1198 papal election

Election of Catholic Pope Innocent III December 2019 1198 true 8 January 1198 Septizodium, Rome Konrad von Wittelsbach Cencio Savelli Guillaume aux Blanches Mains Graziano da Pisa 2 Lotario dei Conti di Segni Innocent III Pope Innocent III (Monastery of Subiaco).jpg 1191 1191 papal election 1216 1216 papal election The 1198 papal election (held 8 January) was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.A. Piazzoni (Polish edition), p. 177. Death of Celestine III Pope Celestine III had been elected to the papacy in 1191 at the age of 85. In spite of his very advanced age, his pontificate lasted almost seven years. A little before Christmas 1197, the 91-year-old Pope began to feel ill, and summoned all the cardinals to a meeting in his presence, announcing that they should discuss the matter of electing his successor. He stated that he was willing to abdicate the papacy on condition that his close collaborator, Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo, be elected the new pope. Cardinal Giovanni, the cardinal-priest of S. Prisca, had been conducting all of the Pope's business for him except the consecration of bishops.Roger de Hoveden, in: Watterich II, p. 748; ed. Stubbs, Volume IV,, pp. 32-33. The Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent III The cardinals unanimously rejected the Pope's suggestion, saying that they would not elect him with that condition, and that it was unheard of for a Pope to depose himself."Sed omnes cardinales una voce responderunt, quod illum conditionaliter non eligerent, dkicentes, quod inauditum erat, quod summus Pontifex se deponeret." T. Greenwood, p. 358 In fact, Cardinal Octavianus, the Bishop of Ostia, was working to become Pope, as were Cardinal Petrus of Porto, Cardinal Giordano of S. Pudenziana, and Cardinal Graziano of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.Karl Holder, Die Designation der Nachfolger durch die Päpste de (Freiburg i. B.: B. Veith 1892), pp. 67-70. Two weeks later, on 8 January 1198, Celestine III died, and on the same day the cardinals started proceedings for the election of his successor. List of participants At the death of Celestine III there were 29 cardinals in the Sacred College.Number according to W. Maleczek, p. 241. K. Eubel, p. 3, note 1; and T. Greenwood, p. 358, give the number of only 28, but Eubel omitted Ruggiero of S. Eusebio, and Greenwood does not provide the list at all However, no more than 21 were present at Rome:Reconstruction is based on the biographical data of the cardinals in: W. Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984. This author, p. 354, suggests even the lower number of electors (19 or 20), but without indicating which cardinals were absent. T. Greenwood, p. 358, says that at least five out of twenty eight cardinals were absent Elector Cardinalatial title Elevated Elevator NotesOttaviano di PaoliBishop of Ostia e Velletri18 December 1182Lucius IIIHe consecrated the new pope to the priesthood and episcopatePietro GallociaBishop of Porto e Santa Rufina1188Clement III SoffredoPriest of S. Prassede18 December 1182Lucius III Pietro DianiPriest of S. Cecilia16 March 1185Lucius III Giordano da Ceccano, O.Cist.Priest of S. Pudenziana12 March 1188Clement III Giovanni da ViterboPriest of S. Clemente and bishop of Viterbo e ToscanellaMay 1189Clement III Guido PapareschiPriest of S. Maria in Trastevere22 September 1190Clement III Giovanni di Salerno, O.S.B.Cas.Priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio22 September 1190Clement III Elected Pope but declinedCinzio CenciPriest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina22 September 1190Clement III Ugo BobonePriest of SS. Silvestro e Martino22 September 1190Clement III Archpriest of the Vatican BasilicaGiovanni di San PaoloPriest of S. Prisca20 February 1193Celestine III Celestine III tried to designate him as his successorGraziano da PisaDeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano4 March 1178Alexander III Protodeacon; he crowned the new popeGerardo AllucingoliDeacon of S. Adriano18 December 1182Lucius III Cardinal-nephewGregorio de San ApostoloDeacon of S. Maria in Portico12 March 1188Clement III Gregorio CrescenziDeacon of S. Maria in Aquiro12 March 1188Clement III Gregorio CarelliDeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro22 September 1190Clement III Lotario dei Conti di Segni Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco22 September 1190Clement III Cardinal-nephew; elected Pope Innocent IIIGregorio BoboniDeacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria22 September 1190Clement III Niccolò ScolariDeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin22 September 1190Clement III Cardinal-nephewBoboDeacon of S. Teodoro20 February 1193Celestine III Cardinal-nephewCencioDeacon of S. Lucia in Silice and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church20 February 1193Celestine III Acting papal chancellor; future Pope Honorius III (1216–1227); possibly of Savelli family Four electors were created by Celestine III, five by Lucius III, one by Alexander III and the remaining thirteen by Clement III. Absentees At least eight cardinals were absent: Elector Cardinalatial title Elevated Elevator NotesKonrad von WittelsbachBishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Mainz18 December 1165Alexander IIIprior episcoporum; papal legate in the Holy Land; external cardinalGuillaume aux Blanches MainsPriest of S. Sabina and Archbishop of ReimsMarch 1179Alexander IIIProtopriest; Minister of State of the Kingdom of France; external cardinalRuggiero di San SeverinoPriest of S. Eusebio and Archbishop of BeneventoCirca 1178–1180Alexander IIIExternal cardinalPandolfo da Lucca Priest of SS. XII Apostoli18 December 1182Lucius III Papal legate in TuscanyAdelardo CattaneoS.R.E. cardinalis and bishop of Verona16 March 1185Lucius IIIResigned the titular church of S. Marcello after the election to the see of Verona in 1188; external cardinalBernardo, C.R.S.F.Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli12 March 1188Clement III Papal legate in Tuscany and LombardyRoffredo dell'Isola, O.S.B.Cas.Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro1188Clement IIIAbbot of Montecassino; external cardinalPeter of CapuaDeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata20 February 1193Celestine III He was legate in Bohemia and Poland in 1197. At the death of Celestine III he had already finished this mission but was unable to reach Rome before the election Election of Pope Innocent III thumb|130px|right|A fragment of the Septizodium as it looked in the 16th century On the same day that Celestine III died, some of the cardinals assembled at the Sapta Solis monasterii Cliviscauri,"Gesta Innocentii III Papae", in Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CCXIV (Paris: Garnier 1890), p. xix: "Defuncto igitur Coelestino, cum quidam cardinalium se contulisset ad Septa Solis monasterii Clivisauri, ut liberius et securius ibi possent de successoris electione tractare, ipse cum quibusdam aliis apud basilicam Constantinianam voluit decessoris excequiis interisse." which is taken by scholars to be the Septizodium, or possibly in the nearby church of Santa Lucia in Septisolio.Or possibly the Septasolium. There has been confusion about these locations, as described by Dr. J. P. Adams Others accompanied the body of the dead pope to its funeral in the Lateran Basilica. Following the return of the cardinals from the funeral, they assembled in voluntary enclosure,For this reason, some authorsJanuary 2022 consider this election as the first papal conclave (A. Piazzoni, p. 176, note 2), but the formal procedures of the conclave would not be developed until the papal election, 1268–1271, and were first implemented in the papal conclave, January 1276 as reported by pope Innocent himself on a letter on January 9.http://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs202unkngoog Patrologiae cursus completus: sive biblioteca universalis, integra uniformis ... 1855 apud editorem Column. 1 la This may have been done to guarantee safety and freedom in the election, given the presence and influence of the Germans in Italy.Hurter Federico https://books.google.com/books?id=P_trp4Ad_-sC&q=%22cardinale+Graziano%22+Lotario++nome+Innocenzo+III&pg=PA159 Storia del sommo Pontifice Innocenzo III e de ́suoi contemporanei scrita in tedesco de tradotta in italiano Dall ́Ab. Cesare Rovida, con un discorso preliminare dei signore Alessandro di Saint-Cheron, G.B. Haiber 1839 G.Resnati 154 it Now for the first time (secundum morem), the electors voted by scrutiny (per scrutinium). Some cardinals were elected scrutineers; they counted the votes, recorded the result and announced it to the rest of the Sacred College.A. Piazzoni, p. 177. Piazzoni cites for this statement two anonymous contemporary sources: Oratio pro eligendo pontifice and Gesta Innocentii papae. "Gesta Innocentii III Papae", in Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CCXIV (Paris: Garnier 1890), p. xix: "Et, exhortatione praemissa, examinatores fuerunt secundum morem electi, qui, sigillatim votis omnium perscrutatis, et in scriptis redactis, examinationem factam retulerunt ad fratres...." In the first scrutiny Cardinal Giovanni di Salerno received the greatest number of votes (ten), but declared that he would not accept the election to the pontificate.W. Maleczek, p. 108 Ottaviano di Paoli also received three votes, but declared his own preference for Lotario.Hurter, p. 155. In the second scrutiny the cardinals united their votesUnanimity of the election: Smith, p. 12 in favor of 37-year-old Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, who was the youngest of all the cardinals.S. Miranda Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni. He accepted his election and took the name Innocent III. The name was possibly chosen for him by cardinal Graziano da Pisa, as a means to supplant the memory of Antipope Innocent III.Another possibility is that he chose the name himself, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II (1130–1143), who, in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy, had succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over the emperor. Théry Julien Introduction Innocent III et le Midi Cahiers de Fanjeaux 50 D. Le Blévec M. Fournié J. Théry-Astruc 2015 11-35, at 13-14 https://www.academia.edu/12086889 en On 22 February 1198 the new pope was ordained to the priesthood and consecrated to the episcopate by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and solemnly crowned by Cardinal Graziano da Pisa of SS. Cosma e Damiano, the protodeacon. Notes Sources Konrad Eubel https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol01eubeuoft/page/2/mode/2up Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi I Münster 1913 la https://books.google.com/books?id=o2lhAAAAMAAJ Cathedra Petri Thomas Greenwood Thomas Greenwood (historian) 1865 London William Macintosh XII, XIII Holder Karl Die Designation der Nachfolger durch die Päpste 1892 Weith Freiburg de Philipp Jaffé Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII Berlin Veit et Socius 1851 https://archive.org/details/regestapontific01popegoog la Werner Maleczek Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 M. Schöbel Vienna 1984 de Salvador Miranda The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Consistory of September 1190 (III) https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1190.htm Ott Michael Pope Innocent III The Catholic Encyclopedia VIII Robert Appleton Company 1910 https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08013a.htm Ambrogio Piazzoni Historia wyboru papieży Wydawnictwo M Kraków 2003 83-7221-648-7 pl Piazzoni, Ambrogio M. (2003). Storia delle elezioni pontificie Atti, documenti segreti, cronache del tempo e curiosità svelano i retroscena delle quasi trecento elezioni papali dalle origini della Chiesa ai giorni nostri it Asti: Piemme. 8838465398. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifc-dcWUmswC Damian J Smith Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon Ashgate Publishing Aldershot 2004 0-7546-3492-2 Julien Théry-Astruc, "Introduction", in Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, 2015, p.11-35. collapsed Catholicism Christianity Vatican City y Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History y Category:Papal conclave y Category:Roman Catholic Church y Category:Popes y Category:Popes y Category:Christian History y Pope y Category:12th-century elections 1198 Category:12th century in Catholicism Category:1198 in Europe Category:12th century in the Papal States Category:Pope Innocent III