations Maclean's 11 January 2025 4 January 1993 https://web.archive.org/web/20201127204840/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/1/4/falling-expectations November 27, 2020 80% of Canadians disapproved of the GST in a June 1993 poll. Woolstencroft 32. While Mulroney had railed against Pierre Trudeau's patronage appointments in 1984, he permitted a series of patronage appointments just as he left the PM's office in 1993.https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/is-patronage-the-oil-that-keeps-our-democracy-turning Is patronage the oil that keeps our democracy turning? National Post June 1, 2012 May 5, 2025 Quebec constitutional status Mulroney had also promised to change the constitutional status quo in favour of increasing provincial autonomy; this was one of the most important reasons for his party's support in Quebec. He attempted to amend the constitution twice, but both reform proposals failed. The Meech Lake Accord collapsed in 1990 when the provincial legislatures of Newfoundland and Manitoba adjourned without bringing the issue to a vote; all 10 provincial legislatures had to ratify the accord for it to become law. The Charlottetown Accord was rejected by the Canadian people in an October 1992 referendum. In the case of the Charlottetown Accord, the majority of Canada's population voted against an agreement endorsed by every First Minister and most other political groups. This stinging rebuke against the "political class" in Canada was a preview of things to come, as the upcoming election would be held on October 25, 1993, a year less a day after the Charlottetown referendum. Additional polls in January 1993 concerning the cost-of-living crisis in the country showed that public opinion was broadly against the unpopular PCs.Laver Ross Hope in Hard Times Maclean's https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/1/4/hope-in-hard-times 11 January 2025 4 January 1993 https://web.archive.org/web/20200930224450/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/1/4/hope-in-hard-times September 30, 2020 Campbell replaces Mulroney These factors combined to make Mulroney the least popular leader since opinion polling began in the 1940s.Bliss 308. The Progressive Conservative Party's popularity reached a low of just over 15% in 1991.Brooks 194. With polls showing him facing almost certain defeat in the next election, Mulroney announced his retirement from politics (which had been speculated since early February)Wilson-Smith Anthony The Ottawa Betting Game Maclean's February 8, 1993 https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/2/8/the-ottawa-betting-game 11 January 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20200810162408/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/2/8/the-ottawa-betting-game August 10, 2020 on 24 February 1993.Trueheart Charles Mulroney Declares Intention to Resign https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/02/25/mulroney-declares-intention-to-resign/94ede77d-83d7-4f69-bc54-fea49b346d28/ The Washington Post 11 January 2025 25 February 1993Newman Peter C. How Brian Mulroney planned his exit Maclean's March 15, 1993 https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/3/15/how-brian-mulroney-planned-his-exit 11 January 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20201205073154/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/3/15/how-brian-mulroney-planned-his-exit December 5, 2020 While several senior Cabinet members had passed over contesting the leadership, Minister of Defence Kim CampbellFulton E. Kaye The Rising Star Maclean's https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/1/18/the-rising-star 11 January 2025 18 January 1993 https://web.archive.org/web/20200814022941/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/1/18/the-rising-star August 14, 2020 quickly emerged as the leading candidate to replace Mulroney as party leader and prime minister. Despite a vigorous challenge from Environment Minister Jean Charest, Campbell emerged victorious in the June leadership election and became Canada's first female prime minister. Campbell enjoyed a brief period of high popularity upon being sworn in, becoming the eponym of "Campbellmania", just as Pierre Trudeau had been the subject of late-1960s Trudeaumania.Peter C. Newman Newman Peter C. The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister Random House Canada 2005 363 She was polling favorably by mid-March of that year.Wilson-Smith Anthony Why Is This Woman Smiling Maclean's March 22, 1993 https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/3/22/why-is-this-woman-smiling 11 January 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20200805050519/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/3/22/why-is-this-woman-smiling August 5, 2020 Campbell campaigned extensively during the summer, touring the nation and attending barbecues and other events. Opposition parties The other traditional parties were also not faring well. While John Turner and the Liberal leadership supported the Meech Lake Accord, there was significant internal disagreement, with Trudeau returning from retirement to speak out against it. After the Liberals' disappointing showing in the 1988 election, Turner stayed on for a couple of years before resigning. The party then selected veteran politician Jean Chrétien over Paul Martin as party leader after a divisive battle, but Chrétien was unpopular, especially in his native Quebec, after declaring his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, being rocked by caucus defections. The federal Liberals were disorganized, near bankruptcy, and dropped in the polls from 50 to 32 per cent, so Chrétien appointed Jean Pelletier as chief of staff to reinvigorate his leadership and reorganize his office.Martin Sandra https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090110.wpelltier0110/BNStory/National/home Jean Pelletier, 73 January 10, 2009 The Globe and Mail April 20, 2010 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090121120133/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090110.wpelltier0110/BNStory/National/home January 21, 2009 As the ruling Tories suffered the most backlash from the unsuccessful constitutional amendments in 1990 and 1992, the Liberals rapidly picked up support and surged to a wide lead in opinion polling. The New Democratic Party (NDP) had won a record 43 seats in 1988 under Ed Broadbent, who retired the next year. In the following few years, their support continued to grow, at one point leading in the opinion polls. This helped the NDP win a series of victories at the provincial level. In a surprise victory in 1990, Bob Rae led the party to office in Ontario–the first time the NDP had formed a provincial government east of Manitoba. That same year, the NDP won a by-election in Quebec to take its first-ever seat in that province. The next year, under Mike Harcourt, the New Democrats were elected in British Columbia. Within a few years, however, the NDP provincial ministries in both Ontario and British Columbia became deeply unpopular, and support for the federal NDP also began to fall. In a deviation from their traditional position as staunch federalists, the NDP chose to align itself with the Liberals and PCs on the "yes" side of the 1992 Charlottetown Accord. As well, new leader Audrey McLaughlin made efforts to expand party support into Quebec instead of focusing on Western alienation, having defeated Dave Barrett, who had campaigned for the opposite policies. These positions gained the NDP little headway in Quebec and hurt the party's standing as the traditional voice of Western protest. New parties The greatest difference from 1988 was the rise of two new parties that cut into the Progressive Conservatives' support and caused Mulroney's "grand coalition" to implode. After the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, Lucien Bouchard led a group of Progressive Conservative and Liberal MPs to form the Bloc Québécois. This party quickly gained the support of Quebec sovereigntists and access to the networks of the provincial Parti Québécois. Gilles Duceppe won a 1990 by-election, and throughout the period leading up to the election, the Bloc polled as the most popular party in Quebec. The Reform Party of Canada was a Western-based populist party led by Preston Manning, the son of former Alberta Premier Ernest Manning. Originally broadly focused on Western Canadian interests, it had quickly moved far to the right after its formation. It originally campaigned under the slogan "the West wants in". Reform had nominated candidates in the 1988 election, but had failed to win any seats, and garnered only 2.5 per cent of the popular vote. Many Western voters had never forgiven the Liberals for the National Energy Program in the 1980s, and Mulroney's attempt to pacify Quebec caused them to rethink their support for the Tories. In early 1989, Deborah Grey won a by-election in a north-central Alberta riding to become the first Reform MP. This came as a considerable shock to Tories, who had dominated Alberta's federal politics for a quarter-century, as Grey had finished a distant fourth in the general election held a few months earlier. As Conservative support collapsed over the next four years, Reform party support increased. Reform also picked up support from many longtime NDP voters. The NDP (and its predecessor, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) had been the traditional Western protest party for most of the previous 40 years, but since the 1990s, the NDP had attempted to make inroads in Quebec and had joined the Progressive Conservatives and Liberals in supporting the Charlottetown Accord. Despite sharp ideological differences, Reform's populism struck a responsive chord in some disaffected NDP supporters. Opinion polling Opinion polling for the 1993 Canadian federal election thumb|750px|left|Graph of opinion polls conducted Campaign Pre-campaign An election had to be called in the fall of 1993, since Parliament's term would expire some time in September. By the end of the summer, Campbell's personal popularity was far ahead of that of Chrétien.Woolstencroft 15. Support for the Progressive Conservative Party had also increased after Campbell won the leadership, and their polling numbers were roughly equal to the Liberals, while Reform had been reduced to single digits. It was nevertheless thought likely that Reform would hold the balance of power in the event of neither the Progressive Conservatives nor Liberals winning a majority, as the NDP were polling even worse than Reform, while the Bloc were considered unlikely to enter into a confidence and supply agreement with either of the two largest parties. Campbell was therefore seen as having a good chance of remaining in power if the Progressive Conservatives could at least finish with a similar number of seats to the Liberals, and that Reform would support a continuation of her government (likely in return for some concessions on fiscal policy) over one led by Chrétien. With this in mind, Campbell asked Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn to dissolve parliament on September 8, only a few weeks before Parliament was due to expire. The election date was set for October 25. Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, this was the last day that the election could legally be held with the then-current enumeration still valid. In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Hnatyshyn granted the dissolution, beginning the seven-week campaign. At the ceremony at Rideau Hall, Campbell made the first of a series of remarks that would dog the Conservative campaign. When she was running for the party leadership, Campbell's frank honesty was seen as an important asset and a sharp contrast from Mulroney's highly polished style (Mulroney was criticized for waiting until the last year of his mandate before resigning, leaving office only 2 1 2 months before the Tories' five-year term ended, as well as for his international farewell tour devoid of any official business). During the campaign, however, Campbell repeatedly made statements that caused problems for the party. At the Rideau Hall event, she told reporters that it was unlikely that the deficit or unemployment would be much reduced before the "end of the century". Later in the campaign, a reporter claimed she stated "an election is no time to discuss serious issues." Campbell denied the report and declared her sentence was distorted; her actual quote meant that 47 days were not enough to discuss the overhaul in social policy that she thought Canada needed.Ferreira Victor August 12, 2015 'An election is no time to discuss serious issues': Five comments that sank Canadian political campaigns https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/an-election-is-no-time-to-discuss-serious-issues-five-comments-that-sank-canadian-politicians-during-elections National Post March 4, 2022 Progressive Conservative thumb|left|250px|Progressive Conservative Party logo during the election. The PC campaign was headed by chair John Tory and chief strategist Allan Gregg, both experienced Mulroney loyalists. It was the best-funded campaign, but it quickly ran into organizational problems. The party failed to get literature distributed to the local campaigns, forcing all the PC candidates to print their own material and thus preventing the party from putting forth a unified message.Woolstencroft 17. The Progressive Conservative campaign was focused on three issues: job creation, deficit reduction, and improving quality of life; the party, however, had little credibility on the first two, as over their time in office both unemployment and the deficit had increased dramatically. The party was also reluctant to propose new fiscal or social programs, as in Quebec they had to appeal to nationalists who opposed federal government intervention, and in the West had to appeal to Reform supporters who opposed government intervention in general. In addition, what remained of the initial euphoria over Campbell quickly wore off as the campaign progressed. Her style was initially seen as frank and honest, but as her numbers dropped she was seen as condescending and pretentious. The Tories also continued to be dogged by the long shadow of the unpopular Mulroney. Liberal thumb|250px|Liberal Party logo during the election The Liberals had long prepared for the campaign. They had amassed a substantial campaign war chest, almost as large as that of the Tories. On September 19, the Liberals released their entire platform, which the media quickly named the Red Book. This document gave a detailed account of exactly what a Liberal government would do in power. Several years of effort had gone into the creation of the document, which was unprecedented for a Canadian party.Clarkson 36. Several days later, the Progressive Conservatives released the hastily assembled A Taxpayer's Agenda, but the Liberals had captured the reputation of being the party with ideas. The Liberals were also consistently well organized and on message, in contrast to the PC campaign, which the Globe and Mail on September 25 stated was "shaping up to be the most incompetent campaign in modern political history."Fill in the Blanks The Globe and Mail September 25, 1993 D6 New Democratic thumb|200px|The federal NDP logo during the election. The New Democratic Party suffered badly in the election. With the rising unpopularity of the Ontario NDP government of Bob Rae, many traditional NDP voters were disenchanted and moved to the Liberal Party. In Western Canada, a portion of the NDP vote was attracted to the right-wing Reform party as a protest vote, as that party's populism struck a chord despite the sharp ideological differences between the two parties (as the centre-left NDP and right-wing Reform were on completely opposite sides of the political spectrum), and some went to the Liberals as well. Nationally, frustration with the PC party was also so high that some traditional NDP voters moved to the Liberals as a strategic vote. Although McLaughlin was returned in her own seat (Yukon), elsewhere the NDP was only truly competitive in Saskatchewan - even there, they finished third place in the popular vote although it was still enough to tie the Liberals for a plurality of seats at five (one more than the Reform Party). Bloc Québécois thumb|130px|right|Logo of the Bloc Québécois during the election. The Bloc Québécois benefited from a surge in support for Quebec nationalism after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord in 1990, which resulted in a number of Liberal and Progressive Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs) organizing the Bloc. The Bloc's leader, Lucien Bouchard, campaigned on promising that the Bloc would represent Quebec's interests at the federal level, with the party running candidates exclusively in Quebec while endorsing and supporting Quebec sovereignty (political independence from Canada). Reform thumb|130px|right|Logo of the Reform Party during the election. The Reform Party developed an extensive grassroots network in much of western Canada and Ontario. Reform's support for populist policies, such as a democratically elected and regionally equal Senate and more plebiscites and referendums in the political process, was very popular in Western Canada. In addition, Reform's backing of smaller government, lower taxes, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and social conservative policies as well as its opposition to the Goods and Services Tax won over many conservatives in the West and Ontario. Small-"c" conservatives in the West and Ontario who traditionally supported the Progressive Conservatives were drawn to Reform for several reasons. These conservative voters were disenchanted with the PCs for imposing the Goods and Services Tax and failing to reduce Canada's growing deficit and national debt. There was also the PC government's failure to deliver a democratically elected Senate as it had promised (while appointing unelected Senators in 1990, as it was obligated to do), its socially progressive policies, and its repeated failed attempts to officially bring Quebec into the Constitution, a focus that was seen as coming at the expense of attention to the concerns of other regions, especially the West. Reform had little money and few resources, with its candidates and campaign staff flying economy class, staying in cheap hotels, and relying on pre-packaged lunches, all which helped endear them to money-conscious fiscal conservatives.Ellis and Archer 67. The campaign was managed by seasoned political strategist Rick Anderson. Some Reformers had been annoyed that a moderate former Liberal and Ottawa insider had been made campaign manager, but he soon proved his political ability.Ellis and Archer 69. Reform found itself embroiled in controversy when Toronto-area candidate John Beck made a series of anti-immigrant remarks in an interview with Excalibur, the York University student paper. York students confronted Manning with the remarks, who immediately denounced them. Within an hour, Beck was forced to withdraw his candidacy.Reform Candidate Quits The Globe and Mail October 14, 1993 A6 Leaders debates Polls during the campaign Firm Date PC LPC NDP BQ Ref Lead Angus ReidA Struggle to Survive https://archive.macleans.ca/issue/19931018#!&pid=14 August 25, 2020 Maclean's October 18, 1993 15 August 30, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200830232228/https://archive.macleans.ca/issue/19931018#!&pid=14 dead September 9 35 37 8 8 10 2 Comquest Research September 14 36 33 8 10 11 3 Angus Reid September 16 35 35 6 11 11 Tie CBC September 22 31 36 7 11 13 5 Gallup September 25 30 37 8 10 13 7 Compass Research September 26 26 38 8 12 14 12 Environics September 26 31 36 7 11 13 5 Leger & Leger September 26 28 34 7 12 15 6 Ekos September 28 25 39 6 12 17 14 Angus Reid October 6 22 37 8 12 18 15 Compass Research October 16 22 40 7 13 16 18 Leger & Leger October 19 21 39 6 14 17 18 Angus ReidForsythe, Frank, Krishnamurthy, and Ross 337. October 22 18 43 7 14 18 25 Gallup October 22 16 44 7 12 19 25 Election result October 25 16.0 41.2 6.9 13.5 18.7 22.5 1993 Canadian federal election opinion polling data.chart 1993 Canadian federal election opinion polling data.tab 350px yes Graph of opinion polls conducted during the campaign Over the course of the campaign, Progressive Conservative support steadily bled away to the other parties. The leaders debates were held October 3 and 4, and were generally regarded as inconclusive, with no party gaining a boost from them. The most memorable moment involved Lucien Bouchard continuously questioning Campbell about the real deficit in the 1993 budget and Campbell dodging the question. The French debates were held on the first night. Manning, who did not speak French, read prepared opening and closing remarks, but did not participate in the debate itself. Chrétien ad 1993 Chrétien attack ad By October, the Progressive Conservatives were considerably behind the Liberals in the polls, and it was obvious that they would not be reelected. The consensus was that the Liberals were on their way to at least a minority government, and would probably win a majority without dramatic measures. Despite this, Campbell was still far more personally popular than Chrétien. Polling found that a considerable number of potential Liberal voters held negative opinions about Chrétien. Believing they had no other way to keep the Liberals from winning a majority, Gregg and Tory decided to launch a series of commercials attacking Chrétien. While the ad's creators claim they had meant for the line "I would be very embarrassed if he became Prime Minister of Canada" to refer to Chrétien's policies and ethics, the intercutting with images of his face and its facial deformity (caused by Bell's palsy) were interpreted by many as an attack on Chrétien's appearance. The ad quickly received widespread attention as the Liberal war room under Roméo LeBlanc immediately contacted media outlets. This generated a severe backlash from all sides of the spectrum, including some PC candidates, and Campbell ordered them off the air.Gordon Donaldson (journalist) Gordon Donaldson The Prime Ministers of Canada Toronto Doubleday Canada Limited 1997 367 Chrétien turned the situation to his advantage, comparing his opponents to the children who teased him when he was a boy. "When I was a kid people were laughing at me. But I accepted that because God gave me other qualities and I'm grateful." Chrétien's approval ratings shot up, nullifying the only advantage the Progressive Conservatives still had over him. The Tories also pointed out that Chrétien himself had used his half-paralyzed face in the campaign, with Liberal signs in Quebec that translated as "Strange-looking face, but reflect on what's inside." Furthermore, most newspapers and magazines had used similar photos that highlighted Chrétien's facial deformity. Aside from raising Chrétien's personal popularity, it is unclear what effect the ad had on the election. Prior to the controversy, the Campbell Tories were already beset by many problems; notably the recession, the unpopular GST, and their support bases moving to Reform and the Bloc. Nonetheless, the negative backlash over the television spot proved to be the final nail in the Tories' coffin. Their support plummeted into the teens, all but assuring that the Liberals would win a majority government. Issues The most important issue of the 1993 election was the economy."without a doubt" the most important issue. Frizzell, Pammett, & Westell 2. The nation was mired in the early 1990s recession, and unemployment was especially high. The federal deficit was also extremely high, and both the Reform and Progressive Conservatives focused on cutting it as the path to economic health. Reform proposed deep cuts to federal programs in order to do this, while the Progressive Conservatives were less specific. The Liberals also promised cuts, focusing on the unpopular and expensive plan to buy new military helicopters to replace the aging Sea Kings. They also promised new programs such as a limited public works programme and a national child care program. The Reform Party called for a "Zero in Three" plan that would reduce the deficit to zero in three years. The Liberals had a far more modest plan to reduce the deficit to 3% of GDP by the end of their first term. All opposition parties pledged to repeal the Goods and Services Tax. Once elected, however, the Liberals reneged on this pledge to much outcry, stating the Conservatives had understated the size of the deficit. Instead the GST remained. In some provinces it was Harmonized with the Provincial sales tax, while in other provinces the GST and the Provincial Sales Tax remained separate. The 1988 election had been almost wholly focused on the issue of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, and similarly, the 1993 election was preceded by the agreement on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/similar-2015-1993-election-campaigns-1.3256203 2015 election campaign is eerily similar to the 1993 race CBC News Haydn Watters October 8, 2015 May 5, 2025 The Liberals opposed NAFTA and promised to try to renegotiate the FTA, but this was not a central campaign theme. The NDP did focus on opposition to NAFTA, but the Canadian people mostly felt that the free trade debate was over. When in office, the Liberals signed on to NAFTA with little opposition. Similarly, while constitutional issues had dominated the national debate for several years, two failed reform proposals led most to support giving the issue a rest. Chrétien promised not to reopen the constitution, and that under the Liberals any change would be incremental in nature. In Quebec the election was seen as a prelude to the next Quebec election and the referendum on secession that was sure to follow. The Reform Party advanced proposals in a number of areas that challenged the status quo. It proposed extensive reform to Canada's parliamentary system, including more free votes, recall elections, and change to the Senate. The party also advocated a reduction in immigration levels and a retreat from official bilingualism. Finances The election was held under the Election Expenses Act of 1974. This forced parties to disclose most donations, but put few limits on who could donate and how much could be given. Individual donations up to $1,150 were given a tax credit, encouraging such pledges. The Conservatives had the largest budget, spending $10.4 million on their national campaign; the Liberals spent $9.9 million, while the NDP spent $7.4 million. The Bloc and Reform both spent less than $2 million on their national campaigns.Ron Eade Election Spending The Ottawa Citizen April 29, 1994 A1 Actual election spending is far larger than these numbers indicate: each candidate raised substantial amounts of money independently of the national campaign. In this era there were also large expenses, such as polling and fundraising costs, that did not need to be disclosed. In the year of the election, two traditional parties, the Liberals and Conservatives, each received about 60% of their funding from corporations and the rest from individuals. For the NDP half of the funding came from individuals, and a third came from trade unions. The Reform Party relied almost wholly on individual donations, with only some 12% coming from corporations. The Bloc relied almost solely on individual donations, as its party charter barred donations from corporations. The NDP had by far the most donors, with over 65,000, but the average donation was only $80. By contrast the 45,000 Conservative donors gave more than $200 on average.Brooks 207. The NDP and Conservatives had more problems after the vote. The NDP found itself deeply in debt, but recouped some of it by selling their Ottawa headquarters to the new Ukrainian Embassy. The Conservatives, despite cutting back on spending late in the campaign, were some $7.5 million in debt by the end of the election, and it took years to clear this burden. The heavy debt load would hamper the party's ability to campaign in subsequent elections, and this would lead to its eventual merger with Reform's successor, the Canadian Alliance. Minor parties Fourteen registered political parties contested the election, a Canadian record. Jackson and Jackson, in their book Politics in Canada, argue that the proliferation of minor parties was an outgrowth of the single-issue political movements that had come to prominence in Canada in the 1980s.Robert J. Jackson and Doreen Jackson. Politics in Canada 1998 ed. 400. For instance, the environmentalist, anti-abortion, and anti-free trade movements all had closely associated parties. Each candidate required a $1,000 deposit, an increase from $200 in the last election. If the candidate did not win 15% of the vote, which none of the minor parties did, these deposits would be forfeit. Parties that nominated 50 candidates qualified as official parties and, most importantly, received government subsidies for advertising.Richard Mackie Voters Find Uncommon Views on the Fringe The Globe and Mail October 5, 1993 A6 The smaller parties were not invited to the main leaders debate,https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/1.3564896 Federal elections: 1993 leaders' debate CBC Archives October 4, 1993 May 5, 2025 something Mel Hurtig of the National Party complained vehemently about. The Green Party of Canada Chief Agent Greg Vezina organized a debate between the leaders of seven of the minor parties on October 5, which was broadcast on CBC Newsworld and CPAC. The National Party did not attend. Few of these parties were expected to win a seat. One exception was the National Party. Founded by Mel Hurtig, a prominent nationalist, it campaigned on a strongly economically nationalist, broadly centre-left platform focusing on opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The party ran 171 candidates, and for a time polling indicated it could potentially have an impact. However, the party failed to make a significant impression and imploded due to internal party turmoil. Some time after the election it applied to Canada's Chief Election officer to de-register the party. Another prominent minor party was the Natural Law Party. Linked to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, it advocated yogic flying as the solution to most of Canada's ills. It ran 231 candidates, more than some major parties. Its campaign was also accompanied by several million dollars of advertising, and it was successful in attracting media attention. Some accused its efforts of actually being government-subsidized marketing for yogic flying centres,Chris Cobb Maharishi had Last Laugh over Canadian Taxpayer Montreal Gazette October 29, 1993 B3 which are non-profit, non-religious meditation centres. Other minor parties included the Green Party of Canada which ran 79 candidates, Libertarian Party of Canada, the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada and the Christian Heritage Party, which was mainly dedicated to opposing abortion. The election saw three minor parties focused on radical reform to the monetary system: the Canada Party, the Abolitionist Party, and the Party for the Commonwealth of Canada, which was formed by supporters of U.S. fringe politician Lyndon LaRouche. This election was also the last time that the Social Credit Party attempted to run candidates in an election. The party had been in headlong decline since losing its last Member of Parliament in 1980, and was now led by fundamentalist Christian preacher Ken Campbell. Campbell briefly changed the party's name to the "Christian Freedom Party" in an attempt to appeal to social conservatives. However, the party failed to nominate the minimum 50 candidates and was deregistered by Elections Canada. The satirical Rhinoceros Party was likewise deregistered after they declined to contest the election, in protest of new electoral laws that required parties to run 50 candidates at a cost of $1,000 per riding. Unlike the Socreds, however, the Rhinos would eventually reform in 2006, once the 50-candidate requirement had been dropped, and began contesting federal elections again beginning with the 2008 election. Several unrecognized parties also contested the election, including the Canadian Party for Renewal (which was closely aligned with the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)). Candidates List of MPs who stood down at the 1993 Canadian federal election Results Results of the 1993 Canadian federal election This election, like all previous Canadian elections, was conducted under a single-member plurality (or first past the post) system in which the country was carved into 295 electoral districts, or ridings, with each one electing one representative to the House of Commons. Those eligible to vote cast their ballot for a candidate in their electoral district, and the candidate with the most votes in that district became that riding's Member of Parliament. The party that has the confidence of the House (i.e. that can rely on the votes of the most MPs) forms the government. By convention, its leader is appointed Prime Minister and its Members of Parliament to the Cabinet of Canada by the Governor General. For a complete list of MPs elected in the 1993 election, see 35th Canadian parliament. center|300px PartyParty leader# ofcandidatesSeatsPopular vote1988Dissol.Elected% Change#%Change CA Liberal row Liberal Jean Chrétien2958379177+113.3%5,647,95241.24%+9.32% CA BQ row Bloc Québécois Lucien Bouchard75*1054*1,846,02413.52%* CA Reform row Reform Preston Manning207-152 2,559,24518.69%+16.59% CA NDP row New Democratic Party Audrey McLaughlin29443449−79.1%939,5756.88%−13.50% CA Progressive Conservatives row Progressive Conservative Kim Campbell2951691542−98.8%2,186,42216.04%−26.97% CA Independents rowIndependent129-31  60,4340.73% +0.56% CA National row National Mel Hurtig170*-- *187,2511.38%* CA Natural Law row Natural Law Neil Paterson231*-- *84,7430.63%* CA Independents rowNo affiliation23--- -48,9590.09% −0.10% CA Green row-name Chris Lea79--- -32,9790.24%−0.12% CA Christian Heritage row Christian Heritage Heather Stilwell59--- - 30,3580.22%−0.55% CA Libertarian row Libertarian Hilliard Cox52--- -14,6300.11%−0.14% CA Abolitionist row Abolitionist John Turmel80*-- *9,1410.07%* CA Canada Party row-name Joseph Thauberger56*-- *7,5060.06%* CA PCC row Commonwealth Gilles Gervais59--- -7,3160.06%- CA Marxist-Leninist row Marxist–Leninist Hardial Bains51--- -5,1360.04%+0.04%    Vacant4 Total2,155295295295±0.0%13,667,671100%  Notes: *Party did not nominate candidates in the previous; "% change" refers to change from previous election.Source: Government of Canada,History of the Federal Electoral Ridings, 1867-2010 https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/ea8f2c37-90b6-4fee-857e-984d3060184e 2026-03-06 Government of Canada Dataset XLS Canadian Elections DatabaseElections Canadian Elections Database https://canadianelectionsdatabase.ca/PHASE5/?p=0&type=election&ID=611 2026-03-06 Canadian Elections Database Vote and seat summaries Ternary plots - shift of electoral support (1988-1993) 350 200 yes center Electoral districts identified by colours of winning parties File:Ternary CA1988.svg 1988 Ternary plot of 1988 results File:Ternary CA1993 PC.svg 1993 Ternary plot of 1993 results Popular vote #ddd 600px 410px Liberal #F08080 41.24 Reform CA Reform 18.69 PC #9999ff 16.04 Bloc Québécois #87CEFA 13.52 NDP #F4A460 6.88 Others #DCDCDC 3.63 Seat totals #ddd 600px 410px Liberal #F08080 60.00 Bloc Québécois #87CEFA 18.31 Reform CA Reform 17.63 NDP #F4A460 3.05 PC #9999ff 0.68 Independents #DCDCDC 0.34 Synopsis of results #B9E5B9 silver = Open seat #F5F5DC silver = Turnout is above national average #DCDCDC silver = Winning candidate held seat in previous House #EABB94 silver = Incumbent had switched allegiance #FFFF00 silver = Previously incumbent in another riding #EEBBBB silver = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the House #87CEFA silver = Incumbency arose from byelection gain #DCD0FF silver = Other incumbents renominated #DDA0DD silver = Previously a member of one of the provincial legislatures #F0E68C silver = Multiple candidates + Results by riding — 1993 Canadian federal election November 29, 2010 History of the Federal Electoral Ridings, 1867-2010 https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/ea8f2c37-90b6-4fee-857e-984d3060184e Government of Canada Riding Winning party TurnoutIncluding spoiled ballots VotesMinor political parties receiving less than 1% of the popular vote (other than ones which had some candidates receiving more than 1,000 votes) are aggregated under Other 1988 1st place Votes Share Margin# Margin% 2nd place Lib Ref Reform PC BQ NDPNat'l NLP Natural Law Green CHP Christian Heritage Ind Independent or No Affiliation Other Total  Athabasca AB  PC  Ref 15,350 47.07% 7,330 22.48%  Lib % 8,020 15,350 6,248 – 2,489 – 195 312 – – – 32,614 Beaver River AB  PC  Ref 17,725 58.00% 10,183 33.32%  Lib % 7,542 17,725Deborah Grey was elected in a 1989 by-election, replacing Conservative John Dahmer who died five days after the 1988 election 3,854 – 1,050 – 294 – – 94 – 30,559 Calgary Centre AB  PC  Ref 22,600 45.08% 7,443 14.85%  Lib % 15,157 22,600 7,466 – 2,149 1,743 355 484 – – 183 50,137 Calgary North AB  PC  Ref 35,508 52.45% 17,609 26.01%  Lib % 17,899 35,508 10,424 – 1,592 1,361 308 343 – 268 – 67,703 Calgary Northeast AB  PC  Ref 20,602 44.35% 5,591 12.04%  Lib % 15,011 20,602 5,229 – 1,310 853 175 134 – 3,136 – 46,450 Calgary Southeast AB  PC  Ref 33,564 59.85% 22,277 39.72%  PC % 7,642 33,564 11,287 – 1,888 1,111 443 – – – 148 56,083 Calgary Southwest AB  PC  Ref 41,630 61.22% 28,988 42.63%  PC % 11,087 41,630 12,642 – 1,099 910 249 301 – 85 – 68,003 Calgary West AB  PC  Ref 30,209 52.25% 14,895 25.76%  Lib % 15,314 30,209 9,090 – 1,194 1,068 483 347 116 – – 57,821 Crowfoot AB  PC  Ref 23,611 65.98% 17,180 48.01%  PC % 4,506 23,611 6,431 – 860 – 263 – – 114 – 35,785 Edmonton East AB  NDP  Lib 11,922 32.96% 115 0.32%  Ref % 11,922 11,807 2,672 – 7,976 1,049 212 171 231 51 80 36,171 Edmonton North AB  PC  Lib 19,536 39.47% 202 0.41%  Ref % 19,536 19,334 4,592 – 3,427 2,174 256 – – 77 103 49,499 Edmonton Northwest AB  PC  Lib 12,599 35.80% 12 0.03%  Ref % 12,599 12,587 3,485 – 1,671 4,507 186 119 – 41 – 35,195 Edmonton Southeast AB  PC  Lib 23,129 46.16% 3,219 6.42%  Ref % 23,129 19,910 3,203 – 1,988 1,457 194 149 – – 78 50,108 Edmonton Southwest AB  PC  Ref 26,582 45.45% 7,012 11.99%  Lib % 19,570 26,582 9,385 – 2,148 – 447 – – 269 81 58,482 Edmonton—Strathcona AB  PC  Ref 19,541 39.33% 404 0.81%  Lib % 19,137 19,541 5,617 – 2,513 2,129 284 286 – 92 83 49,682 Elk Island AB  PC  Ref 25,726 56.04% 14,137 30.80%  Lib % 11,589 25,726 5,714 – 1,296 1,222 242 – – – 117 45,906 Lethbridge AB  PC  Ref 24,530 52.63% 12,660 27.16%  Lib % 11,870 24,530 7,092 – 1,283 1,586 247 – – – – 46,608 Macleod AB  PC  Ref 23,828 63.27% 17,316 45.98%  PC % 6,196 23,828 6,512 – 712 – 200 213 – – – 37,661 Medicine Hat AB  PC  Ref 22,439 54.71% 13,884 33.85%  Lib % 8,555 22,439 6,934 – 1,832 – – – 989 – 262 41,011 Peace River AB  PC  Ref 25,761 60.22% 19,132 44.73%  Lib % 6,629 25,761 6,144 – 2,344 1,656 241 – – – – 42,775 Red Deer AB  PC  Ref 31,876 64.81% 23,870 48.54%  PC % 6,614 31,876 8,006 – 1,313 1,074 297 – – – – 49,180 St. Albert AB  PC  Ref 24,964 50.94% 11,104 22.66%  Lib % 13,860 24,964 5,884 – 1,435 2,219 257 – 294 90 – 49,003 Vegreville AB  PC  Ref 19,732 54.74% 11,552 32.05%  PC % 5,610 19,732 8,180 – 1,175 562 191 – – 597 – 36,047 Wetaskiwin AB  PC  Ref 26,210 63.41% 19,296 46.69%  Lib % 6,914 26,210 6,124 – 1,475 – 274 – – – 335 41,332 Wild Rose AB  PC  Ref 30,986 63.75% 23,444 48.23%  PC % 6,902 30,986 7,542 – 1,067 809 204 457 – 642 – 48,609 Yellowhead AB  PC  Ref 22,790 55.04% 13,826 33.39%  Lib % 8,964 22,790 5,799 – 1,811 1,147 251 – 441 202 – 41,405 Burnaby—Kingsway BC  NDP  NDP 18,273 34.15% 4,217 7.88%  Lib % 14,056 13,389 5,327 – 18,273 1,493 270 – – 170 534 53,512 Capilano—Howe Sound BC  PC  Ref 19,259 41.95% 4,653 10.14%  Lib % 14,606 19,259 8,130 – 1,529 1,467 274 448 – 105 92 45,910 Cariboo—Chilcotin BC  PC  Ref 11,510 36.44% 3,049 9.65%  Lib % 8,461 11,510 7,050 – 3,286 537 222 206 – – 315 31,587 Comox—Alberni BC  NDP  Ref 25,000 44.17% 13,466 23.79%  Lib % 11,534 25,000 5,461 – 9,365 3,283 299 1,313 – 276 72 56,603 Delta BC  PC  Ref 18,289 38.20% 3,680 7.69%  Lib % 14,609 18,289 10,054 – 2,725 1,254 190 172 354 213 12 47,872 Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca BC  NDP  Ref 16,352 35.29% 3,752 8.10%  NDP % 9,970 16,352 4,582 – 12,600 2,214 426 – – 98 97 46,339 Fraser Valley East BC  PC  Ref 23,494 45.91% 7,712 15.07%  Lib % 15,782 23,494 6,648 – 2,724 851 205 243 1,158 – 67 51,172 Fraser Valley West BC  PC  Ref 30,667 49.10% 12,220 19.56%  Lib % 18,447 30,667 7,135 – 3,237 1,281 336 – 1,036 79 245 62,463 Kamloops BC  NDP  NDP 16,063 36.28% 4,216 9.52%  Ref % 10,776 11,847 3,857 – 16,063 1,399 133 – – 41 154 44,270 Kootenay East BC  NDP  Ref 17,050 48.42% 9,135 25.94%  Lib % 7,915 17,050 3,840 – 5,107 582 158 293 194 – 71 35,210 Kootenay West—Revelstoke BC  NDP  Ref 11,348 32.46% 728 2.08%  Lib % 10,620 11,348 3,111 – 5,483 2,983 191 809 336 – 79 34,960 Mission—Coquitlam BC  NDP  Ref 20,168 36.71% 5,394 9.82%  Lib % 14,774 20,168 6,445 – 9,210 2,739 294 397 479 202 228 54,936 Nanaimo—Cowichan BC  NDP  Ref 25,339 41.22% 11,499 18.71%  Lib % 13,840 25,339 5,614 – 12,018 3,470 507 – – 323 361 61,472 New Westminster—Burnaby BC  NDP  Ref 16,262 29.33% 814 1.47%  Lib % 15,448 16,262 6,419 – 14,441 1,766 371 314 – 73 344 55,438 North Island—Powell River BC  NDP  Ref 18,256 39.28% 6,376 13.72%  Lib % 11,880 18,256 3,673 – 7,823 3,418 254 1,015 – – 158 46,477 North Vancouver BC  PC  Ref 20,213 39.97% 4,279 8.46%  Lib % 15,934 20,213 7,765 – 3,220 2,220 448 493 – 147 134 50,574 Okanagan Centre BC  PC  Ref 30,703 46.62% 15,015 22.80%  Lib % 15,688 30,703 12,629 – 4,562 1,082 211 666 – 134 179 65,854 Okanagan—Shuswap BC  NDP  Ref 20,930 42.44% 9,227 18.71%  NDP % 9,082 20,930 4,865 – 11,703 2,009 130 312 – 213 78 49,322 Okanagan—Similkameen—Merritt BC  NDP  Ref 21,151 43.59% 9,268 19.10%  Lib % 11,883 21,151 6,150 – 7,201 1,181 267 472 – – 217 48,522 Port Moody—Coquitlam BC  NDP  Ref 20,257 33.97% 3,711 6.22%  Lib % 16,546 20,257 7,641 – 12,616 1,556 333 329 – 64 283 59,625 Prince George–Bulkley Valley BC  NDP  Ref 14,757 40.29% 6,231 17.01%  NDP % 8,147 14,757 4,463 – 8,526 – 176 203 351 – – 36,623 Prince George—Peace River BC  PC  Ref 20,775 56.39% 13,584 36.87%  Lib % 7,191 20,775 4,153 – 4,051 – 295 – 199 63 116 36,843 Richmond BC  PC  Lib 21,457 37.05% 3,557 6.14%  Ref % 21,457 17,900 11,033 – 3,633 2,271 333 336 282 512 155 57,912 Saanich—Gulf Islands BC  NDP  Ref 26,480 37.21% 8,038 11.29%  Lib % 18,442 26,480 8,222 – 13,414 3,817 524 – – 217 53 71,169 Skeena BC  NDP  Ref 11,994 37.90% 4,408 13.93%  Lib % 7,586 11,994 2,137 – 6,535 2,420 150 178 647 – – 31,647 Surrey North BC  NDP  Ref 22,390 36.94% 6,413 10.58%  Lib % 15,977 22,390 8,381 – 10,355 2,014 376 – 907 128 84 60,612 Surrey—White Rock—South Langley BC  PC  Ref 32,198 44.11% 7,515 10.30%  Lib % 24,683 32,198 8,885 – 3,029 2,387 251 464 877 59 158 72,991 Vancouver Centre BC  PC  Lib 20,095 31.09% 3,821 5.91%  PC % 20,095 11,235 16,274 – 9,830 5,144 670 616 254 232 279 64,629 Vancouver East BC  NDP  Lib 14,237 35.98% 1,898 4.80%  NDP % 14,237 4,671 3,484 – 12,339 2,419 383 571 – 575 886 39,565 Vancouver Quadra BC  Lib  Lib 20,364 39.46% 8,919 17.28%  Ref % 20,364 11,445 9,002 – 5,552 3,331 376 594 208 190 549 51,611 Vancouver South BC  PC  Lib 17,215 35.61% 4,923 10.18%  Ref % 17,215 12,292 11,359 – 3,625 2,113 287 418 – 427 601 48,337 Victoria BC  NDP  Lib 21,557 37.21% 5,579 9.63%  Ref % 21,557 15,978 6,049 – 8,182 4,072 505 1,135 – 215 244 57,937 Brandon—Souris MB  PC  Lib 12,130 33.00% 967 2.63%  Ref % 12,130 11,163 8,236 – 4,359 336 112 – 339 – 82 36,757 Churchill MB  NDP  Lib 9,658 40.73% 907 3.83%  NDP % 9,658 2,275 2,438 – 8,751 590 – – – – – 23,712 Dauphin—Swan River MB  PC  Lib 10,600 31.73% 735 2.20%  Ref % 10,600 9,865 5,267 – 7,412 – – – – – 260 33,404 Lisgar—Marquette MB  PC  Ref 13,385 41.02% 4,653 14.26%  Lib % 8,732 13,385 7,833 – 1,808 355 – – 399 – 115 32,627 Portage—Interlake MB  PC  Lib 14,506 40.68% 4,705 13.19%  Ref % 14,506 9,801 7,036 – 3,029 935 179 – – – 175 35,661 Provencher MB  PC  Lib 16,119 44.04% 2,656 7.26%  Ref % 16,119 13,463 3,765 – 1,818 1,212 157 – – – 69 36,603 Selkirk—Red River MB  PC  Lib 16,003 32.88% 3,488 7.17%  NDP % 16,003 12,412 5,687 – 12,515 1,402 179 – 400 – 79 48,677 Saint Boniface MB  Lib  Lib 30,042 63.36% 22,082 46.57%  Ref % 30,042 7,960 3,404 – 3,364 2,008 251 – – – 388 47,417 Winnipeg North MB  Lib  Lib 22,220 51.27% 8,480 19.57%  NDP % 22,220 4,150 2,001 – 13,740 772 212 – – 110 135 43,340 Winnipeg North Centre MB  Lib  Lib 13,905 50.17% 4,972 17.94%  NDP % 13,905 2,275 1,307 – 8,933 908 176 – – 117 97 27,718 Winnipeg South MB  PC  Lib 25,950 49.60% 11,128 21.27%  Ref % 25,950 14,822 6,432 – 2,180 2,512 197 – – 113 112 52,318 Winnipeg South Centre MB  Lib  Lib 25,881 61.44% 20,593 48.88%  Ref % 25,881 5,288 3,903 – 3,512 3,099 225 – – 76 143 42,127 Winnipeg St. James MB  Lib  Lib 21,613 54.95% 13,367 33.99%  Ref % 21,613 8,246 5,094 – 2,596 1,487 155 – – 58 83 39,332 Winnipeg—Transcona MB  NDP  NDP 16,074 38.86% 219 0.53%  Lib % 15,855 5,829 2,112 – 16,074 900 150 – 362 – 81 41,363 Acadie—Bathurst NB  Lib  Lib 26,843 66.41% 15,681 38.80%  PC % 26,843 – 11,162 – 2,413 – – – – – – 40,418 Beauséjour NB  Lib  Lib 30,117 76.15% 24,113 60.97%  PC % 30,117Fernand Robichaud was previously elected as MP in 1988, but stepped aside in 1990 to allow Jean Chrétien to take office upon becoming the new leader of the Liberals. – 6,004 – 2,246 740 – – 443 – – 39,550 Carleton—Charlotte NB  PC  Lib 13,970 43.11% 811 2.50%  PC % 13,970 3,831 13,159 – 1,016 431 – – – – – 32,407 Fredericton—York—Sunbury NB  PC  Lib 21,771 46.62% 8,152 17.45%  PC % 21,771 7,985 13,619 – 2,348 – 383 – – 226 371 46,703 Fundy—Royal NB  PC  Lib 21,777 46.49% 8,503 18.15%  PC % 21,777 8,283 13,274 – 2,254 – – – – 1,256 – 46,844 Madawaska—Victoria NB  PC  Lib 16,059 48.80% 1,017 3.09%  PC % 16,059 955 15,042 – 854 – – – – – – 32,910 Miramichi NB  Lib  Lib 18,839 61.13% 11,803 38.30%  PC % 18,839 3,063 7,036 – 1,570 – – – – – 309 30,817 Moncton NB  Lib  Lib 33,654 66.30% 26,403 52.02%  PC % 33,654 6,310 7,251 – 2,500 – 491 – 553 – – 50,759 Restigouche—Chaleur NB  Lib  Lib 21,004 70.53% 15,091 50.67%  PC % 21,004 – 5,913 – 2,060 – 804 – – – – 29,781 Saint John NB  PC  PC 15,123 43.32% 3,388 9.70%  Lib % 11,735 2,201 15,123 – 1,433 146 226 – – 3,687 359 34,910 Bonavista—Trinity—Conception NL  Lib  Lib 26,230 74.77% 18,751 53.45%  PC % 26,230 – 7,479 – 1,003 – 370 – – – – 35,082 Burin—St. George's NL  Lib  Lib 24,912 80.30% 19,977 64.40%  PC % 24,912 – 4,935 – 757 – 418 – – – – 31,022 Gander—Grand Falls NL  Lib  Lib 24,202 78.08% 18,139 58.52%  PC % 24,202 – 6,063 – 530 – 200 – – – – 30,995 Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte NL  Lib  Lib 26,879 82.21% 21,719 66.43%  PC % 26,879 – 5,160 – 658 – – – – – – 32,697 Labrador NL  Lib  Lib 8,721 77.14% 6,580 58.20%  PC % 8,721 – 2,141 – 443 – – – – – – 11,305 St. John's East NL  PC  Lib 20,270 44.20% 950 2.07%  PC % 20,270 1,362 19,320 – 2,937 1,235 389 – 349 – – 45,862 St. John's West NL  PC  Lib 24,023 55.06% 7,633 17.50%  PC % 24,023 1,030 16,390 – 1,752 – 432 – – – – 43,627 Annapolis Valley—Hants NS  PC  Lib 18,238 39.44% 8,832 19.10%  PC % 18,238 5,919 9,406 – 2,308 484 319 – 614 8,958 – 46,246 Cape Breton Highlands—Canso NS  Lib  Lib 22,719 64.40% 14,841 42.07%  PC % 22,719 2,971 7,878 – 1,375 – 337 – – – – 35,280 Cape Breton—East Richmond NS  Lib  Lib 24,997 78.34% 22,241 69.70%  PC % 24,997 1,761 2,756 – 1,778 447 171 – – – – 31,910 Cape Breton—The Sydneys NS  Lib  Lib 25,188 75.79% 21,457 64.57%  PC % 25,188 1,907 3,731 – 2,126 – 280 – – – – 33,232 Central Nova NS  PC  Lib 16,329 43.52% 4,255 11.34%  PC % 16,329 5,897 12,074 – 2,446 512 266 – – – – 37,524 Cumberland—Colchester NS  PC  Lib 18,241 42.58% 2,582 6.03%  PC % 18,241 5,638 15,659 – 2,393 – 311 – 602 – – 42,844 Dartmouth NS  Lib  Lib 23,461 50.81% 12,619 27.33%  PC % 23,461 7,242 10,842 – 3,301 810 516 – – – – 46,172 Halifax NS  Lib  Lib 21,326 45.91% 11,726 25.24%  PC % 21,326 6,717 9,600 – 6,214 1,383 448 307 – 376 84 46,455 Halifax West NS  PC  Lib 27,089 46.00% 13,273 22.54%  PC % 27,089 11,433 13,816 – 5,009 1,070 472 – – – – 58,889 South Shore NS  PC  Lib 17,351 46.94% 5,291 14.31%  PC % 17,351 4,999 12,060 – 1,847 421 287 – – – – 36,965 South West Nova NS  Lib  Lib 20,745 54.77% 12,156 32.09%  PC % 20,745 5,893 8,589 – 2,110 – 540 – – – – 37,877 Algoma ON  Lib  Lib 18,218 58.05% 11,595 36.94%  Ref % 18,218 6,623 3,613 – 2,696 – 235 – – – – 31,385 Beaches—Woodbine ON  NDP  Lib 17,639 40.73% 9,602 22.17%  NDP % 17,639 6,844 4,316 – 8,037 1,139 265 335 – 4,615 116 43,306 Bramalea—Gore—Malton ON  PC  Lib 17,675 43.26% 5,779 14.14%  Ref % 17,675 11,896 7,856 – 2,064 500 287 224 – 274 82 40,858 Brampton ON  PC  Lib 35,203 51.65% 17,007 24.95%  Ref % 35,203 18,196 12,134 – 1,925 – 455 – – – 245 68,158 Brant ON  NDP  Lib 24,686 51.46% 12,823 26.73%  Ref % 24,686 11,863 5,831 – 3,317 1,227 192 482 – 112 258 47,968 Broadview—Greenwood ON  Lib  Lib 23,558 61.07% 18,177 47.12%  NDP % 23,558 4,356 3,601 – 5,381 976 389 – – 148 166 38,575 Bruce—Grey ON  PC  Lib 25,689 49.07% 12,751 24.36%  Ref % 25,689 12,938 9,835 – 2,259 1,001 160 323 – – 144 52,349 Burlington ON  PC  Lib 22,880 44.26% 9,303 17.99%  PC % 22,880 12,035 13,577 – 1,511 537 301 – – 859 – 51,700 Cambridge ON  PC  Lib 22,121 39.26% 3,231 5.73%  Ref % 22,121 18,890 9,773 – 2,980 1,802 372 – 407 – – 56,345 Carleton—Gloucester ON  Lib  Lib 46,830 61.60% 34,388 45.23%  Ref % 46,830 12,442 11,930 – 2,795 839 498 390 236 – 65 76,025 Cochrane—Superior ON  Lib  Lib 19,511 72.23% 16,921 62.64%  Ref % 19,511 2,590 2,470 – 2,441 – – – – – – 27,012 Davenport ON  Lib  Lib 20,217 73.78% 17,704 64.61%  NDP % 20,217 2,139 1,255 – 2,513 459 265 254 – – 300 27,402 Don Valley East ON  PC  Lib 21,630 53.70% 12,296 30.53%  PC % 21,630 6,819 9,334 – 1,540 403 206 – – – 349 40,281 Don Valley North ON  PC  Lib 22,504 59.86% 15,266 40.61%  PC % 22,504 6,068 7,238 – 1,395 – 319 – – – 69 37,593 Don Valley West ON  PC  Lib 25,874 49.77% 10,763 20.71%  PC % 25,874 7,921 15,111 – 1,405 1,008 252 303 – 83 25 51,982 Durham ON  PC  Lib 22,383 36.76% 3,840 6.31%  Ref % 22,383 18,543 14,940 – 2,529 1,169 271 350 707 – – 60,892 Eglinton—Lawrence ON  Lib  Lib 28,634 71.62% 24,287 60.75%  Ref % 28,634 4,347 4,262 – 2,091 – 384 – – – 262 39,980 Elgin—Norfolk ON  PC  Lib 17,439 43.05% 6,310 15.58%  PC % 17,439 8,302 11,129 – 2,164 – 242 – 1,183 – 51 40,510 Erie ON  PC  Lib 19,802 48.70% 8,049 19.79%  Ref % 19,802 11,753 5,894 – 1,842 586 197 – 591 – – 40,665 Essex-Kent ON  Lib  Lib 21,974 62.14% 15,562 44.01%  Ref % 21,974 6,412 4,751 – 2,000 – 226 – – – – 35,363 Essex-Windsor ON  NDP  Lib 25,211 55.14% 12,556 27.46%  NDP % 25,211 6,029 1,484 – 12,655 196 – – – – 150 45,725 Etobicoke Centre ON  PC  Lib 25,739 54.35% 15,254 32.21%  Ref % 25,739 10,485 9,242 – 1,039 499 202 – – – 154 47,360 Etobicoke North ON  Lib  Lib 28,119 61.24% 18,561 40.42%  Ref % 28,119 9,558 4,936 – 1,849 661 253 – – 105 438 45,919 Etobicoke—Lakeshore ON  PC  Lib 19,458 42.11% 5,152 11.15%  PC % 19,458 8,673 14,306 – 2,316 871 284 – – – 303 46,211 Glengarry—Prescott—Russell ON  Lib  Lib 44,775 80.22% 40,189 72.00%  PC % 44,775 4,458 4,586 – 1,295 – 456 – – – 245 55,815 Guelph—Wellington ON  PC  Lib 24,359 39.24% 8,876 14.30%  Ref % 24,359 15,483 12,825 – 2,904 2,018 255 318 – 3,543Frank Maine, previously elected as a Liberal MP (1974-1979) received 3,465 votes. 375 62,080 Haldimand—Norfolk ON  Lib  Lib 24,200 53.82% 13,639 30.33%  Ref % 24,200 10,561 7,300 – 1,657 1,248 – – – – – 44,966 Halton—Peel ON  PC  Lib 22,278 37.00% 3,928 6.52%  PC % 22,278 16,826 18,350 – 1,458 564 – – 307 – 420 60,203 Hamilton East ON  Lib  Lib 22,999 67.30% 17,185 50.29%  Ref % 22,999 5,814 2,324 – 2,262 425 – – – 228 123 34,175 Hamilton Mountain ON  Lib  Lib 27,221 57.30% 16,897 35.57%  Ref % 27,221 10,324 5,460 – 3,626 547 331 – – – – 47,509 Hamilton West ON  Lib  Lib 22,592 58.65% 16,735 43.45%  Ref % 22,592 5,857 5,789 – 3,143 606 396 – – 134 – 38,517 Hamilton—Wentworth ON  PC  Lib 29,695 45.81% 13,150 20.29%  Ref % 29,695 16,545 14,539 – 2,555 672 353 – 460 – – 64,819 Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington ON  PC  Lib 24,082 50.10% 13,119 27.29%  PC % 24,082 8,851 10,963 – 2,012 997 – – – 1,165 – 48,070 Huron—Bruce ON  PC  Lib 21,845 44.11% 7,993 16.14%  PC % 21,845 10,464 13,852 – 2,064 – 243 – 782 – 272 49,522 Kenora—Rainy River ON  Lib  Lib 22,409 64.84% 15,300 44.27%  Ref % 22,409 7,109 2,072 – 2,194 608 – – – 167 – 34,559 Kent ON  Lib  Lib 23,177 63.78% 17,559 48.32%  Ref % 23,177 5,618 5,015 – 1,368 1,014 146 – – – – 36,338 Kingston and the Islands ON  Lib  Lib 32,372 56.46% 21,437 37.39%  PC % 32,372 7,175 10,935 – 4,051 1,768 376 – 663 – – 57,340 Kitchener ON  PC  Lib 26,616 50.51% 14,402 27.33%  Ref % 26,616 12,214 10,413 – 2,373 – 438 – 475 – 165 52,694 Lambton—Middlesex ON  Lib  Lib 20,314 48.63% 10,913 26.12%  PC % 20,314 8,101 9,401 – 1,508 438 169 – 1,600 245 – 41,776 Lanark—Carleton ON  PC  Lib 34,988 49.40% 18,265 25.79%  PC % 34,988 15,743 16,723 – 1,697 921 262 333 – – 166 70,833 Leeds—Grenville ON  Lib  Lib 26,567 52.57% 12,959 25.64%  PC % 26,567 8,071 13,608 – 1,026 474 196 538 – – 59 50,539 Lincoln ON  PC  Lib 29,048 52.19% 14,723 26.45%  Ref % 29,048 14,325 8,731 – 2,182 935 307 – – 128 – 55,656 London East ON  Lib  Lib 28,279 55.83% 19,042 37.59%  PC % 28,279 8,704 9,237 – 2,614 830 282 567 – – 139 50,652 London West ON  PC  Lib 31,085 48.31% 15,919 24.74%  PC % 31,085 12,900 15,166 – 2,547 1,220 385 403 310 113 210 64,339 London—Middlesex ON  PC  Lib 27,232 53.87% 17,406 34.43%  Ref % 27,232 9,826 9,126 – 2,658 563 228 238 521 – 161 50,553 Markham—Whitchurch-Stouffville ON  PC  Lib 35,909 46.50% 16,214 21.00%  PC % 35,909 17,937 19,695 – 1,692 973 469 – – 458 85 77,218 Mississauga East ON  Lib  Lib 32,167 63.84% 22,694 45.04%  Ref % 32,167 9,473 6,427 – 1,382 393 323 – – 148 73 50,386 Mississauga South ON  PC  Lib 21,478 46.59% 9,886 21.44%  Ref % 21,478 11,592 10,763 – 981 452 234 – – 124 478 46,102 Mississauga West ON  PC  Lib 53,567 55.87% 33,349 34.78%  Ref % 53,567 20,218 18,607 – 2,219 – 487 498 – – 283 95,879 Nepean ON  Lib  Lib 36,208 59.64% 25,404 41.85%  PC % 36,208 9,798 10,804 – 2,078 880 263 455 – – 220 60,706 Niagara Falls ON  PC  Lib 20,567 47.10% 9,672 22.15%  Ref % 20,567 10,895 9,707 – 1,470 511 169 263 – – 82 43,664 Nickel Belt ON  NDP  Lib 25,237 57.19% 15,040 34.08%  NDP % 25,237 5,604 2,395 – 10,197 346 173 – – 122 53 44,127 Nipissing ON  Lib  Lib 25,403 62.81% 18,583 45.95%  Ref % 25,403 6,820 6,608 – 1,322 – 220 – – – 73 40,446 Northumberland ON  Lib  Lib 23,986 49.54% 12,474 25.77%  Ref % 23,986 11,512 10,199 – 1,667 292 248 – 347 – 162 48,413 Oakville—Milton ON  PC  Lib 34,124 46.56% 14,927 20.37%  PC % 34,124 17,347 19,197 – 1,643 – 544 – – 430 – 73,285 Ontario ON  PC  Lib 38,680 43.35% 10,583 11.86%  Ref % 38,680 28,097 16,872 – 2,746 869 352 402 – 692 521 89,231 Oshawa ON  NDP  Lib 15,651 38.27% 3,825 9.35%  Ref % 15,651 11,826 6,140 – 6,102 391 263 – 386 – 134 40,893 Ottawa Centre ON  Lib  Lib 25,962 51.91% 14,724 29.44%  NDP % 25,962 4,700 6,126 – 11,238 796 352 595 – 75 165 50,009 Ottawa South ON  Lib  Lib 36,485 65.93% 28,482 51.47%  Ref % 36,485 8,003 6,971 – 2,169 1,038 251 358 – – 63 55,338 Ottawa West ON  Lib  Lib 28,422 63.36% 22,035 49.12%  Ref % 28,422 6,387 6,344 – 1,836 1,082 215 340 – – 230 44,856 Ottawa—Vanier ON  Lib  Lib 34,224 70.47% 29,108 59.94%  PC % 34,224 3,830 5,116 – 3,155 532 438 652 – 445 172 48,564 Oxford ON  PC  Lib 19,669 41.13% 7,016 14.67%  Ref % 19,669 12,653 10,857 – 2,380 417 214 – 935 471 230 47,826 Parkdale—High Park ON  Lib  Lib 22,358 54.36% 15,711 38.20%  Ref % 22,358 6,647 5,668 – 3,855 1,320 371 430 – 105 377 41,131 Parry Sound—Muskoka ON  PC  Lib 20,427 44.22% 7,405 16.03%  Ref % 20,427 13,022 9,529 – 2,164 581 263 – – 181 26 46,193 Perth—Wellington—Waterloo ON  PC  Lib 20,125 43.26% 7,940 17.07%  Ref % 20,125 12,185 10,835 – 1,909 486 184 – 647 – 152 46,523 Peterborough ON  PC  Lib 27,575 47.60% 14,118 24.37%  Ref % 27,575 13,457 11,623 – 3,056 1,852 367 – – – – 57,930 Prince Edward—Hastings ON  Lib  Lib 26,483 57.08% 17,465 37.64%  Ref % 26,483 9,018 8,246 – 1,275 640 171 – 561 – – 46,394 Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke ON  Lib  Lib 25,725 50.55% 15,437 30.33%  Ind % 25,725 6,204 7,038 – 1,351 – 144 – – 10,288Hec Clouthier's nomination as the Liberal candidate was blocked by Jean Chrétien, owing to Len Hopkins having represented the riding for the previous 25 years. 145 50,895 Rosedale ON  PC  Lib 27,707 49.98% 15,689 28.30%  PC % 27,707 7,048 12,018 – 5,937 1,091 839 479 – 214 104 55,437 Sarnia—Lambton ON  PC  Lib 20,331 47.57% 10,666 24.95%  PC % 20,331 9,055 9,665 – 2,649 – 178 – 610 255 – 42,743 Sault Ste. Marie ON  NDP  Lib 21,427 52.96% 12,457 30.79%  NDP % 21,427 6,576 3,143 – 8,970 188 155 – – – – 40,459 Scarborough Centre ON  PC  Lib 21,084 52.50% 12,669 31.55%  Ref % 21,084 8,415 8,154 – 1,599 320 190 – – 184 212 40,158 Scarborough East ON  PC  Lib 20,041 50.48% 9,740 24.53%  Ref % 20,041 10,301 6,598 – 1,524 373 195 250 – – 422 39,704 Scarborough West ON  Lib  Lib 21,335 54.44% 13,021 33.23%  Ref % 21,335 8,314 5,664 – 2,771 578 212 276 – – 40 39,190 Scarborough—Agincourt ON  Lib  Lib 24,710 59.72% 15,908 38.45%  PC % 24,710 6,022 8,802 – 942 273 201 – – 329 94 41,373 Scarborough—Rouge River ON  Lib  Lib 33,867 66.14% 25,271 49.35%  Ref % 33,867 8,596 6,014 – 1,425 286 233 – – 368 419 51,208 Simcoe Centre ON  PC  Ref 25,446 37.91% 182 0.27%  Lib % 25,264 25,446 11,644 – 1,872 1,345 307 – 409 794 41 67,122 Simcoe North ON  PC  Lib 23,116 40.61% 5,618 9.87%  Ref % 23,116 17,498 13,141 – 1,956 845 300 – – – 67 56,923 St. Catharines ON  PC  Lib 23,928 48.99% 9,917 20.31%  Ref % 23,928 14,011 7,448 – 2,799 – – – 568 – 86 48,840 St. Paul's ON  PC  Lib 27,775 54.30% 15,276 29.86%  PC % 27,775 5,727 12,499 – 2,641 1,259 313 481 – 245 211 51,151 Stormont—Dundas ON  Lib  Lib 27,080 63.40% 19,582 45.84%  PC % 27,080 5,901 7,498 – 1,153 579 424 – – – 79 42,714 Sudbury ON  Lib  Lib 27,951 66.08% 22,163 52.40%  Ref % 27,951 5,788 3,679 – 3,675 512 202 – – 405 86 42,298 Thunder Bay—Atikokan ON  NDP  Lib 19,801 57.26% 13,236 38.28%  NDP % 19,801 5,378 2,836 – 6,565 – – – – – – 34,580 Thunder Bay—Nipigon ON  Lib  Lib 24,277 65.05% 18,702 50.11%  Ref % 24,277 5,575 3,575 – 3,372 439 – – – – 81 37,319 Timiskaming—French River ON  PC  Lib 17,457 59.79% 12,947 44.34%  PC % 17,457 3,870 4,510 – 2,582 – 296 – – 483 – 29,198 Timmins—Chapleau ON  NDP  Lib 17,085 55.47% 8,866 28.79%  NDP % 17,085 – 4,370 – 8,219 443 394 – – 289 – 30,800 Trinity—Spadina ON  NDP  Lib 20,472 50.95% 9,500 23.65%  NDP % 20,472 3,143 3,242 – 10,972 912 398 613 – – 425 40,177 Victoria—Haliburton ON  PC  Lib 20,511 36.74% 4,605 8.25%  Ref % 20,511 15,906 12,378 – 2,046 622 200 – 407 3,584 178 55,832 Waterloo ON  PC  Lib 26,269 42.14% 10,353 16.61%  Ref % 26,269 15,916 15,109 – 2,822 – 449 – 942 332 493 62,332 Welland—St. Catharines—Thorold ON  Lib  Lib 25,533 53.98% 13,632 28.82%  Ref % 25,533 11,901 5,465 – 3,736 – 310 295 – – 64 47,304 Wellington—Grey—Dufferin—Simcoe ON  PC  Lib 20,415 35.80% 1,770 3.10%  PC % 20,415 15,400 18,645 – 2,000 – – 563 – – – 57,023 Willowdale ON  Lib  Lib 28,622 61.26% 20,779 44.48%  PC % 28,622 7,108 7,843 – 1,687 681 249 285 – 203 42 46,720 Windsor West ON  Lib  Lib 28,347 72.77% 23,920 61.41%  Ref % 28,347 4,427 1,783 – 3,579 – 141 406 – 139 132 38,954 Windsor—St. Clair ON  NDP  Lib 22,960 55.60% 13,939 33.76%  NDP % 22,960 4,164 4,577 – 9,021 – 154 304 – – 114 41,294 York Centre ON  Lib  Lib 27,128 69.65% 23,175 59.50%  Ind % 27,128 2,140 2,684 – 1,559 737 236 210 – 3,953Peter Li Preti had sought the Liberal nomination for the constituency, but Jean Chrétien directly appointed Art Eggleton to run instead. 304 38,951 York North ON  Lib  Lib 71,535 63.30% 51,389 45.47%  Ref % 71,535 20,146 15,484 – 3,006 1,247 679 – – – 915 113,012 York South—Weston ON  Lib  Lib 25,150 70.12% 19,837 55.31%  Ref % 25,150 5,313 2,508 – 1,971 – 276 – – 140 509 35,867 York West ON  Lib  Lib 25,396 79.83% 22,011 69.19%  Ref % 25,396 3,385 1,506 – 1,074 – 209 – – – 243 31,813 York—Simcoe ON  PC  Lib 26,932 38.92% 4,627 6.69%  Ref % 26,932 22,305 16,114 – 1,709 675 406 – 956 – 95 69,192 Cardigan PE  Lib  Lib 10,170 61.67% 4,782 29.00%  PC % 10,170 – 5,388 – 934 – – – – – – 16,492 Egmont PE  Lib  Lib 10,687 57.61% 3,717 20.04%  PC % 10,687 – 6,970 – 893 – – – – – – 18,550 Hillsborough PE  Lib  Lib 11,976 60.57% 6,707 33.92%  PC % 11,976 744 5,269 – 1,143 350 123 – 167 – – 19,772 Malpeque PE  Lib  Lib 10,579 60.77% 5,080 29.18%  PC % 10,579 – 5,499 – 761 – – 249 320 – – 17,408 Abitibi QC  PC  BQ 19,076 46.22% 4,525 10.96%  PC % 6,696 – 14,551 19,076 951 – – – – – – 41,274 Ahuntsic QC  PC  BQ 22,686 45.06% 1,658 3.29%  Lib % 21,028 – 4,442 22,686 676 – 476 – – 551 486 50,345 Anjou—Rivière-des-Prairies QC  PC  BQ 26,163 43.10% 532 0.88%  Lib % 25,631 – 7,066 26,163 958 – 747 – – – 139 60,704 Argenteuil—Papineau QC  PC  BQ 23,360 47.25% 9,126 18.46%  Lib % 14,234 – 10,959 23,360 888 – – – – – – 49,441 Beauce QC  PC  Ind 20,343 40.45% 2,142 4.26%  BQ % 7,273 – 4,108 18,201 365 – – – – 20,343 – 50,290 Beauharnois—Salaberry QC  PC  BQ 25,873 51.40% 9,998 19.86%  Lib % 15,875 – 7,602 25,873 987 – – – – – – 50,337 Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans QC  PC  BQ 31,671 57.72% 18,984 34.60%  PC % 7,899 – 12,687 31,671 1,174 – 1,138 – – – 297 54,866 Bellechasse QC  PC  BQ 16,981 40.65% 1,150 2.75%  PC % 8,361 – 15,831 16,981 601 – – – – – – 41,774 Berthier—Montcalm QC  PC  BQ 35,952 60.88% 19,789 33.51%  Lib % 16,163 – 5,271 35,952 593 272 803 – – – – 59,054 Blainville—Deux-Montagnes QC  PC  BQ 48,214 59.41% 29,484 36.33%  Lib % 18,730 – 11,840 48,214 858 – 1,010 – – – 502 81,154 Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine QC  PC  Lib 12,007 43.59% 2,770 10.06%  BQ % 12,007 – 5,929 9,237 370 – – – – – – 27,543 Bourassa QC  PC  BQ 18,238 41.99% 53 0.12%  Lib % 18,185 – 5,194 18,238 1,026 – 480 – – – 308 43,431 Brome—Missisquoi QC  PC  BQ 17,836 40.76% 1,796 4.10%  Lib % 16,040 – 7,504 17,836 553 156 563 – – 380 722 43,754 ChamblyRiding had been won by the NDP candidate Phil Edmonston in a 1990 byelection QC  PC  BQ 36,485 59.69% 18,682 30.57%  Lib % 17,803 – 4,760 36,485 1,796 – – – – – 277 61,121 Champlain QC  PC  BQ 23,650 48.83% 10,567 21.82%  PC % 11,254 – 13,083 23,650 449 – – – – – – 48,436 Charlesbourg QC  PC  BQ 38,565 59.37% 23,385 36.00%  Lib % 15,180 – 8,150 38,565 1,258 – 1,487 – – – 318 64,958 Charlevoix QC  PC  BQ 23,617 61.97% 16,457 43.18%  Lib % 7,160 – 6,800 23,617 533 – – – – – – 38,110 Châteauguay QC  PC  BQ 34,652 58.01% 16,531 27.68%  Lib % 18,121 – 5,782 34,652 858 – – – – – 317 59,730 Chicoutimi QC  PC  BQ 29,511 63.90% 18,385 39.81%  PC % 5,000 – 11,126 29,511 548 – – – – – – 46,185 Drummond QC  PC  BQ 24,923 54.87% 13,999 30.82%  Lib % 10,924 – 8,971 24,923 605 – – – – – – 45,423 Frontenac QC  PC  BQ 19,428 58.42% 11,963 35.97%  Lib % 7,465 – 5,431 19,428 345 – – 379 – – 210 33,258 Gaspé QC  PC  BQ 13,224 45.17% 3,096 10.57%  Lib % 10,128 – 5,425 13,224 209 – – 291 – – – 29,277 Gatineau—La Lièvre QC  Lib  Lib 39,283 55.49% 14,271 20.16%  BQ % 39,283 – 4,478 25,012 1,099 – 737 – – – 189 70,798 Hochelaga—Maisonneuve QC  PC  BQ 26,170 61.37% 15,495 36.33%  Lib % 10,675 – 3,723 26,170 1,050 – 588 – – – 439 42,645 Hull—Aylmer QC  Lib  Lib 27,988 53.26% 13,695 26.06%  BQ % 27,988 – 3,244 14,293 1,346 – 401 468 – 4,583 225 52,548 Joliette QC  PC  BQ 41,061 66.25% 30,953 49.94%  Lib % 10,108 – 8,784 41,061 745 – 1,285 – – – – 61,983 Jonquière QC  PC  BQ 25,129 67.63% 18,484 49.74%  PC % 4,528 – 6,645 25,129 413 – 444 – – – – 37,159 Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup QC  PC  BQ 18,510 52.86% 10,459 29.87%  PC % 7,476 – 8,051 18,510 440 – – – – 537 – 35,014 La Prairie QC  PC  BQ 27,490 43.05% 476 0.75%  Lib % 27,014 – 7,750 27,490 708 – 699 – – – 199 63,860 Lac-Saint-Jean QC  PC  BQ 27,258 75.56% 22,086 61.22%  Lib % 5,172 – 3,201 27,258 443 – – – – – – 36,074 Lachine—Lac-Saint-Louis QC  PC  Lib 39,732 67.45% 27,718 47.06%  BQ % 39,732 – 4,717 12,014 822 – 559 – – 618 441 58,903 LaSalle—Émard QC  Lib  Lib 30,869 59.51% 13,590 26.20%  BQ % 30,869 – 2,378 17,279 707 – 418 – – – 223 51,874 Laurentides QC  PC  BQ 41,822 60.68% 23,171 33.62%  Lib % 18,651 – 7,169 41,822 820 – – – – – 464 68,926 Laurier—Sainte-Marie QC  Lib  BQ 25,060 61.79% 15,120 37.28%  Lib % 9,940 – 2,156 25,060Gilles Duceppe had been elected as an Independent in a 1990 byelection. 1,237 – 652 1,050 – 131 332 40,558 Laval Centre QC  PC  BQ 31,462 55.19% 12,431 21.81%  Lib % 19,031 – 4,548 31,462 640 252 675 – – – 395 57,003 Laval East QC  PC  BQ 31,491 51.94% 15,221 25.11%  Lib % 16,270 – 11,131 31,491 662 – 587 – – – 488 60,629 Laval West QC  PC  Lib 28,449 46.24% 1,989 3.23%  BQ % 28,449 – 4,167 26,460 678 280 546 – – – 945 61,525 Lévis QC  PC  BQ 40,487 61.52% 26,203 39.82%  Lib % 14,284 – 9,185 40,487 1,186 – – – – – 667 65,809 Longueuil QC  PC  BQ 38,892 65.97% 24,640 41.79%  Lib % 14,252 – 4,561 38,892 999 – – – – – 251 58,955 Lotbinière QC  PC  BQ 26,956 53.78% 12,068 24.07%  Lib % 14,888 – 7,576 26,956 707 – – – – – – 50,127 Louis-Hébert QC  PC  BQ 33,879 55.68% 18,206 29.92%  Lib % 15,673 – 9,313 33,879 784 – 882 – – – 313 60,844 Manicouagan QC  PC  BQ 14,859 54.98% 8,847 32.73%  PC % 5,706 – 6,012 14,859 451 – – – – – – 27,028 Matapédia—Matane QC  PC  BQ 18,331 57.33% 7,921 24.77%  Lib % 10,410 – 2,448 18,331 218 – 570 – – – – 31,977 Mégantic—Compton—Stanstead QC  PC  BQ 17,214 44.72% 3,612 9.38%  Lib % 13,602 – 6,026 17,214 494 197 750 – – – 212 38,495 Mercier QC  PC  BQ 34,678 58.89% 22,866 38.83%  Lib % 11,812 – 2,449 34,678 682 – – – – 8,930 334 58,885 Mount Royal QC  Lib  Lib 39,598 82.94% 36,274 75.98%  BQ % 39,598 – 2,758 3,324 796 300 312 – – 537 118 47,743 Notre-Dame-de-Grâce QC  Lib  Lib 28,646 70.72% 22,913 56.56%  BQ % 28,646 – 2,618 5,733 1,416 661 425 – – 673 336 40,508 Outremont QC  PC  Lib 21,697 47.05% 4,439 9.63%  BQ % 21,697 – 4,011 17,258 2,055 – 695 – – – 399 46,115 Papineau—Saint-Michel QC  Lib  Lib 20,064 51.98% 4,916 12.74%  BQ % 20,064 – 1,686 15,148 708 – 678 – – – 317 38,601 Pierrefonds—Dollard QC  PC  Lib 39,974 64.98% 29,262 47.57%  BQ % 39,974 – 8,106 10,712 864 474 480 – – 386 518 61,514 Pontiac—Gatineau—Labelle QC  PC  Lib 17,313 40.27% 2,826 6.57%  BQ % 17,313 – 9,408 14,487 674 716 – – – 399 – 42,997 Portneuf QC  PC  BQ 24,065 53.63% 13,683 30.49%  Lib % 10,382 – 6,632 24,065 636 – 875 – – 2,281 – 44,871 Québec QC  PC  BQ 27,788 53.83% 13,833 26.80%  Lib % 13,955 – 7,052 27,788 1,027 – 853 786 – – 159 51,620 Québec-Est QC  PC  BQ 34,594 59.59% 20,443 35.22%  Lib % 14,151 – 6,553 34,594 971 289 1,122 – – – 371 58,051 Richelieu QC  PC  BQ 31,558 66.52% 20,625 43.48%  Lib % 10,933 – 4,455 31,558 337 – – – – – 157 47,440 Richmond—Wolfe QC  PC  BQ 22,235 52.25% 12,231 28.74%  PC % 9,159 – 10,004 22,235 479 – 676 – – – – 42,553 Rimouski—Témiscouata QC  PC  BQ 23,016 59.87% 13,541 35.22%  Lib % 9,475 – 4,619 23,016 335 – 400 – – 599 – 38,444 Roberval QC  PC  BQ 20,109 59.96% 13,246 39.50%  Lib % 6,863 – 6,065 20,109 500 – – – – – – 33,537 Rosemont QC  PC  BQ 29,414 62.95% 16,588 35.50%  Lib % 12,826 – 2,519 29,414 1,037 – 646 – – – 282 46,724 Saint-Denis QC  Lib  Lib 21,883 52.41% 6,609 15.83%  BQ % 21,883 – 2,196 15,274 969 – 400 – – 423 612 41,757 Saint-Henri—Westmount QC  Lib  Lib 25,940 61.72% 17,990 42.80%  BQ % 25,940 – 4,507 7,950 1,662 581 558 – 125 381 325 42,029 Saint-Hubert QC  PC  BQ 34,959 56.90% 15,344 24.97%  Lib % 19,615 – 4,520 34,959 903 339 868 – – – 240 61,444 Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot QC  PC  BQ 28,014 57.38% 17,890 36.64%  Lib % 10,124 – 9,834 28,014 848 – – – – – – 48,820 Saint-Jean QC  PC  BQ 29,753 55.88% 15,410 28.94%  Lib % 14,343 – 7,780 29,753 497 – 773 – – – 100 53,246 Saint-Laurent—Cartierville QC  Lib  Lib 32,190 70.05% 23,718 51.61%  BQ % 32,190 – 3,414 8,472 895 292 347 – – – 345 45,955 Saint-Léonard QC  Lib  Lib 28,799 61.16% 15,920 33.81%  BQ % 28,799 – 4,021 12,879 583 – 499 – – – 309 47,090 Saint-Maurice QC  PC  Lib 25,200 54.06% 6,304 13.52%  BQ % 25,200 – 1,909 18,896 236 – 372 – – – – 46,613 Shefford QC  Lib  BQ 27,125 55.69% 12,971 26.63%  Lib % 14,154 – 5,836 27,125 601 – 763 – – – 225 48,704 Sherbrooke QC  PC  PC 29,758 52.37% 8,210 14.45%  BQ % 4,458 – 29,758 21,548 446 – 523 – – – 86 56,819 Témiscamingue QC  PC  BQ 22,540 55.74% 13,292 32.87%  Lib % 9,248 – 7,819 22,540 – – 529 – – – 299 40,435 Terrebonne QC  PC  BQ 58,030 68.87% 42,928 50.95%  Lib % 15,102 – 9,825 58,030 900 – – – – – 403 84,260 Trois-Rivières QC  PC  BQ 24,927 53.43% 13,977 29.96%  PC % 9,882 – 10,950 24,927 370 – 522 – – – – 46,651 Vaudreuil QC  PC  Lib 31,148 47.76% 6,010 9.22%  BQ % 31,148 – 6,471 25,138 1,107 – 727 – – – 626 65,217 Verchères QC  PC  BQ 38,633 67.31% 26,501 46.17%  Lib % 12,132 – 5,269 38,633 695 – – – 470 – 194 57,393 Verdun—Saint-PaulThe incumbent Gilbert Chartrand, elected under the PC banner in 1988, was one of the founding members of the BQ. He decided not to stand for reelection in 1993. QC  PC  Lib 19,644 43.69% 549 1.22%  BQ % 19,644 – 3,864 19,095 860 130 432 598 – 115 228 44,966 Kindersley—Lloydminster SK  PC  Ref 12,292 40.45% 3,836 12.62%  Lib % 8,456 12,292 4,134 – 4,981 392 – – – – 134 30,389 Mackenzie SK  NDP  NDP 9,438 31.14% 1,238 4.08%  Ref % 8,078 8,200 3,882 – 9,438 – – – 599 – 112 30,309 Moose Jaw—Lake Centre SK  NDP  Ref 10,432 30.34% 310 0.90%  NDP % 9,354 10,432 4,204 – 10,122 – 158 – – – 117 34,387 Prince Albert—Churchill River SK  NDP  Lib 11,601 38.61% 2,506 8.34%  NDP % 11,601 5,702 1,424 – 9,095 445 – – – 1,655 125 30,047 Regina—Lumsden SK  NDP  NDP 12,879 35.85% 1,025 2.85%  Lib % 11,854 7,665 2,668 – 12,879 779 – – – – 80 35,925 Regina—Qu'Appelle SK  NDP  NDP 11,166 34.43% 1,075 3.31%  Lib % 10,091 7,317 3,287 – 11,166 394 – – – – 177 32,432 Regina—Wascana SK  PC  Lib 19,555 44.21% 10,161 22.97%  NDP % 19,555Ralph Goodale had also previously been leader of the Saskatchewan Liberals from 1981 to 1988. 6,934 6,943 – 9,394 734 228 – 192 189 64 44,233 Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing SK  NDP  NDP 12,266 30.85% 1,066 2.68%  Lib % 11,200 11,149 4,114 – 12,266 652 188 – – 114 77 39,760 Saskatoon—Dundurn SK  NDP  Lib 14,716 35.31% 3,202 7.68%  NDP % 14,716 10,281 3,726 – 11,514 784 205 – – 370 81 41,677 Saskatoon—Humboldt SK  NDP  Lib 12,838 34.34% 1,683 4.50%  Ref % 12,838 11,155 3,530 – 8,546 904 255 – – 158 – 37,386 Souris—Moose Mountain SK  PC  Lib 10,917 32.43% 591 1.76%  Ref % 10,917 10,326 5,042 – 5,541 – – – – 1,565 269 33,660 Swift Current—Maple Creek—Assiniboia SK  PC  Ref 11,486 34.88% 825 2.51%  Lib % 10,661 11,486 5,119 – 5,448 – 216 – – – – 32,930 The Battlefords—Meadow Lake SK  NDP  NDP 9,772 31.23% 729 2.33%  Ref % 7,364 9,043 4,299 – 9,772 – – – – 609 202 31,289 Yorkton—Melville SK  NDP  Ref 10,605 32.68% 1,074 3.31%  Lib % 9,531 10,605 2,825 – 9,487 – – – – – – 32,448 Nunatsiaq Terr  Lib  Lib 6,685 69.79% 4,715 49.22%  PC % 6,685 – 1,970 – 924 – – – – – – 9,579 Western Arctic Terr  Lib  Lib 8,867 62.47% 6,867 48.38%  Ref % 8,867 2,000 1,893 – 896 – 213 325 – – – 14,194 Yukon Terr  NDP  NDP 6,252 43.34% 2,893 20.06%  Lib % 3,359 1,891 2,566 – 6,252 296 – – 61 – – 14,425 a Results by province Party nameBCABSKMBONQCNBNSPENLNTYKTotal    Liberal Seats:645129819911472-177 Popular vote:28.125.132.145.052.933.056.052.060.167.365.423.241.3    Bloc Québécois Seats:     54      54 Vote:     49.3      13.5    Reform Seats:2422411 ------52 Vote:36.452.327.222.420.1 8.513.31.01.08.413.118.7    New Democratic Party Seats:2-51-------19 Vote:15.54.126.616.76.01.54.96.85.23.57.743.46.9    Progressive Conservative Seats:-----11-----2 Vote:13.514.611.311.917.613.527.923.532.026.716.217.716.0    Other Seats:-----1--    1 Vote:0.30.41.00.10.81.11.32.1    0.8Total seats32261414997510114721295Parties that won no seats: CA National row National Vote:4.12.41.03.11.20.10.31.10.50.5 2.11.4 CA Natural Law row Natural Law Vote:0.60.60.30.40.50.80.50.90.20.80.9 0.6 CA Green row-name Vote:0.70.3  0.30.1 0.10.3 1.4 0.2 CA Christian Heritage row Christian Heritage Vote:0.40.20.20.30.3 0.30.30.70.2 0.40.2 CA Libertarian row Libertarian Vote:0.3   0.20.1      0.1 CA Abolitionist row Abolitionist Vote:    0.10.2      0.1 CA Canada Party row-name Vote:0.10.10.30.3  0.3     0.1 CA PCC row Commonwealth Vote:     0.2      0.1 CA Marxist-Leninist row Marxist–Leninist Vote:    0.1       0.0 Ten closest ridings Edmonton Northwest, AB: Anne McLellan (LIB) def Richard Kayler (REF) by 12 votes Bourassa, QC: Osvaldo Nunez (BQ) def Denis Coderre (LIB) by 67 votes Edmonton North, AB: John Loney (LIB) def Ron Mix (REF) by 83 votes Simcoe Centre, ON: Ed Harper (REF) def Janice Laking (LIB) by 123 votes Edmonton East, AB: Judy Bethel (LIB) def Linda Robertson (REF) by 203 votes Winnipeg Transcona, MB: Bill Blaikie (NDP) def Art Miki (LIB) by 219 votes Moose Jaw—Lake Centre, SK: Allan Kerpan (REF) def Rod Laporte (NDP) by 310 votes Edmonton—Strathcona, AB: Hugh Hanrahan (REF) def Chris Peirce (LIB) by 418 votes La Prairie, QC: Richard Bélisle (BQ) def Jacques Saada (LIB) by 476 votes Souris—Moose Mountain, SK: Bernie Collins (LIB) def Doug Heimlick (REF) by 499 votes Verdun—Saint-Paul, QC: Raymond Lavigne (LIB) def Kim Beaudoin (BQ) by 499 votes Results analysis Ternary plots - effect of PC split (1993) 350 200 yes center Electoral districts identified by colours of winning parties File:Ternary CA1993 PC-BQ-Ref.svg 1993 (consolidated results) Ternary plot of 1993 (PC-BQ-Reform consolidated results) File:Ternary CA1993 PC.svg 1993 (PC highlighted) Ternary plot of 1993 PC results segregated File:Ternary CA1993 BQ.svg 1993 (BQ highlighted) Ternary plot of 1993 BQ results segregated File:Ternary CA1993 Ref.svg 1993 (Reform highlighted) Ternary plot of 1993 Reform results segregated September 2021 thumb|300px|The distribution of seats in the House of Commons after the 1988 election. The blue is Progressive Conservative, the red Liberal, and the orange NDP thumb|300px|The shape of the House of Commons after the 1993 election. The two new parties are represented with Reform in Green and the Bloc in cyan Liberals The Liberals swept Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, with only Elsie Wayne's win in New Brunswick denying them a clean sweep of Atlantic Canada. They also won all but one seat in Ontario; only a 123-vote loss to Reform's Ed Harper in Simcoe Centre denied the Liberals the first clean sweep of Canada's most populous province by a single party. In both Ontario and Atlantic Canada, the Liberals gained support from many centre-right voters who were fed up with the Tories but found Reform too extreme for comfort. Ontario replaced Quebec (see below) as the main bastion of Liberal support for the next two decades; the party easily won a majority of the province's seats in the next four elections. In the West, the Liberals dominated Manitoba, winning all but two seats. They also won seats in Saskatchewan for the first time since 1974 and in Alberta for the first time since 1968. In Saskatchewan, the Liberals won the popular vote for the first (and, as of 2025, only) time since 1949 and tied the NDP for a plurality of the seats. All of their Alberta seats were in the Edmonton area (Anne McLellan in Edmonton Northwest, John Loney in Edmonton North, and Judy Bethel in Edmonton East), which has historically been friendlier to the Liberals than the rest of Alberta. The Liberals also held onto Edmonton Southeast, the lone seat in Alberta they held when the writ was dropped, which they picked up in 1990 when David Kilgour crossed the floor from the Progressive Conservatives. Despite being led by a Quebecker, the Liberals were unable to recover their dominant position in Quebec. This was in part due to the staunchly federalist Chrétien's opposition to the Meech Lake Accord, which was revealed when leadership rival Paul Martin pressed him on the issue back in 1990. Chrétien's reputation in his home province never recovered, especially when the Bloc Québécois rallied on the issue. As a result, the Liberals were unable to capitalize on the collapse of Tory support in the province. The Tories had swept to power in 1984 largely by flipping many long-time Liberal bastions in Quebec, and held onto most of them in 1988. However, with few exceptions, most of that support bled to the Bloc in 1993. While the Liberals dominated the Montreal area (home to almost 75% of the province's anglophones) and the Outaouais (home to a large number of civil servants who work across the river in Ottawa), they only won two seats elsewhere. One of them belonged to Chrétien, who won in Saint-Maurice, a strongly nationalist riding that he had previously represented from 1963 to 1986 (he had represented Beauséjour, New Brunswick as Opposition Leader from 1990 to 1993). The Liberals also did not do as well as hoped in British Columbia, winning almost no seats outside Vancouver. Even with these disappointments, the Liberals won 177 seats — the third-best performance in party history, and their best performance since their record of 190 seats in 1949. This gave them an overwhelming majority in the Commons; no other party crossed the 60-seat mark. The Liberals were also the only party to win seats in every province. Bloc Québécois The Bloc won 54 seats, capturing just under half the vote in Quebec and nearly sweeping the francophone ridings there. In many cases, they pushed Tory cabinet ministers from the province into third place. This was the best showing by a third party since the 1921 election, when the Progressive Party won 60 seats. The Bloc's results were considered very impressive since the party had only been formed three years before, and because there were lingering questions about its viability. On paper, the Bloc was in a rather precarious position. Most of the Tories' support in Quebec was built on flipping ridings that had voted Liberal for decades. However, francophone anger at Chrétien's staunch federalism caused PC support in Quebec to transfer virtually en masse to the Bloc. Most of those seats would remain in Bloc hands for two decades, until nearly all of them were lost to the NDP at an election in which the Bloc was cut down to only four seats. Despite only running candidates in Quebec, the Bloc's strong showing in that province and the fragmentation of the national vote made them the second-largest party in the Commons and gave them Official Opposition status. As the Official Opposition, they enjoyed considerable privileges over other parties; for instance, Question Periods in the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity. Reform Reform had a major breakthrough, gaining a substantial portion of the Tories' previous support in the West. The party won all but four seats in Alberta and dominated British Columbia as well. Reform also finished second in the popular vote in Saskatchewan, where they won four seats, and picked up one seat in Manitoba. While Reform was expected to win over PC support, it also won around a quarter of voters who had voted for the NDP in the previous election. They did this by raising the problem of Western alienation and rallying against the Charlottetown Accord, two issues that the NDP made unpopular stands on. In one stroke, Reform had replaced the Progressive Conservatives as the major right-wing party in Canada (despite being virtually nonexistent east of Manitoba) and supplanted the NDP as the voice of Western discontent. Reform had built up a large base of support in rural central Ontario, which had been the backbone of past provincial Tory governments. This area is very socially conservative—in some cases, almost as socially conservative as rural Western Canada. However, this support did not translate into actual seats; massive vote splitting with the PCs allowed the Liberals to sneak up the middle and take all but one seat in the area. Reform did manage to take Simcoe Centre—their only victory east of Manitoba, ever—but even this win came by a wafer-thin 123-vote margin over the Liberals. They were also shut out of Atlantic Canada and did not run candidates in Quebec. It is not likely they would have won any seats in Quebec in any case due to Manning's inability to speak fluent French, its uncompromising federalism, and opposition to official bilingualism. Nonetheless, the election was a tremendous success for a party that had only won 2.1 per cent of the national vote in the previous election. Reform's heavy concentration of Western support netted it 52 seats. However, the Bloc's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, leaving Reform three seats short of making Manning Leader of the Opposition. Though the Bloc was the Official Opposition, the Liberals reckoned Reform as their main opposition on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. Also, in 1995 when Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard's position as Opposition Leader granted him a meeting with visiting U.S. President Bill Clinton, Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.Warren Caragata in Ottawa with Carl Mollins in Washington http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010399 https://web.archive.org/web/20090428054316/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010399 April 28, 2009 Clinton visits Chrétien Maclean's March 6, 1995 The Canadian Encyclopedia August 25, 2019 New Democrats The NDP won the fewest votes of any major party, and only nine seats — three short of the requirement for official party status. This was a substantial drop from its record performance in 1988. Those members who were elected were in heavily divided ridings, mostly in the party's traditional Western heartland. On average, winning NDP MPs only got 35.1% of the vote.Whitehorn 52. Ultimately, the NDP only retained 34.99% of the votes it received in the 1988 election, even less than the 38.58% of the vote that the Progressive Conservatives retained. The New Democrats lost support in several directions. One factor was the unpopularity of NDP provincial governments led by Bob Rae in Ontario and Mike Harcourt in British Columbia, which reflected badly on their federal counterpart. In 1988, the peak of federal NDP support was a major asset to the success of provincial affiliates; however, by 1993, they were a considerable liability to the federal party because of recessions, social policies, and scandals. Not coincidentally, the federal NDP was decimated in both of those provinces; it lost all 10 of its Ontario MPs and all but two of its British Columbia MPs, more than half of the party's caucus in the Commons. The party also lost its only seat in Alberta, where the Alberta NDP had also been wiped out earlier in the year. Defeated Ontario MP Steven Langdon had called upon Rae to resign, having spent the 1993 election campaign disassociating himself from the provincial NDP's measures. The Ontario NDP would be heavily defeated in 1995 (in which it was reduced to third place), while the British Columbia NDP rebounded long enough to survive until it was almost wiped out in 2001. A significant number of NDP voters also switched to Reform. Despite sharp differences in ideology, Reform's populism struck a chord with many NDP voters; twenty-four per cent of those who voted NDP in 1988 switched to Reform. In 1989, while running for the federal NDP leadership, former British Columbia Premier Dave Barrett argued that the party should be concerned with Western alienation rather than focusing its attention on Quebec. However, Barrett was defeated at the convention by Audrey McLaughlin, and his platform was not adopted by the party. The NDP also supported the Charlottetown Accord, which Barrett called a mistake since it was unpopular in Western Canada. In contrast, Barrett raised the issue of Western alienation and strongly opposed the Accord. Barrett's warning proved to be remarkably prescient, as the NDP was severely punished in its former Western stronghold. The NDP had never been a force in Quebec, but they had been supported by those who would not vote for either the Liberals or Progressive Conservatives. While McLaughlin made efforts to make inroads in Quebec, this proved fruitless and likely contributed to Western discontent. These voters largely moved to the Bloc, with 14% of NDP voters supporting the Bloc in 1993. The NDP lost their only seat in the province, which it had gained in a 1990 by-election, as Phil Edmonston, a Quebec nationalist, opted not to see re-election because he disagreed with the party's support for the Charlottetown Accord.Support numbers come from Pammett. Progressive Conservatives The election was a debacle for the Tories. Their popular vote plunged from 43% to 16%, losing more than half their vote from 1988. They lost all but two of the 156 seats they held when Parliament was dissolved—far surpassing the Liberals' 95-seat loss in 1984. It was the worst defeat, both in absolute terms and in terms of percentage of seats lost, for a governing party at the federal level in Canada, and among the worst ever suffered for a governing party in a Westminster system. It is also one of the few instances of a governing party in any country going from a strong majority to being almost wiped off the electoral map. Mulroney's "grand coalition" completely fell apart. The Tories' support in the West, with few exceptions, transferred to Reform, while their party's support in Quebec was split between the Liberals and the Bloc, and their support in Atlantic Canada and Ontario largely migrated to the Liberals. The PCs did win over two million votes, almost as many as Reform and far ahead of the Bloc or NDP. However, this support was spread out across the country. Due to the first past the post system, which awards power solely on the basis of seats won, the Tories' support was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into seats. The party was shut out of Ontario for the first time in its history. Mulroney's former riding, Charlevoix in eastern Quebec, fell to Bloc candidate Gérard Asselin in a landslide; the Tory candidate only received 6,800 votes and almost lost his deposit.http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html 1993 Canadian Federal Election Results (Detail) University of British Columbia September 9, 2009 August 30, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170830154131/http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html dead Campbell was defeated in her Vancouver riding by rookie Liberal Hedy FryLinda Briskin Mona Eliasson Women's Organizing and Public Policy in Canada and Sweden https://books.google.com/books?id=jbRBNPfd6twC&pg=PA189 1999 McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP 978-0-7735-6789-4 189—only the third time in Canadian history that a sitting prime minister lost an election and was unseated at the same time (it previously happened to Arthur Meighen twice: in 1921 and 1926). All other Cabinet members lost their seats except for Jean Charest, who won re-election in Sherbrooke, Quebec; moreover, many prominent ministers such as Michael Wilson, Don Mazankowski, Joe Clark, and John Crosbie did not seek re-election. The only other Progressive Conservative besides Charest to win a Commons seat was Elsie Wayne, the popular mayor of Saint John, New Brunswick. Gilles Bernier, who had served two terms as a Progressive Conservative from Beauce, Quebec, was also re-elected, but was forced to run as an independent after Campbell barred him from running under the PC banner due to fraud charges. Famously, following their devastating defeat, Campbell joked "Gee, I'm glad I didn't sell my car" during her concession speech.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vCM3nlvHc4&t=27s PM Kim Campbell Leads PC Party to Defeat - Wins 2 Seats Only (1993) YouTube June 6, 2017 She resigned as party leader in December. In addition, 147 PC candidates failed to win 15% of the vote, losing their deposits and failing to qualify for funding from Elections Canada. The party as a whole was left deeply in debt, and came up ten seats short of official party status in the Commons. Without official party status, the Progressive Conservatives lost access to funding and had a considerably reduced role in Parliament. Legacy November 2021 The 1993 election is considered a political realignment election with lasting effects on Canadian politics. Since Confederation in 1867, Canada has had a two-party system with the Liberals and Conservatives alternating in government. Since the 1920s there had generally been one or more third parties in the House of Commons (small caucuses had been elected from that source even before 1920). None of these parties came close to winning power and of those parties, the CCF was the only one that achieved long-term success. The CCF was folded into the NDP in 1961, by which time it had clearly established itself as the nation's third major party. It eventually gained enough strength to wield the balance of power in the Liberal minority governments of the 1960s and 1970s. After the 1984 election the NDP only lost one seat and finished only 10 seats behind the Liberals. This led to considerable talk that Canada was headed for a UK-style Labour-Tory division, with the Liberals following their UK counterparts into third-party status. However, the Liberals recovered enough ground in 1988 to firmly reestablish themselves as the main opposition party to the Conservatives. The 1993 election fundamentally changed the balance of power among the parties. The Liberals emerged into strength and has been a party to be reckoned with ever since. This strength was gained by strong support in Central Canada. Together Ontario and Quebec are guaranteed a majority of seats in the Commons under both Constitution Acts. Those two provinces constitute nearly two-thirds of the Canadian population. Thus, it is nearly impossible to form even a minority government without considerable support in one or both provinces. In the early 1990s Liberals were the only party with a strong base in both provinces, making it the only party with a realistic chance to form government. The Liberals dominated Canadian politics for the next decade, retaining almost all of its Ontario ridings while making steady gains in Quebec. They were not seriously challenged until 2004, with the sponsorship scandal and party infighting reduced them to a minority government with continued strong support from Ontario. The Liberals retained the majority of Ontario ridings, despite being defeated in 2006, finally relinquishing their lead in 2008. In fact the Liberals were so strong in the 1990s that no party other than the Liberals had a realistic chance of forming government after 1993. Some commentators said that Canada had moved to a dominant-party system. The opposition to the Liberals in the House of Commons was divided between four parties. Many commentators said it was ironic that Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition consisted of a separatist party. The Liberals, along with several commentators, said they considered the Reform Party the de facto opposition on issues that did not pertain to Quebec and national unity. On the other hand, some political scientists said the new five-party parliament was an example of a multi-party system. The five parties were reduced to four when the PC Party and Canadian Alliance (successor to the Reform Party) merged in 2003. From 2004 to 2006, three opposition parties—the new Conservatives, NDP, and Bloc—faced the Liberal minority government. Then three opposition parties in the House of Commons faced a Conservative minority government from 2006 to 2008. After the Liberals' win in 1993, it was almost 20 years before the Progressive Conservatives regained power. These were bleak years for the party. In December 1993, Campbell resigned as Conservative leader and was replaced by Charest, the only surviving member of the previous Cabinet. Under Charest, they rebounded to 20 seats in 1997. Despite naming former prime minister Joe Clark as leader in 1998, the party was reduced to 12 seats in the 2000 election, mostly in the Atlantic provinces and Quebec. They would win only two seats west of Quebec in the next two elections, finally ascending to majority government in 2011 with Stephen Harper at the helm. In 1997 election, the Reform Party replaced the Bloc as the Official Opposition. Although Reform was then the major right-wing party in Canada, most Ontarians saw it as too extreme and it had little chance of dislodging the Liberals. Its chances were also hampered in Quebec because Manning could not speak French. In 2000, the party evolved into the Canadian Alliance but even then won only two seats outside its Western Canadian base (both in Ontario). In 2003, the Canadian Alliance under Stephen Harper and the Progressive Conservatives under Peter MacKay merged, creating the Conservative Party of Canada. The new party, led by Harper, reduced the Liberals to a minority government in 2004 by capitalizing on the sponsorship scandal. It then formed its first government, a minority, in early 2006 with Harper as prime minister. Key to its victory was that it made inroads into the eastern part of Canada. In the 2008 election, the Conservatives won a stronger minority government and then won majority government in 2011. However, this was of short duration and the Liberals defeated them in 2015. The NDP recovered somewhat, regaining official party status in 1997. However, it would take another decade for the party to reach the same level of support it enjoyed in the 1980s. The NDP supported the Liberal minority government after the 2004 election but moved towards differentiating itself from the Liberals, including uniting with the other opposition parties to bring down the Liberals and force the 2006 election in which the NDP made substantial gains in the House of Commons.http://thechronicleherald.ca/Canada/1249370.html NDP keep door open to Grits Chronicle Herald The Canadian Press June 20, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110625033400/http://thechronicleherald.ca/Canada/1249370.html June 25, 2011 dead The Bloc Québécois failed to propel the sovereigntist side to victory in the 1995 Quebec referendum and lost Official Opposition status in the 1997 election. It lost more seats in the 2000 election. However, bolstered by the Liberals' sponsorship scandal, it remained a significant presence in the House of Commons. The Bloc nearly tied its large 1993 vote tally in 2004 but then in 2006 it lost support to a resurgent Conservative Party. The Bloc's position continued to erode in 2008. The BQ won with 47 of Quebec's 75 seats but saw its popular vote decline, although it remained an important force in federal politics for Quebec. 2011 saw massive change in Quebec, with the Bloc losing a third of its voter support, getting just 4 seats in the Commons and losing official party status. BQ made a modest comeback in the 2015 election, increasing their seat count to 10, 2 seats short of regaining official party status. In the 2019 election, BQ took half again more votes, tripled its seat count and became the third-largest party in the House, once again becoming a strong force in Canadian politics. In the following 2021 election, it kept all its seats and its vote share. See also Canada Politics List of Canadian federal general elections List of political parties in Canada 2024 United Kingdom general election Articles on parties' candidates in this election: 15em Independents Abolitionists Canada Party Commonwealth Greens Libertarians National Party Natural Law New Democrats Progressive Conservatives Reform Party Notes 2 lower-roman References Bliss Michael Michael Bliss Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney 1994 HarperCollins Toronto https://archive.org/details/righthonourablem0000blis_d1r8 978-0-00-255071-0 registration Brooks Stephen Canadian Democracy: An Introduction 1996 Oxford University Press Toronto 978-0-19-541205-5 2nd https://archive.org/details/canadiandemocrac02edbroo registration M.A. Jordan Colby Cognitive assimilation-contrast effects among partisan identifiers: An analysis of the 1993 Canadian election Wilfrid Laurier University 1997 https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/66 Forsythe Robert Frank Murray Krishnamurthy Vasu Ross Thomas W. Markets as Predictors of Election Outcomes: Campaign Events and Judgement Bias in the 1993 UBC Election Stock Market Canadian Public Policy 1998 24 3 329–351 10.2307/3551972 http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/cpp/Sept1998/Forsyth.pdf University of Toronto Press 3551972 0317-0861 Frizzell Alan Westell Anthony Pammett Jon H. The Canadian General Election of 1993 1994 Carleton University Press Ottawa 978-0-88629-228-7 Frizzell Alan Westell Anthony Pammett Jon H. The Canadian General Election of 1993 1994 Carleton University Press Ottawa 978-0-88629-228-7 Clarkson Stephen Stephen Clarkson Yesterday's Man and His Blue Grists: Backward into the Future Frizzell Alan Westell Anthony Pammett Jon H. The Canadian General Election of 1993 1994 Carleton University Press Ottawa 978-0-88629-228-7 Ellis Faron Archer Keith Reform: Electoral Breakthrough Frizzell Alan Westell Anthony Pammett Jon H. The Canadian General Election of 1993 1994 Carleton University Press Ottawa 978-0-88629-228-7 Pammett Jon H. Tracking the Votes Frizzell Alan Westell Anthony Pammett Jon H. The Canadian General Election of 1993 1994 Carleton University Press Ottawa 978-0-88629-228-7 Whitehorn Alan The NDP's Quest for Survival Frizzell Alan Westell Anthony Pammett Jon H. The Canadian General Election of 1993 1994 Carleton University Press Ottawa 978-0-88629-228-7 Woolstencroft Peter Doing Politics Differently': The Conservative Party and the Campaign of 1993 Chief Electoral Officer of Canada Canada's electoral system. 2001 Elections Canada Ottawa 0-662-65352-1 Rev. and augm. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/SE1-5-1-2000E.pdf Further reading Flanagan, T. (2022). Pivot or pirouette?: The 1993 Canadian general election. UBC Press. Holden, Brandon (2023). 47 Days: The Election that Changed Canada. Independently Published. Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Creating Opportunity: The Liberal Plan for Canada 1993 Liberal Party of Canada Ottawa https://archive.org/details/creating-opportunity-the-liberal-plan-for-canada National Party of Canada (1993). How to solve Canada's economic mess without raisi ng personal taxes or increasing the debt. Montréal : National Party of Canada. LeDuc Lawrence Pammett Jon H. McKenzie Judith L. Turcotte André Dynasties and Interludes: Past and Present in Canadian Electoral Politics 2010 Dundurn Press Toronto 978-1-55488-886-3 https://archive.org/details/dynastiesinterlu0000unse registration Government reports Canada, Chief Electoral Officer Thirty-Fifth General Election, 1993: Official Voting Results 1993 Elections Canada Ottawa https://archive.org/details/31761115529885 0-662-60097-5 Canada, Chief Electoral Officer Thirty-Fifth General Election, 1993: Contributions and Expenses of Registered Political Parties and Candidates 1993 Elections Canada Ottawa https://archive.org/details/31761115534752 0-662-61265-5 1993 Federal Federal election Category:Premiership of Jean Chrétien