1980 actors strike

Labor action in United States September 2021 September 2021 United States(primarily Hollywood) 1980 actors strike Jack Klugman, Ricardo Montalban, Loretta Swit and Ralph Bellamy on strike.jpg Jack Klugman, Ricardo Montalbán, Loretta Swit and Ralph Bellamy standing among the picketers Photograph of a crowd of people standing at an intersection holding various signs that say things like, "Actors on Strike" and "Unfair to Actors" * Boycott Picketing Strike action Walkout July 21 – October 23, 1980(07 21 1980 10 23 1980) * American Federation of Musicians American Federation of Television and Radio Artists Screen Actors Guild * Association of Motion Picture and Television Producers Disagreements over new labor contracts between unions and companies * 35 percent wage increases Guarantee for 12 percent of the gross revenues for home media releases Unions and companies ratify new contract: 32.5 percent wage increases Guarantee for 4.5 percent of the gross revenues for home media releases 30 percent increase in residuals, among other improvements to employee benefits The 1980 actors strike was a labor strike held in July–October 1980 by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), two labor unions representing actors in the American film industry. The strike was caused by a breakdown in labor contract negotiations between the two unions (who were negotiating for a joint contract) and representatives of film studios, television networks, and other independent producers. The primary point of contention regarded residuals from home media, such as videocassettes and pay television. Specifically, the union was seeking a form of profit sharing wherein they would receive a percentage of the revenue made from home media releases. Additionally, the unions wanted a 35 percent salary increase across the board for their members. By mid-July, the union and industry representatives were at an impasse, and the strike started on July 21. Several days later, the American Federation of Musicians (AFM, a labor union representing musicians in the film industry) also went on strike for similar reasons. Altogether, roughly 67,000 workers from SAG and AFTRA struck. John Carmody September 18, 1980 Breakthrough On Key Issue In Actors' Strike https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/09/18/breakthrough-on-key-issue-in-actors-strike/0eb17019-9a96-4d4d-93c5-347d2abe94d9/ August 1, 2023 The Washington Post en-US Striking continued for several months, during which time almost all production on film and television was halted. Additionally, the 32nd Primetime Emmy Awards were boycotted by the unions, with only one Emmy winner attending the event: actor Powers Boothe. By mid-September, an agreement had been made between the union and companies that constituted a compromise, with the unions receiving pay increases and profit sharing from home media releases, but at a lower share than they had originally pushed for. However, the contracts also provided for additional benefits in the members healthcare, pension, and overtime plans, among other guarantees. As a result, union members voted to accept the terms of the agreement by mid-October. The AFM continued to strike for several more months, agreeing to a new contract in January of the following year. The strike was the actor's longest for film and television until 2023, where the strike occurred alongside the Writers Guild of America's. Hollywood's actors strike is nearing its 100th day. Why hasn't a deal been reached and what's next? https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/hollywoods-actors-strike-nearing-100th-day-deal-reached-104136181 Andrew Dalton October 19, 2023 ABC News October 20, 2023 Background Starting on May 19, 1980,August 2, 1980 SAG Strike Eyes New Video Revenue https://books.google.com/books?id=7yMEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 68 Google Books the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), two major labor unions representing actors in Hollywood, had been negotiating with representatives of film producers, film studios, and television networks (many represented by the Association of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP)Grein Paul August 9, 1980 L.A. Studios Hurt By AFM Film-TV Strike https://books.google.com/books?id=eyQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 3 Google Books and including, among others, the Big Three television networks, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation, and Universal Pictures)McCullaugh Jim August 16, 1980 SAG-AFTRA Strike Continues https://books.google.com/books?id=lyQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 10 Google Books over new labor contracts that would cover the next three years. According to both unions, the major point of contention regarded the burgeoning home video market. Industry representatives contended that home media was at the time not yet a major business, with only 2 percent of all American households owning a VCR at that time.Fortmueller 2021 114 However, the unions disagreed and were seeking changes regarding payment for these releases.McCullaugh Jim August 9, 1980 Home Video Industry Awaits Strike Mediation Results https://books.google.com/books?id=eyQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 3 Google Books In particular, the unions wanted a profit sharing plan for home video releases, including pay television, videocassettes, and videodiscs.Townsend Ed July 24, 1980 Actors strike could delay fall TV season The Christian Science Monitor Christian Science Publishing Society https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0724/072454.html September 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210523073545/https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0724/072454.html May 23, 2021 0882-7729 At the time, the current practices were to pay actors a one-time salary for participation in a project with no future profit sharing for home video releases. However, SAG proposed a profit sharing model wherein actors would receive 12 percent of the gross revenues for projects made explicitly for home video. In addition, SAG was pushing for actors to receive payments for films that had been sold to television networks or cable channels that have been shown more than 12 times in a month. While these covered SAG's concerns with home video, the union was also seeking a 35 percent increase in all salary categories, while both unions were also pushing for a 40 percent increase in their minimum wages over the next three years, which would have seen union members' daily rates increase from $225 to $315 and weekly rates increase from $785 to $1,100. These contract negotiations did not affect the production of game shows, soap operas, or news and educational programs, which were covered under different contracts. As negotiations continued, the unions prepared for strike action, with The New York Times reporting on July 10 that SAG had set a strike deadline for July 21.July 10, 1980 Screen Actors Set Strike Deadline en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1980/07/10/archives/screen-actors-set-strike-deadline.html September 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210903142547/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/07/10/archives/screen-actors-set-strike-deadline.html September 3, 2021 0362-4331 With no deal reached by that time, the strike began on July 21,Lindsey Robert Robert Lindsey (journalist) Blau Eleanor July 22, 1980 Movie and TV Actors Strike; New York Production Halts en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1980/07/22/archives/movie-and-tv-actors-strike-new-york-production-halts.html September 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210903142718/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/07/22/archives/movie-and-tv-actors-strike-new-york-production-halts.html September 3, 2021 0362-4331 with a walkout at 2 a.m. At the time of the strike's beginning, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) had also been negotiating a new contract with the recording industry concerning similar issues over home media. While that contract had expired on March 31, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) delayed agreeing to new terms until their dispute with the film and television industry had also been settled.Horowitz Is August 9, 1980 AFTRA Strike Leads To Label Fee Buildup https://books.google.com/books?id=eyQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 1, 71 Google Books This strike would be the second collaborative strike between Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) following a strike in 1978.Fortmueller 2020 1514 The 1980 Actors Strike was not an isolated event but occurred within a broader context of labor unrest in Hollywood. During this period, guilds representing writers, directors, and actors were increasingly vocal about their dissatisfaction with compensation models, particularly as new technologies like cable television and home video began reshaping the entertainment landscape.Handel Jonathan "Hollywood on Strike! An Industry at War in the Internet Age" Hollywood Analytics 2011 United States This strike marked a critical moment for the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), as both organizations grappled with the challenges of adapting their contracts to reflect the realities of modern media distribution.Prindle, David F. "The Politics of Glamour: Ideology and Democracy in the Screen Actors Guild". University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. These tensions reflected a continuation of disputes dating back to earlier technological shifts, such as the rise of network television, which had also prompted calls for equitable profit-sharing arrangements. Course of the strike In the first week of striking, The Christian Science Monitor reported that the action had "shut down most movie and TV productions across the United States". Of note, three movies that were being filmed in New York City at the time were put on hold after movie stars Candice Bergen, Jacqueline Bisset, Liza Minnelli, Dudley Moore, and Burt Reynolds did not show up on set. 9 to 5 and The Janitor, both Twentieth Century Fox films, were among the films that were under production and affected by the strike.Grein Paul August 16, 1980 AFM Strikes' Could Cool Fall's TV Fare https://books.google.com/books?id=lyQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 12, 73 Google Books Spokespeople for several television networks stated that, while filming for some shows scheduled for the 1980–81 United States network television schedule had already been completed, a prolonged strike could affect scheduling, either forcing a delay of the start of the season or requiring the showing of reruns until production could continue. Meanwhile, spokespeople for the unions stated that the strike could be a long one. By August 2, Billboard was reporting that negotiations between the unions and entertainment industry were still ongoing. At midnight on July 31, the American Federation of Musicians (AFM), which had similarly been negotiating with the film industry over pay issues regarding music used in home media releases, joined SAG and AFTRA in striking against the AMPTP, with AFM President Victor Fuentealba saying, "There is a long-standing, obvious and illogical inequity whereby musicians receive no reuse payment when TV films on which they have worked are rerun on TV, while producers make such payments to actors, directors and writers". This came after negotiations deteriorated just before the AFM's contract with the AMPTP expired on July 31.August 16, 1980 No Progress In AFM Strike https://books.google.com/books?id=lyQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 10 Google Books alt=A color photograph of a man wearing a black and white suit with a red scarf hanging around his neck|thumb|326x326px|Powers Boothe was the only nominated actor to attend the 1980 Primetime Emmy Awards By early August, Billboard reported that the strike was costing the American film and television industry approximately $40 million per week. Around that same time, on August 4, SAG entered into mediation hosted by the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service at the Wilshire Federal Building. While SAG was still adamant about the 35 percent across the board wage increases and payments for films shown on television over 12 times a month, reporters contended that SAG was possibly willing to settle for less than the original 12 percent of gross revenues for home video projects. However, a representative for SAG claimed that the union and industry were "still miles apart" and that an end to the strike could take a long time to reach. However, the mediation was called off after one day, with neither side reaching an agreement. During the discussion, SAG representatives asked to shelf discussions of the home media payment issue and work out the other issues present (such as the 35 percent wage increase), but the entertainment representatives did not want to move forward with any further discussions until the home media issue was resolved. The business representatives countered SAG's offer with an offer of 3 percent of the gross revenues of a feature that has played on TV for at least 15 days over the span of two years, with the business representatives arguing that this would allow the payments to emanate from the feature's profits and not its gross. Talks resumed later that month on August 21.Harmetz Aljean Aljean Harmetz August 19, 1980 Talks in Actors' Strike To Resume Thursday; Guild Is Given Support Strategy Has Changed Other Sticky Issues Cited en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/19/archives/talks-in-actors-strike-to-resume-thursday-guild-is-given-support.html September 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20180322083841/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/19/archives/talks-in-actors-strike-to-resume-thursday-guild-is-given-support.html March 22, 2018 0362-4331 On August 27, SAG and AFTRA members from the unions' New York City branches held a rally outside of the Gulf & Western Building in support of the strikers.August 26, 1980 Actors to Rally Tomorrow In Support of Coast Strike en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/26/archives/actors-to-rally-tomorrow-in-support-of-coast-strike.html September 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210903142325/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/26/archives/actors-to-rally-tomorrow-in-support-of-coast-strike.html September 3, 2021 0362-4331 Negotiations were recessed on September 4.September 20, 1980 AFM Strike: No Progress https://books.google.com/books?id=HCQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 78 Google Books On September 7,Daniel 1996 116 the 32nd Primetime Emmy Awards were boycotted, with the only nominated actor to come to the event being Powers Boothe, where he won an Emmy for his role in Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones. During his acceptance speech, he referenced the union boycott of the event, saying, "This is either the most courageous moment of my career or the stupidest".Pius Robert May 15, 2017 Powers Boothe dead at 68: Rebellious actor's 1980 Emmy incident was forgiven by Hollywood https://www.goldderby.com/article/2017/powers-boothe-dead-at-68-emmy-awards-entertainment-news/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20201020201436/https://www.goldderby.com/article/2017/powers-boothe-dead-at-68-emmy-awards-entertainment-news/ October 20, 2020 September 3, 2021 Gold Derby Penske Media Corporation en-US During the ceremony, host Steve Allen made reference to the strike with a joke about former actor and then-presidential candidate Ronald Reagan, saying, "Who would have ever thought that all of us would live to see the day when Ronald Reagan would be the only actor working?". The Los Angeles Herald Examiner called the event, "The Night the Stars Didn't Shine".Daniel 1996 116 During this time, AFM had several hundred members picket various film studios throughout Hollywood, with an AFM representative stating that the producers were looking to resolve the dispute with SAG and AFTRA before negotiating with them. By late September, AFM reported that some people were producing music for American film and television overseas in violation of orders from the union, with the people found responsible facing reprimanding from AFM.Tiegel Eliot September 27, 1980 AFM Stalks Overseas Recording Runaways https://books.google.com/books?id=YSQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 3 Google Books The president of AFM's Los Angeles local union later wrote to several government officials (including U.S. President Jimmy Carter, California Governor Jerry Brown, Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, and several members of both U.S. Congress and the Los Angeles City Council) urging them to intervene and stop what he called "anti-American action" using "foreign strikebreakers".Darling Cary October 25, 1980 Herman's Plea https://books.google.com/books?id=5CMEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 15 Google Books On September 16, SAG and AFTRA held a benefit rally at the Hollywood Bowl.Darling Cary October 18, 1980 AFM Strike Begins To Gain Momentum https://books.google.com/books?id=BiQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 15, 48 Google Books The event, called "An Evening of Stars", raised $300,000 for SAG's strike fund.Prindle 1988 128 The next day, following negotiations, the SAG and AFTRA had reached a deal with the studios and producers regarding the home media issue.September 27, 1980 Vidisk-Vidcassette Issue Settled; Strike Continues https://books.google.com/books?id=YSQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 78 Google Books As part of the agreement, actors would receive 4.5 percent of a film's gross after it has played for ten days over a one-year period. For home release, this same percentage gross would be received after 100,000 units had been achieved. In addition to the percentage of the gross, actors were entitled to pension, welfare, and health benefits. However, despite the progress, the strike still continued due to disagreements concerning the 35 percent salary increase that the unions had been pushing for. By September 25, following an 18.5-hour-long bargaining session, the unions and companies came to a tentative agreement that addressed the remaining issues.October 4, 1980 Strike's Resolution Aids Home Video https://books.google.com/books?id=DCUEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 118 Google Books As part of the terms, members would receive a 32.5 percent wage increase across the board. Additionally, actors received an increase of over 30 percent in residuals, improvements to pension, welfare, and health benefits (including dental coverage), improved overtime benefits, and guarantees for improved working conditions and nondiscriminatory practices in hiring and casting. Following the agreement, both unions submitted the terms of the agreement for a vote by its members. However, in addition, the tentative three-year agreement also included a no-strike clause.October 8, 1980 Striking musicians picketed seven major studios again Wednesday as... https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/08/Striking-musicians-picketed-seven-major-studios-again-Wednesday-as/5592339825600/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20210908041341/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/08/Striking-musicians-picketed-seven-major-studios-again-Wednesday-as/5592339825600/ September 8, 2021 September 8, 2021 United Press International en Mail-in ballots were distributed to SAG members, while AFTRA members began to vote in chapter meetings, with a SAG representative stating that they hoped to have the results tallied by October 21. By October 8, the Los Angeles AFTRA chapter had failed to pass the agreement with a 228–220 vote, while the San Francisco chapter voted 51–7 in favor. Throughout October, a substantial minority of union members opposed the agreement, arguing that a longer strike could lead to a better deal. However, despite the opposition, the agreement was ratified with 83.4 percent of the vote.Fortmueller 2021 115 On October 1, the AFM and AMPTP met for their first round of negotiations since the beginning of their strike action on July 31.October 4, 1980 Producers & AFM Convene https://books.google.com/books?id=DCUEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 111 Google Books However, the negotiations ended later that day with no deal being reached.November 1, 1980 Musicians & Film Producers Seeking Accord https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 8 Google Books By the first week of October, many actors were returning to rehearsal halls in preparation for an end to the strike. However, despite this, a representative for AFM stated that the actors, as well as members of other unions (such as the Teamsters), had not crossed their picket lines out of solidarity with the strikers. By October 23, the actors had ratified their new contracts. On October 27, AFM and the AMPTP resumed negotiations without a federal mediator, unlike during the October 1 meeting. These negotiations ended on October 29, after AMPTP representatives introduced the topic of pay changes for pay television and home videos.Darling Cary November 22, 1980 Strikers Stalled https://books.google.com/books?id=mCQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 15, 72 Google BooksDarling Cary December 6, 1980 Producers Agree to AFM Negotiation https://books.google.com/books?id=3SQEAAAAMBAJ Billboard 6 Google Books AFM representatives contended that the cause of the strike was over payment for reuse in commercial television and that the AMPTP representatives were acting unethically in introducing what they called a "brand new issue" during negotiations. Negotiations resumed in early December.January 15, 1981 167-Day Musicians' Strike Ends en-US The New York Times Associated Press https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/15/us/167-day-musicians-strike-ends.html September 8, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20180125220212/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/15/us/167-day-musicians-strike-ends.html January 25, 2018 0362-4331 On January 14, 1981, following a renewed round of negotiations, the AFM and AMPTP came to a tentative agreement that saw an immediate end to the strike, with the agreement submitted to AFM members for ratification. The mail-in voting process was expected to take approximately four weeks. The agreement was seen as a failure for AFM, as it failed to include agreements concerning the issue of residuals that had precipitated the strike. One of the primary motivations behind the 1980 actor's strike was the dispute over residual payments for the newly emerging cable television and home video markets. These formats were gaining popularity, but existing contracts did not include provisions for actors to receive a share of revenues from these media. The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) argued that actors deserved compensation for the repeated use of their work in these growing markets. This dispute over residuals became a significant point of contention, ultimately fueling the strike. Strike outcomes The 1980 SAG-AFTRA (SAG and AFTRA were still separate entities in 1980 (the unions formally merged in 2012) but they frequently joined forces in negotiations on the most lucrative film and TV contracts. At the time of the 1980 strike, Screen Actors Guild represented about 45,000 performers; American Federation of Television and Radio Artists had about 12,000 members) strike not only centered on residuals and compensation, but also revealed significant internal dynamics within the union. The lengthy strike spurred debate among union members over the effectiveness of leadership and negotiation strategies, with some advocating a tougher stance against the studios. It highlights that the union's leadership faced the challenge of balancing diverse member perspectives in a rapidly changing media landscape. These internal discussions underscored the complexities within SAG-AFTRA, as it sought to unify its membership while confronting technological shifts that threatened traditional compensation models. This strike was thus a defining moment, shaping SAG-AFTRA's identity and approach in future negotiations. The strike led to the creation of new residuals structures specifically for cable television and home video, ensuring actors received a share of revenues from these formats. This breakthrough laid the foundation for future negotiations over residuals in home media, marking a significant shift in how emerging technologies impacted compensation. This was the first time contracts addressed new media formats, setting an industry precedent for residuals tied to technological advancements.Osofsky Howard R. Schneiderman Jan R. The New California Gold Rush: SAG's 1980 Strike Revisited Journal of Arts Management and Law 1982 12 5–32 10.1080/07335113.1982.9942837 Aftermath alt=A black and white photograph of a man staring at the camera|thumb|198x198px|Ed Asner, who had been a spokesman for the actors during the strike, was later elected president of SAG. Due to the length of the strike, most shows entering into first-run syndication were postponed from premiering until mid-October 1980.Kassel 1993 85 Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, an educational program created by scientist Carl Sagan, premiered during the strike, and the lack of new programs and competition may have helped it to be a success in the ratings.Sorensen 2017 29 During the strike, actor Ed Asner (a SAG member who was at the time famous for his role as the titular character on the TV series Lou Grant) served as a spokesperson for the strikers by participating in news conferences and other events.Daniel 1996 116 Following the strike settlement, Asner became something of a leader for SAG members who were unhappy with the terms of the agreement, and on November 3, 1981, he was elected as president of SAG.Daniel 1996 116 One byproduct of the actors strike and the next year's writers strike was that for two consecutive years, British movies won the Academy Award for Best Picture (Chariots of Fire in 1981, Gandhi in 1982). Merger of SAG and AFTRA According to historian Kate Fortmueller, the strike "underscored the many shared interests between SAG and AFTRA and demonstrated the effectiveness of joint bargaining".Fortmueller 2021 116 Following the strike, the two unions entered into a "Phase 1" regarding a merger, whereby the two would jointly negotiate contracts.Fortmueller 2021 116 This phase lasted until 2008, when a disagreement during negotiations caused a rift between the two groups.Fortmueller 2021 116 However, by 2012, these issues would be more or less resolved and the two unions merged that year, creating SAG-AFTRA.Fortmueller 2020 1513 During the 1980s, there were also discussions on SAG absorbing the Screen Extras Guild, another labor union representing actors. However, this proposed merger never came to fruition.Fortmueller 2021 116 Later strike action The strike would be the last labor dispute to directly pit film and television actors against studios until the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike,Martínez A July 17, 2023 What lessons can be learned from the 1980 actors strike? https://www.npr.org/2023/07/17/1188042851/what-lessons-can-be-learned-from-the-1980-actors-strike live https://web.archive.org/web/20230719135508/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/17/1188042851/what-lessons-can-be-learned-from-the-1980-actors-strike July 19, 2023 July 19, 2023 NPR though the unions were indirectly involved in other strike actions, including the 2000 commercial actors strike and the 2016–2017 video game voice actor strike.Handel Jonathan June 30, 2017 SAG-AFTRA Deal Elusive as Midnight Expiration, Strike Threat Loom https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/sag-aftra-deal-elusive-as-midnight-expiration-strike-threat-loom-1018332/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20210903143034/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/sag-aftra-deal-elusive-as-midnight-expiration-strike-threat-loom-1018332/ September 3, 2021 September 3, 2021 The Hollywood Reporter en-US Discussing the 2023 strike, film critic and political commentator Ben Mankiewicz drew comparisons to the 1980 strike, saying that in both cases, the causes of the strikes concerned residuals from new technologies (videocassette and home media in 1980 and streaming services in 2023). References Sources Daniel Douglass K. https://books.google.com/books?id=3vNMxIzSFnYC Lou Grant: The Making of TV's Top Newspaper Drama Syracuse University Press Foreword by Edward Asner 1996 978-0-8156-0363-4 Syracuse, New York en Fortmueller Kate https://books.google.com/books?id=ve-9DwAAQBAJ The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society SAGE Publications 2020 978-1-4833-7552-6 Merskin Debra L. Thousand Oaks, California 1513–1515 en SAG-AFTRA Fortmueller Kate https://books.google.com/books?id=r4cHEAAAQBAJ Below the Stars: How the Labor of Working Actors and Extras Shapes Media Production University of Texas Press 2021 978-1-4773-2307-6 Austin, Texas en Kassel Michael B. https://books.google.com/books?id=x-esBmJWj3sC America's Favorite Radio Station: WKRP in Cincinnati Bowling Green State University Popular Press 1993 978-0-87972-584-6 Bowling Green, Ohio en Prindle David F. https://books.google.com/books?id=BxzJaBR7O-MC The Politics of Glamour: Ideology and Democracy in the Screen Actors Guild University of Wisconsin Press 1988 978-0-299-11813-6 Madison, Wisconsin en Sorensen Karen Schroeder https://books.google.com/books?id=ETUpDwAAQBAJ Cosmos and the Rhetoric of Popular Science Lexington Books 2017 978-1-4985-0760-8 Lanham, Maryland en Taylor Timothy D. https://books.google.com/books?id=XRxBCwAAQBAJ Music and Capitalism: A History of the Present University of Chicago Press 2016 978-0-226-31197-5 Chicago en Category:1980s strikes in the United States Category:1980 in American cinema Category:1980 in American television Category:1980 in film Category:1980 in California Category:1980 in the United States Category:1980 labor disputes and strikes Category:Entertainment industry labor disputes in the United States Category:History of Hollywood, Los Angeles Category:Labor disputes in California Category:Screen Actors Guild