1999 İzmit earthquake

Earthquake in Kocaeli Province, Turkey February 2023 1999 İzmit earthquake 1999-08-17 00:01:38 usp0009d4z 1655218 Izmit eart6.jpg Collapsed buildings in İzmit Turkey 40.748 29.864 Bullseye1.png 40 yes 290 center 1999 8 17 yes 03:01 37 seconds Barka, A. 1999 The 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake Science 285 5435 1858–1859 10.1126/science.285.5435.1858 129752499 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.285.5435.1858 subscription 7.6 w y7.8 s yhttp://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/Depremler/tlarge2.htm Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute 1 March 2023 15.0 km on 40.748 N 29.864 E inline, title North Anatolian Fault Strike-slip Turkey US$12-20 billion ($23-38.4 billion in 2025, adjusted for inflation) XSignificant Earthquake Database https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-data?minIntensity=10&minYear=1900&maxIntensity=10&minDeaths=0&minEqMagnitude=6&minDeathsTotal=0 National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA 10.7289/V5TD9V7K 1972 Data Set 0.45 g 2.52 m ft on 17,127–18,373 dead43,953–48,901 injured5,840 missing An earthquake of moment magnitude 7.6 struck Kocaeli Province, Turkey, on 17 August 1999. According to official figures, at least 18,373 people died and 48,901 people were injured during the earthquake, and 5,840 people were missing.17 Ağustos Depremi: 1999 ve sonrasında neler yaşandı, kaç kişi hayatını kaybetti? 17 August Earthquake: What happened in 1999 and after, how many people lost their lives? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-49322860.amp 12 August 2019 15 October 2022 BBC News tr At least 155 deaths were associated with the tsunami. The damage was estimated at between $12 billion and $20 billion (in 1999 U.S. dollars) according to various sources such as the World Bank. The earthquake was named for the epicenter's proximity to the northwestern city of İzmit. It occurred at 03:01 local time (00:01 UTC) at a shallow depth of 15 km. A maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme) was observed. The earthquake lasted for 37 seconds, causing seismic damage, and is widely remembered as one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern Turkish history. The 1999 earthquake was part of a seismic sequence along the North Anatolian Fault that started in 1939, causing large earthquakes that moved progressively from east to west over a period of 60 years.The North Anatolian Fault Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/tamam/tamam-background/the-north-anatolian-fault 3 November 2021 ldeo.columbia.edu 25 June 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100625055941/https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/tamam/tamam-background/the-north-anatolian-fault dead The earthquake encouraged the establishment of a so-called earthquake tax aimed at providing assistance to those affected by the earthquake,Baysan Reyhan Saifi Zeena Said-Moorhouse Lauren Sariyuce Isil 2023-02-08 Emotions run high in Turkey amid questions over state response to deadly quake https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/08/middleeast/turkey-earthquake-public-anger-intl/index.html 2023-02-11 CNN and the creation of National Disaster Insurance Institution for providing compulsory earthquake insurance. Tectonic setting The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), where the earthquake occurred, is a 1200 km on right-lateral strike-slip fault zone. It extends from the Gulf of Saros to Karlıova. It formed around 13–11 million years ago in the eastern part of Anatolia and developed westwards. The fault eventually developed at the Marmara Sea around 200,000 years ago despite the shear-related movement in a rather broad zone which had already started in late Miocene.Şengör, A. M. Tüysüz, O. İmren, C. Sakınç, M. Eyidoğan, H. Görür, N. Le Pichon, X. Rangin, C. 2005 The North Anatolian Fault: A New Look Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 1 37–112 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120415 2005AREPS..33...37S https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120415 subscription The fault zone is seismically active and has a diverse geomorphological structure. It produced a series of earthquakes as large as 8.0 on the moment magnitude scale. Since the 17th century, it has shown cyclical behavior, with century-long large earthquake cycles beginning in the east and continuing westward. Although the record is less clear for earlier times, active seismicity was likely to have occurred. The 20th century earthquake record has shown that the earthquakes concentrate the stress at the western tips of the ruptured areas, leading to westward migration of larger earthquakes. The İzmit and November 12, 1999 events increased stress on the Marmara segment of the fault. An earthquake of up to magnitude 7.6 event was expected between 2005 and 2055 with a probability of 50 percent on this segment. Presently, the deformation of rocks by stress in the Marmara Sea region is asymmetric. This is conditioned by the regional geology and is believed to be representative of most of the NAFZ. Earthquake yes 350 250 1999 İzmit earthquake.map 40.75 29.9 7 Map of mainshock and aftershocks – Mw  4.0 or greater thumb|right|An interferogram image of the rupture caused by the earthquake The 17 August 1999 earthquake was the seventh in a sequence of westward-migrating seismic sequence along the NAFZ. This earthquake sequence began in 1939 and ruptured along a 1000-km part of the fault zone, with horizontal displacements of up to 7.5 m ft on. thumb|right|The waveform showing the peak ground acceleration recorded by a station in Ambarlı, Avcılar district, Istanbul The maximum observed ground motion was 0.45 g. The earthquake lasted 35–45 seconds according to various sources. The closest cities affected were İzmit, Gölcük, Yalova, and Adapazarı, all of which are located near the eastern end of the Marmara Sea, within the Gulf of İzmit. The earthquake also caused serious damage in Istanbul, especially in the district of Avcılar which is located in the western part of the city, around 70 km mi on away from the epicenter. Despite the distance, it killed about 1,000 people in the district. The earthquake caused a surface rupture comprising four segments; the Hersek/Karamürsel–Gölcük, İzmit–Lake Sapanca, Lake Sapanca–Akyazı, Akyazı–Gölyaka and Gölyaka–Düzce segments. These segments altogether measured over 125 km. All the segments are separated by pull-apart stepovers of 1-4 km mi on in width. The maximum offset throughout the rupture was measured on the Sapanca–Akyazı segment where the surface break displaced a road and a tree line by 5.2 m ft on. It also showed pure strike-slip, and the fault plane is almost vertical in most of the places where a surface break was observed. Most of the major aftershocks (M>4) were located near Düzce, south of Adapazarı, in Sapanca, in İzmit, and the Çınarcık area. At Değirmendere, a small coastal town west of Gölcük, the rupture cut the edge of a fan delta where the center of the town was located, which caused a slump measuring 300 m ft on long and 100 m ft on wide. As a result, part of the town center slid under the water, including a hotel and several shops and restaurants. At another fan delta east of Gölcük, which is within the step-over area of the ruptures, the fault produced a 2 m-high normal fault scarp. Barka, A. 2002 The Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the 17 August 1999 Izmit Earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92 1 376–386 10.1785/0120000841 2002BuSSA..92...43B https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/92/1/43/102910/The-Surface-Rupture-and-Slip-Distribution-of-the subscription Data was used from seven broadband stations as well as some other short-period stations across the area to calculate the regional moment tensor of the mainshocks and larger aftershocks. As a result, most of the earthquakes were found to be split in segments, with the moment tensor's focal mechanism reading either a strike-slip on the fault which is west–east striking, or normal faulting which is between rupture segments. This also proves that the main characteristic of the quake is dextral strike-slip. Orgulu, G. Aktar, M. 2001 Regional Moment Tensor Inversion for Strong Aftershocks of the August 17, 1999 Izmit Earthquake (Mw =7.4) Geophysical Research Letters 28 2 371–374 10.1029/2000gl011991 2001GeoRL..28..371O 128751123 free From the timing of P wave and S wave arrivals at seismometers, there is strong evidence that the rupture propagated eastwards from the epicenter at speeds in excess of the S-wave velocity, making this a supershear earthquake. Bouchon, M. M.-P. Bouin H. Karabulut M. N. Toksöz M. Dietrich A. J. Rosakis Ares J. Rosakis 2001 How Fast is Rupture During an Earthquake ? New Insights from the 1999 Turkey Earthquakes Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 14 2723–2726 2001GeoRL..28.2723B 10.1029/2001GL013112 https://authors.library.caltech.edu/50839/1/grl14724.pdf free Impact Earthquake damage Earthquake engineering +Casualties by Turkish provinceTurkey – Earthquake OCHA Situation Report No. 21 https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/turkey-earthquake-ocha-situation-report-no-21 OCHA ReliefWeb 15 September 1999 12 May 2023ProvinceDeathsInjuriesBolu2641,163Bursa263333Eskişehir8683Istanbul9783,547Kocaeli8,6449,211Sakarya2,6275,084Tekirdağ035Yalova2,5014,472Zonguldak326 thumb|USGS ShakeMap showing the intensity of the event Ten provinces were affected with deaths and collapsed buildings. An official Turkish estimate dated 19 October 1999 reported casualties of 17,127 killed and 43,953 injured, but many sources suggest the actual figure may have been closer to 45,000 dead and a similar number injured.Marza Vasile I. On the death toll of the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) major earthquake 2004 ESC General Assembly Papers, Potsdam European Seismological Commission http://www.esc-web.org/papers/potsdam_2004/ss_1_marza.pdf 5 March 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080409044047/http://www.esc-web.org/papers/potsdam_2004/ss_1_marza.pdf 9 April 2008 dead Reports from September 1999 stated 127,251 buildings were damaged to varying extents and at least 60,434 others collapsed, while an American Red Cross report from 2003 estimated that 320,000 homes and businesses were destroyed. More than 250,000 people became homeless.https://books.google.com/books?id=FJsyapLefv4C&pg=PA1 Earthquake Insurance in Turkey: History of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool Gurenko Eugene Lester Rodney Mahul Olivier Gonulal Serap Oguz 2006 World Bank Publications 9780821365847 1 About 60 km mi on of the Istanbul-Ankara highway, almost 500 km mi on electricity cables and over 3,000 electricity distribution towers were damaged.https://books.google.com/books?id=FJsyapLefv4C&dq=h%C3%BCrriyet+earthquake+tax&pg=PA70 Earthquake Insurance in Turkey: History of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool 2006-01-01 World Bank Publications 978-0-8213-6584-7 15–16 Over 9,500 people were killed in İzmit.The wounds of the Marmara earthquake still healing after two years https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/wounds-marmara-earthquake-still-healing-after-two-years IFRC ReliefWeb 17 August 2001 3 September 2024 In Gölcük, at least 4,556 people died, 5,064 were injured, thousands more were left missing and at least 500 buildings collapsed, trapping about 20,000 families;Quake rescuers race against time http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/423315.stm 18 August 1999 10 May 2023 BBC News overall, up to 80% of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed.Millions remember Turkish earthquakes as recovery continues https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/millions-remember-turkish-earthquakes-recovery-continues American Red Cross ReliefWeb 15 August 2003 3 September 2024 About 200 sailors went missing after a naval base collapsed.Race to find quake survivors http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/423516.stm 18 August 1999 10 May 2023 BBC News There was also destruction in Yalova, where 2,501 people died, 4,472 were injured and 10,134 buildings collapsed. The cause of most damage in Yalova was suspected to be liquefaction-induced. Since the area mostly comprised Quaternary alluvial soil, it was prone to liquefaction. The approximately 200 drilling sites and boreholes, and many streams and rivers, factored in the severe liquefaction.Ozcep F. Karabulut S. Ozel O. Ozcep T. Imre N. Zarif H. 2014 Liquefaction-induced settlement, site effects and damage in the vicinity of Yalova City during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, Turkey Journal of Earth System Science 123 1 73–89 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253327568 10.1007/s12040-013-0387-7 2014JESS..123...73O 130435029 free In Istanbul, at least 978 people were killed and 3,547 others sustained injuries. Severe damage in the city was concentrated in Avcılar district. Avcılar was built on relatively weak ground, mainly composed of poorly consolidated Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, which made the district vulnerable to earthquakes.Ergin M. Özalaybey S. Aktar A. Yalçin M.N. amp 2004 Site amplification at Avcılar, Istanbul Tectonophysics 391 1–4 335 http://web.itu.edu.tr/~taymaz/docs/MErgin-etal.pdf 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.021 2004Tectp.391..335E In Eskişehir, there were 86 deaths and 70 buildings collapsed. At least 263 people died and 333 others were injured in Bursa. Three deaths and 26 injuries were reported in Zonguldak. At least 2,627 people were also killed and 5,084 others were hurt in Sakarya Province. thumb|Collapsed buildings in Gölcük Private contractors faced backlash for using cheap materials in their construction of residential buildings. Many of these contractors were prosecuted but few were found guilty. Government officials also faced backlash for not properly enforcing earthquake resistant building codes.İzmit earthquake of 1999 https://www.britannica.com/event/Izmit-earthquake-of-1999 13 October 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica Direct cost of damage is estimated at US$6.5 billion, but secondary costs exceeded US$20 billion.GSA Today – 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake Was No Surprise https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/10/1/article/i1052-5173-10-1-1.htm 29 November 2021 geosociety.org In 2010, the research branch of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey stated there were 18,373 deaths as a result. In the same report, it stated there were 48,901 injured, 505 permanently injured, 96,796 homes heavily damaged or destroyed, 15,939 businesses heavily damaged or destroyed, 107,315 homes moderately damaged, 16,316 businesses moderately damaged, 113,382 homes slightly damaged, 14,657 businesses slightly damaged, 40,786 prefabricated homes distributed and 147,120 people rehoused into these homes.Riskinin Araştırılarak Deprem Yönetiminde Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu Temmuz 2010 There was extensive damage to several bridges and other structures on the Trans-European Motorway, including 20 viaducts, 5 tunnels, and several overpasses. Damage ranged from spalling concrete to total deck collapse.Lusas software, "Seismic Assessment of the Mustafa Inan Viaduct" Oil refinery fire thumb|right|The Tüpraş refinery, where the fire occurred The earthquake triggered a fire at the Tüpraş petroleum refinery. The fire began at a state-owned tank farm and was initiated by naphtha that had spilled from a holding tank. Breakage in water pipelines and earthquake damage made firefighting attempts ineffective. Aircraft were called in to douse the flames with foam, but the fire spread for several days. An evacuation was warranted for an area within 5 km mi on of the refinery. The fire was declared under control five days later after claiming at least 17 tanks and an unknown quantity of complex piping.Fire Following Earthquake 2005 ASCE, NFPA Reston, VA 9780784407394 http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147485909&productid=5362 Scawthorn Eidinger Schiff dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130928111244/http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147485909&productid=5362 28 September 2013 People within 2-3 mi km on of the refinery had to evacuate despite some areas still being in the process of search and rescue.J. Scawthorn, Charles. Eidinger, John M. Schiff, Anshel Fire following earthquake 2005 American Society of Civil Engineers 0-7844-0739-8 55044755 Tsunami At least 155 deaths were associated with the tsunami.https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/2326 Tsunami Event Information National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 10.7289/V5PN93H7 19 March 2024 Many field studies were made about the tsunami in the Gulf of İzmit. Along the northern coast of the gulf, in the basin between Hereke and Tüpraş Petroleum Refinery, the tsunami was recorded as a leading depression wave. The run-up wave heights in this area ranged 1.5–2.6 m. The first series of waves arrived at the north coast a few minutes after the earthquake, and had a period of around a minute. The hardest hit areas were Şirinyalı, Kirazlıyalı, Yarımca, Körfez, and the refinery. The tsunami carried mussels into buildings, and damaged doors and windows. Körfez experienced flooding up to 35 m in some areas. Later, watermarks were seen on the walls of buildings, including the police station in Hereke, and at a restaurant near Körfez. Locals reported the first waves arrived at Kirazlıyalı from a southeastern direction, and at Körfez from a southern direction. Along the southern coast of the gulf between Değirmendere and Güzelyalı, run-up measured 0.8–2.5 m. The tsunami was recorded as a leading depression wave to the west of Kavaklı up to Güzelyalı. There, the wave was noticed by locals immediately after the earthquake. There was severe coastal subsidence and slumping of a park near Değirmendere. The subsided area was 250 m along the shore and 70 m perpendicular to shore. The same area included two piers, a hotel, a restaurant, a cafe and several trees. Locals at the coast near Değirmendere observed the sea receding by about 150 m in less than two minutes. When the sea came back, it swept inland up to 35 m, as shown by the mussels and dead fish left in the flooded areas.Yalciner A. C. Synolakis C. E. Alpar B. Altinok Y. Imamura F. Tinti S. Ersoy S. Altinok Y. Kuran U. Pamukcu S. Kanoglu U. August 2011 Field surveys and modeling 1999 Izmit tsunami https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228705880 ITS 2001 Proceedings 4 4–6 557–563 The tsunami also caused damage to the naval base nearby.17 August 1999, Mw 7.6, Sea of Marmara, Turkey http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2132&Itemid=3136 live 17 November 2021 International Tsunami Information Center https://web.archive.org/web/20211117205002/http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2132&Itemid=3136 17 November 2021 Aftershocks A w5.2 aftershock occurred near İzmit on 31 August, causing one additional fatality and 166 injuries, with tremors being felt in Istanbul.M 5.2 – 2 km NNE of Karşıyaka, Turkey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009dv7/executive 31 August 1999 12 May 2023 United States Geological Survey Another w5.9 aftershock hit on 13 September, killing seven and injuring 422 people.M 5.9 – 4 km SE of Köseköy, Turkey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009ede/executive 13 September 1999 12 May 2023 United States Geological Survey Another aftershock measuring w5.2 occurred on 29 September, killing one person in Istanbul.M 5.2 – 8 km NNW of Ta?köprü, Turkey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009f5w/executive 29 September 1999 12 May 2023 United States Geological Survey A w5.0 aftershock on 7 November killed one person in Sakarya Province,M 5.0 – 8 km E of Akyazı, Turkey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009h7v/executive 7 November 1999 12 May 2023 United States Geological Survey while another w5.7 event on 11 November in the same province caused two deaths and 171 injuries.M 5.7 – 5 km N of Sapanca, Turkey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009h7v/executive 11 November 1999 12 May 2023 United States Geological Survey On 23 August 2000, a w5.3 earthquake caused 22 injuries in Sakarya.M 5.3 – 8 km E of Akyazı, Turkey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009z1g/executive 23 August 2000 12 May 2023 United States Geological Survey Another w5.0 aftershock was recorded on 26 August 2001, causing two injuries in Bolu.M 5.0 – 24 km N of Bolu, Turkey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000an1e/executive 26 August 2001 12 May 2023 United States Geological Survey +Damage assessment statistics by province Province Destroyed Moderately damaged Slightly damagedBolu3,2264,7823,233Bursa32109431Eskişehir7032204Istanbul3,61412,37010,630Kocaeli23,25421,31621,481Sakarya20,10411,38117,953Yalova10,1348,87014,470Total:60,43458,86068,391 Response thumb|Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency established in order to prepare for future events. Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy A massive international response was mounted to assist in digging for survivors and to assist the wounded and homeless. Rescue teams were dispatched within 24–48 hours of the disaster, and the assistance to the survivors was channeled through NGOs, Turkish Red Crescent and local search and rescue organizations. thumb|right|A team of South Korean volunteers and locals helping with rescue operations The following table shows the breakdown of rescue teams by country in the affected locations: Location Foreign search and rescue teams Gölcük, Kocaeli Hungary, Israel, France, South Korea, Belgium, Russia Yalova Germany, Hungary, Israel, Poland,http://www.psp-nowysacz.pl/content.php?body=page&name=historia5 Komenda Miejska Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w Nowym Sączu United Kingdom, France, Japan, Austria, Romania, South Korea Avcılar, Istanbul Greece, Germany İzmit, Kocaeli Russia, Hungary, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, United States, Iceland, South Korea, Ukraine Sakarya Bulgaria, Egypt, Germany, Spain Düzce Poland, United Kingdom Bayrampaşa, Istanbul Italy Kartal, Istanbul Azerbaijan Search and Rescue Effort as of 19 August 1999. Source: USAIDTang Alex K. Izmit (Kocaeli), Turkey, earthquake of August 17, 1999 including Duzce Earthquake of November 12, 1999 Lifeline Performance American Society of Civil Engineers 2000 259 https://books.google.com/books?id=hHfQJ1nDXvkC&pg=PA255 978-0-7844-0494-2 thumb|A rescue dog in action In total, teams from 21 countries (Germany, France, United Kingdom, United States, Israel, Greece, Japan, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Russia, South Korea, Belgium, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Egypt, Spain, Italy, Azerbaijan, and Iceland), assisted in the rescue effort.1999 Survey Report on the Reconstruction Following the Earthquake in Marmara, Turkey on August 17, 1999 https://www.adrc.asia/publications/recovery_reports/Marmara.pdf Greece was the first nation to pledge aid and support. Within hours of the earthquake, the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs contacted their counterparts in Turkey, and the minister sent his personal envoys. The Greek Ministry of Public Orders sent a rescue team of 24 people and two trained rescue dogs, as well as fire-extinguishing planes to help put out the fire in the Tüpraş Oil refinery.http://www.hri.org/news/greek/eraen/1999/99-08-18.eraen.html Greek and International Aid to Turkey 20 September 2007 11 August 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090811051330/http://www.hri.org/news/greek/eraen/1999/99-08-18.eraen.html dead Oil Spill Response Limited was activated by BP and deployed from the United Kingdom to the Tüpraş Refinery. Responders successfully contained the previously uncontrolled discharge of oil from the site into the sea.The natech events during the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake: aftermath and lessons learned Girgin S. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2011 11 4 1129–1140 10.5194/nhess-11-1129-2011 2011NHESS..11.1129G free The UK announced an immediate grant of £50,000 to help the Turkish Red Crescent, while the International Red Cross and Red Crescent pledged £4.5 million to help victims. Blankets, medical supplies and food were flown from Stansted airport. Engineers from Thames Water went to help restore water supplies.Case study: Izmit domestic and industrial water supply project responds to a massive earthquake in Turkey https://www.wateronline.com/doc/izmit-domestic-and-industrial-water-supply-pr-0001 13 January 2022 wateronline.com US President Bill Clinton later visited Istanbul and İzmit to examine the level of destruction and meet with the survivors.https://photos.state.gov/galleries/ankara/9104/between_friends_photo_exhibit/12.html Bill Clinton visits İzmit, Turkey 24 June 2017 10 March 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210310053251/https://photos.state.gov/galleries/ankara/9104/between_friends_photo_exhibit/12.html dead The US dispatched military units to Turkey such as the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit under the name Operation Avid Response.https://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About-Us/History/ August 1999 -- The 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit participates in Operation AVID RESPONSE, providing Humanitarian Assistance to the people of Western Turkey left homeless by a devastating earthquake. History 24 February 2025 23 February 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20250223230546/https://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About-Us/History/ dead Aftermath The catastrophic loss of life due to the two earthquakes in 1999 (the other being 1999 Düzce earthquake), largely attributed to poor construction practices and building code violations, sparked a national outcry in Turkey. In the aftermath of the disaster, legal proceedings were initiated against contractors whose substandard work directly contributed to the collapses. Several prominent businessmen, including Veli Göçer30 January 2002 Deprem Sanığı Veli Göçer Yargılandı https://bianet.org/haber/deprem-sanigi-veli-gocer-yargilandi-7690 bianet.org trVeli Göçer tahliye edildi https://haber.sol.org.tr/devlet-ve-siyaset/veli-gocer-tahliye-edildi-haberi-45395 2026-06-21 haber.sol.org.tr tr2025-12-11 Veli Göçer kimdir, kaç yaşındaydı, neden vefat etti? Müteahhit Veli Göçer nereliydi? 17 Ağustos 1999 depreminde yargılanmıştı! https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/bilgi/galeri/veli-gocer-kimdir-kac-yasindaydi-neden-vefat-etti-muteahhit-veli-gocer-nereliydi-17-agustos-1999-depreminde-yargilanmisti-43049965 2026-06-21 www.hurriyet.com.tr tr and Hamza Cebeci,Uyar Sefa 2023-02-20 Düzce depreminde müteahhitliğini yaptıkları bina 20 kişiye mezar olmuştu: Suçlu Saray’ın danışmanı https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/duzce-depreminde-muteahhitligini-yaptiklari-bina-20-kisiye-mezar-olmustu-suclu-sarayin-danismani-2053413 2026-06-21 www.cumhuriyet.com.tr trMahmut Övür Düzce'de depremde çöken Işık Apartmanı hakkındaki gazete haberi 2004-10-28 http://archive.org/details/duzce_isik_apartmani 2026-06-21Sabah Gazetesi'nin Düzce Depremi'nde çöken Işık Apartmanı'nın müteahhiti Hamza Cebeci hakkındaki haberi 1999-11-25 http://archive.org/details/hamza_cebeci_duzce_deprem_1999 2026-06-21Ela Rümeysa Cebeci'nin amcası tanıdık çıktı - Sözcü https://www.sozcu.com.tr/amp/ela-rumeysa-cebeci-nin-amcasi-deprem-muteahhidi-cikti-p278818 2026-06-21 www.sozcu.com.trOdatv 2020-05-09 Yıllar sonra Erdoğan'la yeniden buluştu... Peki kimdir Hamza Cebeci... 17 Ağustos depreminin simge ismiydi https://www.odatv.com/guncel/yillar-sonra-erdoganla-yeniden-bulustu-peki-kimdir-hamza-cebeci-17-agustos-depreminin-simge-ismiydi-183683 2026-06-21 Odatv tr were tried, convicted of negligent homicide, and sentenced to prison.Şaka gibi! https://www.gazetevatan.com/gundem/saka-gibi-38984 https://web.archive.org/web/20260414113423/https://www.gazetevatan.com/gundem/saka-gibi-38984 2026-04-14 2026-06-21 Gazete Vatan tr for their roles in the collapse of poorly constructed buildings. Responding to the public outrage and the systemic failures exposed by the disaster, the Ecevit government subsequently passed reforms designed to improve construction quality and enforce stricter building standards.Preparing for the Big One: Learning from Disaster in Turkey https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/10/07/preparing-for-big-one-learning-from-disaster-in-turkey 2026-06-21 World Bank enIzmit Quake: How 1999 Shaped Earthquake Risk in Türkiye https://www.moodys.com/web/en/us/insights/insurance/how-did-the-1999-izmit-earthquake-shape-earthquake-risk-in-turkiye.html 2026-06-21 www.moodys.com en Future risk There has been an increased seismic activity in the Eastern Sea of Marmara since 2002 and a quiescence of earthquakes on the Princes' Islands Segment of the North Anatolian Fault off the southern coast of Istanbul. This suggests that the 150 km mi on long submarine seismic gap below the Sea of Marmara could result in another large earthquake. These possibilities are quite important, with respect to the segmentation of major fault ruptures along the North Anatolian Fault Zone in north-western Turkey. With the possible activation of segments towards the metropolitan areas of Istanbul, the Princes' Islands gap should be considered to have an impact on the large seismic hazard potential for Istanbul.An earthquake gap south of Istanbul Bohnoff, M. Bulut, F. Dresen, G. Malin, P. E. Eken, T. Aktar, M. Nature Communications 2013 4 1999 1999 10.1038/ncomms2999 23778720 2013NatCo...4.1999B free Despite a long-term earthquake catalogue existing for the North Anatolian Fault Zone and for the Istanbul area in particular, the basic understanding of the seismicity there is still lacking. The observation of a seismic gap in the vicinity of the Istanbul metropolitan area was made possible through deploying a dense network of seismic stations and small arrays near the fault trace, south of the Princes' Islands. This improved monitoring along the Princes' Islands segment, which is west of the İzmit 1999 rupture and southeast of Istanbul's city center. It has highlighted the location of likely rupture points for future earthquake. It also limits the maximum size of future events along the whole Marmara seismic gap in case of cascade behavior. Knowing this, a regional earthquake early warning system for Istanbul and surroundings could be beneficial. The aseismic part of the Princes' Islands segment represents a likely high-slip area for a future large earthquake. Fault characterization is likewise very relevant to determine the directivity of earthquake waves approaching Istanbul. Modelling of potential impacts to Istanbul from different scenarios have shown to improve the estimation of hazards that the seismic gaps pose. Improved and denser seismic monitoring is expected from on-going efforts to install an underground (borehole-based) seismograph network in the Sea of Marmara. Istanbul, being the most populated city in Turkey, lies right near the segments of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, making it at very high risk to an earthquake-related disaster which could cause thousands of casualties and severe damage. Following the 1999 earthquake, there was an urgent need for the government to mitigate these risks. With the help of organizations like the World Bank, hundreds of buildings have been retrofitted and reconstructed, and thousands of citizens have been trained in disaster preparedness.Preparing for the Big One: Learning from Disaster in Turkey https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/10/07/preparing-for-big-one-learning-from-disaster-in-turkey 30 November 2021 World Bank Gallery See also Turkey 1999 Düzce earthquake List of earthquakes in 1999 List of earthquakes in Turkey Yalova Earthquake Monument 2022 Düzce earthquake 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes References ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php ISC 2014 International Seismological Centre Version 1.05 PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/ 4 September 2009 United States Geological Survey Version 2008_06.1 External links M7.6 – western Turkey – United States Geological Survey 17 August 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake https://web.archive.org/web/20090107164355/http://www.eaee.boun.edu.tr/bulletins/v18n1/kocaeli.htm 7 January 2009 – The European Association for Earthquake Engineering Initial Geotechnical Observations of the August 17, 1999, Izmit Earthquake – National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering 1655218 eq-1999-0268-tur Category:1999 earthquakes Category:1990s tsunamis Category:August 1999 in Turkey 1999 Izmit Category:History of Düzce Province Category:History of Istanbul Province 1999 earthquake Category:History of Kocaeli Province Category:History of Sakarya Province Category:History of Yalova Province Category:Supershear earthquakes Category:Tsunamis in Turkey Category:Strike-slip earthquakes Category:1999 disasters in Turkey