1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

HFC, hydrofluoroalkane refrigerant May 2020 changed 477201460 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane.svg Structure skin-invert-image 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane-3D-balls.png 3-D structure bg-transparent 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane HFA-134aHFC-134aR-134aNorflurane correct CAS 811-97-2 2104432 correct chemspider 12577 DB13116 212-377-0 correct kegg D05208 13129 correct FDA 3159 KI8842500 DH9E53K1Y8 FCC(F)(F)F correct chemspider 1S/C2H2F4/c3-1-2(4,5)6/h1H2 correct chemspider LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2 2 4 Colorless gas 0.00425 g/cm3, gas 0.15 wt% -103.3 -26.3 04 WARNING Asphyxiant 1 0 1 250 280 410+403 refrigerants DifluoromethanePentafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Klea 134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, HFA-134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a lower 100-year global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900).Table 2.14 (Errata). Lifetimes, radiative efficiencies and direct (except for CH4) GWPs relative to CO2. https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/errataserrata-errata.html#table214 11 July 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170706070425/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/errataserrata-errata.html#table214 6 July 2017 dead It has the formula CF3CH2F and a boiling point of −26.3 °C (−15.34 °F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored light blue.http://www.budgetheating.com/v/vspfiles/assets/images/r134a-refrigerant.jpg Example image of a 30 lbs R134a bottle budgetheating.com 26 March 2018 4 March 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130302/http://www.budgetheating.com/v/vspfiles/assets/images/r134a-refrigerant.jpg dead A phaseout and transition to HFO-1234yf and other refrigerants, with GWPs similar to CO2, began in 2012 within the automotive market.https://www.epa.gov/mvac/acceptable-refrigerants-and-their-impacts Refrigerant Transition & Environmental Impacts 6 August 2015 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2020-10-01 Uses 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a non-flammable gas used primarily as a "high-temperature" refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and automobile air conditioners. These devices began using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the early 1990s as a replacement for the more environmentally harmful R-12. Retrofit kits are available to convert units that were originally R-12-equipped. thumb|left|200px|Boiling of Tetrafluoroethane liquid when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. Other common uses include plastic foam blowing, as a cleaning solvent, a propellant for the delivery of pharmaceuticals (e.g., inhaler canisters such as for bronchodilators), wine cork removers, gas dusters ("canned air"), and in air driers for removing the moisture from compressed air. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has also been used to cool computers in some overclocking attempts. It is the refrigerant used in plumbing pipe freeze kits. It is also commonly used as a propellant for airsoft airguns. The gas is often mixed with a silicone-based lubricant. Aspirational and niche applications 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an organic solvent, both as a liquid and a supercritical fluid.10.1021/bk-2005-0908.ch003 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a): A Selective Solvent for the Generation of Flavor and Fragrance Ingredients Natural Flavors and Fragrances ACS Symposium Series 2005 Corr Stuart 0-8412-3904-5 908 4110.1039/B412697A Solubility of unsaturated carboxylic acids in supercritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a) and a methodology for the separation of ternary mixtures 2005 Abbott Andrew P. Eltringham Wayne Hope Eric G. Nicola Mazin Green Chemistry 7 4 210 2381/13274 free 10.1039/B507554H Hydrogenation in supercritical 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a) 2005 Abbott Andrew P. Eltringham Wayne Hope Eric G. Nicola Mazin Green Chemistry 7 10 721 2381/604 https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/604/1/10.1039_b507554h.pdf 18 September 2019 19 July 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180719170805/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/604/1/10.1039_b507554h.pdf dead free It is used in the resistive plate chamber particle detectors in the Large Hadron Collider.Anushree Ghosh STUDY OF GLASS RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS (RPC) AND CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185247/http://www.hecr.tifr.res.in/~bsn/INO/rpc-anushree.pdf 7 August 2011 . INO Graduate Training Programme DHEP, TIFR, Mumbai.M. Capeans, I. Glushkov, R. Guida, F. Hahn, S. Haider (CERN, Switzerland) RPC operation at the LHC experiments in an optimized closed loop gas system. Medical Imaging Conference. 25–31 October 2009. It is also used for other types of particle detectors, e.g. some cryogenic particle detectors.http://highenergy.physics.uiowa.edu/HEP/Files/Talks/RadHardPaper.pdf AIP Conference Proceedings 10.1063/1.2396941 2006AIPC..867...84N Rad Hard Active Media For Calorimeters 2006 Norbeck E. Olson J. E. Moeller A. Onel Y. 867 84 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120323165423/http://highenergy.physics.uiowa.edu/HEP/Files/Talks/RadHardPaper.pdf 23 March 2012 It can be used as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride in magnesium smelting as a shielding gas.Magnesium recycling in the United States in 1998. (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 21 August 2011. History and environmental impacts 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane was introduced in the early 1990s as a replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12), which has massive ozone depleting properties. Franklin J The Atmospheric Degradation and Impact of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluorethane (Hydrofluorocarbon 134a) https://archive.org/details/sim_chemosphere_1993-10_27_8/page/1565 Chemosphere 1993 1565–1601 27 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90251-Y 8 1993Chmsp..27.1565F Even though 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has insignificant ozone depletion potential (ozone layer) and negligible acidification potential (acid rain), it has a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of 1430 and an approximate atmospheric lifetime of 14 years. Its concentration in the atmosphere and contribution to radiative forcing have been growing since its introduction. Thus it was included in the IPCC list of greenhouse gases.Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf Forster, P. 2007 live https://web.archive.org/web/20100724041021/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf 24 July 2010 etal thumb|class=skin-invert-image|left|upright=1.2|HFC-134a measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion. thumb|class=skin-invert-image|left|200px|HFC-134a atmospheric concentration since year 1995. R-134a began being phased out from use in the European Union, starting in the mid 2010s, by a directive of 2006, recommending the replacement of gases in air conditioning systems with a GWP above 100.32006L0040 Directive 2006/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 relating to emissions from air-conditioning systems in motor vehicles and amending Council Directive 70/156/EEC 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is subject to use restrictions in the US and other countries as well. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has proposed that it be best replaced by a new fluorochemical refrigerant HFO-1234yf (CF3CF=CH2) in automobile air-conditioning systems.HFO-1234yf A Low GWP Refrigerant For MAC https://web.archive.org/web/20090227134615/http://refrigerants.dupont.com/Suva/en_US/pdf/DP_HW_2nd_European_Workshop_MAC.pdf 27 February 2009. Refrigerants.dupont.com (17 August 2011). Retrieved 21 August 2011. As of model year 2021, newly manufactured light-duty vehicles in the United States no longer use R-134a. California may also prohibit the sale of canned R-134a to individuals to avoid non-professional recharge of air conditioners.California restricts use of HFC-134a in cars https://web.archive.org/web/20200819125415/http://www.r744.com/articles/494/california_restricts_use_of_hfc-134a_in_cars 19 August 2020 . 27 June 2007. R744.com. Retrieved 21 August 2011. A ban had been in place in Wisconsin since October 1994 under ATCP 136 prohibiting sales of container sizes holding less than 15 lbs in of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, but this restriction applied only when the chemical was intended to be a refrigerant. However, the ban was lifted in Wisconsin in 2012.Chapter ATCP 136. MOBILE AIR CONDITIONERS; RECLAIMING OR RECYCLING REFRIGERANT. State.wi.us. (PDF). Retrieved 21 August 2011. During the time that it was active, this Wisconsin-specific ban contained loopholes. For example, it was legal for a person to purchase gas duster containers with any amount of the chemical because in that instance the chemical is neither intended to be a refrigerant nor is HFC-134a included in the § 7671a listing of class I and class II substances.Class I Ozone-depleting Substances. EPA.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2011. Production and reactions Tetrafluoroethane is typically made by reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride:http://www.solvay.us/en/binaries/PSS-Tetrafluoroethane-164368.pdf Solvay in North America Solvay CHCl=CCl2 + 4 HF → CF3CH2F + 3 HCl It reacts with butyllithium to give trifluorovinyl lithium:10.1039/CC9960000049 The hydrofluorocarbon 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) as a ready source of trifluorovinyllithium 1996 Burdon James Coe Paul L. Haslock Iain B. Powell Richard L. Chemical Communications 49 CF3CH2F + 2 BuLi → CF2=CFLi + LiF + 2 BuH Safety thumb|right|R-134a cylinder Mixtures with air of the gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane are not flammable at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F). However, mixtures with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ignited.DuPont DuPont DuPont HFC-134a— Properties, Uses, Storage, and Handling https://www.chemours.com/Refrigerants/en_US/assets/downloads/h45945_hfc134a_push.pdf 2004 5 August 2016 4 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161004165547/https://www.chemours.com/Refrigerants/en_US/assets/downloads/h45945_hfc134a_push.pdf dead Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of 250 °C (482 °F) may cause vapor decomposition and the emission of toxic gases including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride,Honeywell International MSDS # GTRN-0047 For Genetron 134aUV December 2005 Honeywell International however the decomposition temperature has been reported as above 370 °C.SAFETY DATA SHEET according to Regulation (EU) 2015/8301/7 Harp 134a http://www.harpintl.com/downloads/pdf/msds/HARP-R134a-CLP.pdf 2024-11-17 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane itself has an of 1,500 g/m3 in rats, making it relatively non-toxic, apart from the dangers inherent to inhalant abuse. Its gaseous form will displace air in the lungs. This can result in asphyxiation if excessively inhaled.Alexander D. J. Libretto S. E. 19669317 An overview of the toxicology of HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1995 14 715–20 10.1177/096032719501400903 8579881 9 G. E. Millward E. Tschuikow-Roux Kinetic analysis of the shock wave decomposition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane 1972 76 3 292–298 10.1021/j100647a002 The Journal of Physical Chemistry This contributes to most deaths by inhalant abuse. Aerosol cans containing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, when inverted, become effective freeze sprays. Under pressure, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is compressed into a liquid, which upon vaporization absorbs a significant amount of thermal energy. As a result, it will greatly lower the temperature of any object it contacts as it evaporates. thumb|Freon 134a refrigerant for car AC Medical use For its medical uses, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has the generic name norflurane. It is used as propellant for some metered dose inhalers. 10.1186/s13223-017-0202-0 28670327 Asthma pressurised metered dose inhaler performance: Propellant effect studies in delivery systems Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 13 30 2017 Sellers William F. S. 5492461 free It is considered safe for this use. 4408662 This propellant has been shown to be safe and nonanaesthetic in standard inhaler doses 2015 Shah S. B Anaesthetic in the garb of a propellant Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 59 4 258–260 Hariharan U Bhargava A. K 10.4103/0019-5049.155011 25937660 free 10780756 2000 Huchon G Comparison of the safety of drug delivery via HFA- and CFC-metered dose inhalers in CAO The European Respiratory Journal 15 4 663–9 Hofbauer P Cannizzaro G Iacono P Wald F 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15d07.x free https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_270935.html Occupational Safety & Health Administration 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 3 February 2018 3 February 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181157/https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_270935.html dead In combination with pentafluoropropane, it is used as a topical vapocoolant spray for numbing boils before curettage. https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13116 DrugBank Norflurane https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-91869/norflurane-pentafluoropropane-topical/details Norflurane-Pentafluoropropane Aerosol, Spray WebMD It has also been studied as a potential inhalational anesthetic,Shulman M, Sadove MS 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: an inhalational agent of intermediate potency Anesthesia and Analgesia 1967 46 5 629–635 10.1213/00000539-196709000-00029 5868484 free but it is nonanaesthetic at doses used in inhalers. See also List of refrigerants Tetrabromoethane Tetrachloroethane Inhalant References External links 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1281 12 European Fluorocarbons Technical Committee (EFCTC) MSDS at Oxford University Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 11, at inchem.org Pressure temperature calculator http://www.symp14.nist.gov/PDF/JOI11UST.PDF The Coexisting Curve of the Refrigerant HFC 134a: Some Scaling Models 11 September 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20060929201020/http://www.symp14.nist.gov/PDF/JOI11UST.PDF 29 September 2006 dead R134a 2 phase computer cooling https://web.archive.org/web/20080618154640/http://www.tfandf.com/ 18 June 2008 Category:Fluoroalkanes Category:Refrigerants Category:Automotive chemicals Category:Propellants Category:Airsoft Category:Excipients Category:Greenhouse gases Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Category:General anesthetics Category:Hydrofluorocarbons Category:Haloethanes