1989 Serbian general election

none August 2023 August 2023 1989 Serbian general election Socialist Republic of Serbia 1989 presidential yes Presidential election presidential no 1989 11 12 y 1990 Serbian general election 1990 83.55% 130x130px Slobodan Milošević Stevan Kragujević, Slobodan Milošević, portret (cropped).jpg League of Communists of Serbia 4,452,312 80.36% Mihalj Kertes Mihalj Kertes.jpg League of Communists of Serbia 480,924 8.68% Zoran Pjanić 3x4.svg League of Communists of Serbia 404,853 7.31% President of the Presidency Slobodan Milošević League of Communists of Serbia Slobodan Milošević League of Communists of Serbia yes Parliamentary election 1986 1990 10, 12, and 30 November 1989 All 340 seats in the Assembly of SR Serbia 171 yes 82.35% no League of Communists of Serbia Bogdan Trifunović 303 323 Independents – 37 17 Prime Minister Desimir Jevtić League of Communists of Serbia Stanko Radmilović League of Communists of Serbia General elections were held in Serbia, a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989, to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system. The election was preceded by the rise of Slobodan Milošević, who, after being elected president of the presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS) in 1986, ousted his mentor Ivan Stambolić and his allies from key positions in 1987. The anti-bureaucratic revolution began and the constitution of Serbia was amended after Milošević came to power. After Milošević was appointed to the position of president of the presidency of SR Serbia in May 1989, presidential and parliamentary elections were announced for November 1989. Milošević, Mihalj Kertes, Zoran Pjanić, and Miroslav Đorđević were candidates in the presidential election; Milošević won the election in a landslide. SKS won 303 seats, a net loss of 20 seats in comparison with the 1986 election, and 37 individuals who were not members of SKS won the rest of the seats in the Assembly. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia ceased to exist in 1990, and after a referendum in July 1990, Serbia adopted a new constitution that implemented a multi-party system and reduced the powers of its autonomous provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina. The first multi-party elections were then held in December 1990. Background Post-World War II After World War II, the Communist Party consolidated power in Yugoslavia, transforming the country into a socialist state.Lampe John R. John R. Lampe Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country Cambridge University Press 2010 978-0-521-77357-7 2 Cambridge, United Kingdom 233Čalić Marie–Janine A History of Yugoslavia Purdue University Press 2019 978-1-61249-564-4 1 West Lafayette, Indiana 154, 252 Each constituent republic had its own branch of the Communist Party, with Serbia having the Communist Party of Serbia.Banac Ivo Ivo Banac With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism Cornell University Press 1988 978-1-5017-2083-3 Ithaca, New York 110 The federal Communist Party renamed itself the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ) at its 6th Congress in 1952.Biondich Mark Mark Biondich The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878 Oxford University Press 2011 978-0-19-929905-8 180Centrih Lev The Road to Collapse: The Demise of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Southeast Europe 2014 978-86-88745-13-0 13 Its branches did the same; the Communist Party of Serbia became the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS).Woodward Susan L. Socialist Unemployment: The Political Economy of Yugoslavia, 1945–1990 Princeton University Press 1995 978-0-691-08645-3 182Derbyshire Denis J. Encyclopedia of World Political Systems Derbyshire Ian Taylor & Francis 2000 978-1-317-47156-1 Armonk, New York 456 Josip Broz Tito was the president of SKJ until his death in 1980.Arnold James R. Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide Wiener Roberta ABC-CLIO 2012 978-1-61069-004-1 Santa Barbara, California 215 After Tito's death, Yugoslavia was faced with issues related to the economy, constitutional problems, and a potential rise in ethnic nationalism.Haass Richard Richard N. Haass Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy Council on Foreign Relations 1998 978-0-87609-212-5 179 Yugoslavia initially implemented austerity measures to reduce its debt.East European Economies: Slow Growth in the 1980's: Selected Papers U.S. Government Printing Office 1986 3 Washington, D.C. 630 A swift increase in debt, inflation, and unemployment was seen in the 1980s instead.Primorac Emil Babić Mate 1989 Systemic Changes and Unemployment Growth in Yugoslavia, 1965–1984 Slavic Review 48 2 195 10.2307/2499113 2499113 4809340 According to publicist Zlatoje Martinov, the republics got "stronger and became de facto states with their own armed forces" (sve više jačaju i predstavljaju faktičke države sa sopstvenim oružanim snagama) because of the crises. Martinov also said that the gradual process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia was underway.Martinov Zlatoje Zlatoje Martinov U podnožju demokratskih propileja: Izbori u Srbiji, 1990–2000 2000 Republika Belgrade sr At the Pedestal of the Democratic Propylaea: Elections in Serbia, 1990–2000 504105089–10 Following the 1986 parliamentary election, Desimir Jevtić became the prime minister of Serbia.14 October 2017 Preminuo Desimir Jevtić Desimir Jevtić Has Died https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/2904183/preminuo-desimir-jevtic.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20230812162919/https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/2904183/preminuo-desimir-jevtic.html 12 August 2023 12 August 2023 Radio Television of Serbia sr Rise of Slobodan Milošević 8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia Anti-bureaucratic revolution thumb|alt=Slobodan Milošević talking to Ivan Stambolić during the May 1986 session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia|Slobodan Milošević (left) rose to power after removing Ivan Stambolić (right) and his allies from key positions in 1987 Ivan Stambolić, the president of the City Committee of the League of Communists of Belgrade, was elected president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS in 1984.2002 O Ivanu Stamboliću About Ivan Stambolić http://www.b92.net/specijal/stambolic/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230604/http://www.b92.net/specijal/stambolic/ 10 August 2023 10 August 2023 B92 srMihovilović Maroje 2 April 2003 Milošević's Greatest Betrayal: How Milošević Killed His Best Friend https://arhiva.nacional.hr/en/clanak/18198/how-milosevic-killed-his-best-friend live https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232341/https://arhiva.nacional.hr/en/clanak/18198/how-milosevic-killed-his-best-friend 10 August 2023 10 August 2023 Nacional Considered a political reformist within SKS, Stambolić was the mentor of Slobodan Milošević, his colleague from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law.Diehl Jackson 20 November 1987 New Serbian Leader Accused of Adding to Ethnic Tension https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/11/20/new-serbian-leader-accused-of-adding-to-ethnic-tension/1f1d7fd2-b52c-46aa-9f20-060dce83b9bc/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230815131453/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/11/20/new-serbian-leader-accused-of-adding-to-ethnic-tension/1f1d7fd2-b52c-46aa-9f20-060dce83b9bc/ 15 August 2023 10 August 2023 The Washington Post 0190-8286 After becoming the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS in 1984, Stambolić appointed Milošević as his successor to his previous role, despite opposition from older Communist officials. Milošević then began forming a faction of officials that were loyal to him. Prior to the 1986 parliamentary election, Stambolić announced that he would step down from his position as the head of SKS. Despite receiving support from 84 municipal boards of SKS, Milošević was still met with strong opposition inside the party.Nikolić Kosta 2006 Kako je Slobodan Milošević izabran za vođu srpskih komunista (II) How Did Slobodan Milošević Get Elected as the Leader of Serbian Communists (II) Istorija 20. Veka sr 2 0352-3160105, 108 There were proposals to have several candidates in the leadership election, although, the presidency voted 12–8 to propose Milošević as the sole candidate for the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS.106, 110 Milošević was successfully elected president of SKS in May 1986, while Stambolić also began serving as president of Serbia after being elected by the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS.105, 120 Dragiša Pavlović, a reformist and Stambolić's ally, also became the president of the City Committee of the League of Communists of Belgrade.118 Milošević took a populist turn in April 1987.Howard Marc Morje World Order After Leninism Sil Rudra Tismaneanu Vladimir University of Washington Press 2007 978-0-295-98628-9 117Saxena Shalini Dictatorship, Fascism, and Totalitarianism Britannica Educational Publishing 2015 978-1-62275-351-2 108 He began portraying himself as a supporter of Kosovo Serbs, and during one visit to Kosovo, he said to Serbs that "no one will dare to beat you" (ne sme niko da vas bije).24 April 2023 "Ne sme niko da vas bije": Rečenica koja je promenila sve "No One Will Dare to Beat You": The Sentence That Changed Everything https://n1info.rs/vesti/ne-sme-niko-da-vas-bije-recenica-koja-je-promenila-sve/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230813110644/https://n1info.rs/vesti/ne-sme-niko-da-vas-bije-recenica-koja-je-promenila-sve/ 13 August 2023 13 August 2023 N1 sr During the same period, he became more critical of Stambolić and Pavlović, particularly due to their moderate stance on Kosovo.Traynor Ian 1 April 2003 Ivan Stambolic https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/01/guardianobituaries.balkans live https://web.archive.org/web/20200620082840/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/01/guardianobituaries.balkans 20 June 2020 13 August 2023 The Guardian en-GB 0261-3077 Milošević called for a session of the Central Committee of SKS to be held in September 1987.Georgievski Jovana 25 August 2020 "Fatalni zaokret": Od najbližeg saradnika do poslednje žrtve režima Slobodana Miloševića "Fatal U-Turn": From the Closest Collaborator to the Last Victim of Slobodan Milošević's Regime https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/srbija-53889035 live https://web.archive.org/web/20230811043015/https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/srbija-53889035 11 August 2023 10 August 2023 BBC News sr At the session, Stambolić tried to reconcile Pavlović and Milošević, but Milošević instead criticised Stambolić and Pavlović.Partos Gabriel 29 March 2003 Ivan Stambolić: Mentor of Milošević Stabbed in the Back by His Protege https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ivan-stambolic-36385.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20180401005154/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ivan-stambolic-36385.html 1 April 2018 10 August 2023 The Independent Pavlović and Stambolić's other allies were then dismissed from their positions. Some political scientists have characterised the session as a coup d'état.Grdešić Marko The Shape of Populism: Serbia Before the Dissolution of Yugoslavia University of Michigan Press 2019 978-0-472-13133-4 Ann Arbor, Michigan35 Stambolić was isolated after the session and was removed from the position of president of Serbia in December 1987. He then retired from politics. Beginning in 1988, protests, dubbed the anti-bureaucratic revolution, began in Serbia and Montenegro in support of Milošević's centralisation programme.41Biondich Mark The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878 OUP Oxford 2011 978-0-19-155951-8 200 Although Milošević denied that he was directly involved in the protests, he actually had direct contact with the organisers. In Montenegro, the leadership was forced to resign. It was replaced by the pro-Milošević faction, led by Momir Bulatović. This soon followed in Vojvodina and Kosovo.Sombatpoonsiri Janjira Humor and Nonviolent Struggle in Serbia Syracuse University Press 2015 978-0-8156-5340-0 195 In Vojvodina, Mihalj Kertes particularly became a prominent figure due to his statement, "How can you Serbs be afraid of Serbia, when I, a Hungarian, am not afraid of Serbia?".Dobbs Michael 29 November 2000 Crash of Yugoslavia's Money Man https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/11/29/crash-of-yugoslavias-money-man/5dcd4394-607c-43e2-b4a9-a97694270d38/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230815131439/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/11/29/crash-of-yugoslavias-money-man/5dcd4394-607c-43e2-b4a9-a97694270d38/ 15 August 2023 13 August 2023 The Washington Post en-US 0190-8286 The Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia (SSRNS), a popular front organisation subordinate to SKS,Leutloff-Grandits Carolin Claiming Ownership in Postwar Croatia: The Dynamics of Property Relations and Ethnic Conflict in the Knin Region LIT Verlag 2006 978-3-8258-8049-1 1 Münster, Germany 89 799864835Blagojević Borislav T. Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Serbia The Institute of Comparative Law 1964 Belgrade 18 4999540 proposed Milošević to the position of president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and was successfully appointed on 8 May 1989.15Hassenstab Christine M. Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 Ramet Sabrina P. Cambridge University Press 2019 978-1-108-49991-0 Cambridge, United Kingdom 333Judah Tim Tim Judah The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia Yale University Press 1997 978-0-300-07113-9 New Haven, Connecticut 163 Constitutional changes The aftermath of the 1988–1989 anti-bureaucratic revolution saw amendments to the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution.Ribić Vladimir 2009 Ustavne promene i državno jedinstvo u retorici "Antibirokratske Revolucije" u Srbiji Constitutional Changes and state Unity in the Rhetoric of the "Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution" in Serbia Etnoantropološki problemi 1 1 0353-1589186 As part of the 1974 constitution, Kosovo was granted full autonomy and was given equal voting status like the other six constituent republics. Following the protests in March 1989, Milošević proposed amendments that were soon accepted by the Assembly of SAP Kosovo and the Assembly of SR Serbia.Nelsson Richard 20 March 2019 How Milosevic Stripped Kosovo's Autonomy – archive, 1989 https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2019/mar/20/how-milosevic-stripped-kosovos-autonomy-archive-1989 live https://web.archive.org/web/20230608111821/https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2019/mar/20/how-milosevic-stripped-kosovos-autonomy-archive-1989 8 June 2023 13 August 2023 The Guardian en-GB 0261-3077 The amendment revoked the powers that autonomous provinces Kosovo and Vojvodina received in the 1974 constitution.186Haxhiaj Serbeze Stojanović Milica 23 March 2020 Ukidanje autonomije Kosova: Kako je Milošević stvorio uslove za rat Autonomy Abolished: How Milošević Launched Kosovo's Descent into War https://balkaninsight.com/sr/2020/03/23/ukidanje-autonomije-kosova-kako-je-milosevic-stvorio-uslove-za-rat/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230306201052/https://balkaninsight.com/sr/2020/03/23/ukidanje-autonomije-kosova-kako-je-milosevic-stvorio-uslove-za-rat/ 6 March 2023 13 August 2023 Balkan Insight sr Electoral system At the time of the 1989 elections, Serbia's electoral system was in accordance with the 1974 constitution. Instead of directly electing members of the Assembly, citizens voted for the composition of delegation bodies. Members of these delegation bodies then elected delegates that served in the Assembly of SR Serbia. The voting system was complex; it combined elements of a direct, indirect, and first-past-the-post voting majoritarian system.Vukmirović Dragan https://pod2.stat.gov.rs/objavljenepublikacije/g2008/pdf/g20082002.pdf Dva veka razvoja Srbije: statistički pregled Republic Bureau of Statistics 2008 978-86-84433-80-2 Belgrade sr Two Centuries of Serbia's Development: A Statistical Overview 15 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230812133721/https://pod2.stat.gov.rs/objavljenepublikacije/g2008/pdf/g20082002.pdf 12 August 2023 live24Kulić Dimitrije 1976 Izborni sistem i izborni postupak u Ustavu od 1974. god. Electoral System and Electoral Procedure in the Constitution of 1974 Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu 16 61–82 0350-850163 Those who were 15 or older had the right to vote, and those who served in the army at the time of the elections were able to vote at their military stations.Todorović Zoran Izbori 1989. godine na stranicama beogradske štampe [The 1989 Elections on the Pages of the Belgrade Press] 2019 15 August 2023 Master Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade http://147.91.75.9/manage/shares/ZRAD/IS1410190635.pdf Belgrade sr https://web.archive.org/web/20230815131439/http://147.91.75.9/manage/shares/ZRAD/IS1410190635.pdf 15 August 2023 live69, 72 Invalid ballots were introduced with the 1989 elections; ballots that were blank or ballots that could not be used to determine who was voted for would be considered invalid.72 The Assembly was divided into three councils.73–74 The Council of Associated Labour had 160 delegates, while the Council of Municipalities and Socio-Political Council each had 90 delegates. The delegates then elected members of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, the Council of the Republic, and a member of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.Posle Drugog svetskog rata After the Second World War http://www.parlament.gov.rs/narodna-skupstina-/istorijat/posle-drugog-svetskog-rata.938.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20230627092632/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/narodna-skupstina-/istorijat/posle-drugog-svetskog-rata.938.html 27 June 2023 10 August 2023 National Assembly of Serbia sr At the time of the 1989 elections, Serbia was still a one-party state but the 1989 elections were the first direct elections to be held since 1974.Thomas Robert Serbia Under Milošević: Politics in the 1990s C. Hurst & Co. 1998 978-1-85065-367-7 1 London69Belić Nikola 11 November 2016 Kobno kašnjenje Beograda dok se rušio Berlinski zid Belgrade's Fatal Delay While the Berlin Wall Was Falling https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/367643/Kobno-kasnjenje-Beograda-dok-se-rusio-Berlinski-zid live https://web.archive.org/web/20220418035028/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/367643/Kobno-kasnjenje-Beograda-dok-se-rusio-Berlinski-zid 18 April 2022 14 August 2023 Politika srWilson Duncon Tito's Yugoslavia Cambridge University Press 1980 978-0-521-22655-4 1 38 The parliamentary election was conducted on three separate days: 10, 12, and 30 November 1989. Local elections were conducted on the same days as the parliamentary elections.27 The presidential election was only held on 12 November.15 Polling stations were opened from 07:00 (UTC+01:00) to 19:00.71 Political parties The table below lists political parties elected to the Assembly of SR Serbia after the 1986 parliamentary election. In the Council of Associated Labour, there were 148 SKS delegates; in the Council of Municipalities, there were 88 SKS delegates; and in the Socio-Political Council, there were 87 SKS delegates. Most of the delegates were 50 years old or younger.December 1986 Statistički godišnjak SR Srbije 1986. Statistical Yearbook of SR Serbia in 1986 Statistički godišnjak SR Srbije sr Belgrade Republic Bureau of Statistics 0351-406433 Name Leader 1986 result Seats League of Communists of Serbia Ivan Stambolić 323 340 League of Communists of Serbia Independents – 17 340 Independent Conduct Following Milošević's appointment to the position of president of the presidency of SR Serbia, elections were called to dismiss any potential criticism on whether Milošević's appointment was "the wish of the people" (želja čitavog naroda).15 The presidential election thus served as a referendum on whether Milošević should retain his position as president of the presidency.153 SKS stated that these "elections should show that we believe in the policies of our leadership" (izbori treba da pokažu da verujemo u politiku svog rukovodstva).15 At the time of the election, Bogdan Trifunović was the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS.Da Graça John Heads of State and Government Palgrave Macmillan 2017 978-1-349-65771-1 London 1094 As part of the pre-election campaign, over 10,000 delegation body conferences were organised in Serbia.71 There were 19,478 delegation bodies that had 346,518 members in total.33 Presidential candidates At a SSRNS session on 1 November 1989, Milošević was officially proposed as a presidential candidate.68 So the presidential election would be perceived as democratic, multiple candidates were proposed for the election by SSRNS. However, no candidate initially wanted to risk running against Milošević.15 SSRNS then proposed the final four candidates, these being Milošević, Kertes, and professors Zoran Pjanić and Miroslav Đorđević.156 December 2019 Pre 30 godina Milošević je došao na vlast: Dan kad mu je narod "dao moć da kroji sudbinu Srba" 30 Years Ago Milošević Came to Power: The Day When the People "Gave Him the Power to Shape the Destiny of the Serbs" https://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/politika/3127534-pre-30-godina-milosevic-je-dosao-na-vlast-dan-kad-je-mu-je-narod-dao-moc-da-kroji-sudbinu-srba live https://web.archive.org/web/20221229211058/https://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/politika/3127534-pre-30-godina-milosevic-je-dosao-na-vlast-dan-kad-je-mu-je-narod-dao-moc-da-kroji-sudbinu-srba 29 December 2022 14 August 2023 Telegraf sr Results According to a Politika report from November 1989, 14,855 polling stations were opened during the elections.71 The results of the elections were announced on 20 November, eight days after the election was held.19 Presidential election Beginning on 13 November, Radio-Television Belgrade and Politika reported turnouts and results. It was reported that in Kuršumlija that 99 percent of voters voted for Milošević, and that in some villages of the municipality of Kraljevo, Milošević won all votes.16 Similar results were reported in Kačanik, while in Vučitrn, Kertes won the most votes.17 In the Sandžak region, Milošević won the most votes.17–18 The turnout was later reported to be at 83 percent and Milošević won 80 percent of all votes cast.19 Milošević won most of his votes in Central Serbia, followed by Vojvodina, and then Kosovo, where he only won 25 percent of the popular vote.80 In Belgrade, Milošević received 93 percent of the popular vote. Pjanić placed second with 4 percent, Kertes third with 3.3 percent, and Đorđević fourth with 2.7 percent.79–80 Turnout in Belgrade was 80.3 percent.80 League of Communists of Serbia Slobodan Milošević 4452312 League of Communists of Serbia Mihalj Kertes 480924 League of Communists of Serbia Zoran Pjanić 404853 League of Communists of Serbia Miroslav Đorđević 202627 5540716 6631839 Republic Electoral Commission19 Parliamentary election For the parliamentary elections, there were 6,640,675 registered citizens who had the right to vote in total. 82 percent of the registered voters exercised their right to vote in the election.34 In the parliamentary election, SKS won 303 seats in the Assembly of SR Serbia, a decrease of 20 seats in comparison with the 1986 parliamentary election. 37 of those who were not affiliated with SKS were elected in the election. In the Council of Associated Labour, 134 SKS delegates were elected; in the Council of Municipalities, 84 SKS delegates were elected; and in the Socio-Political Council, 85 SKS delegates were elected.December 1990 Statistički godišnjak SR Srbije 1990. Statistical Yearbook of SR Serbia in 1990 Statistički godišnjak SR Srbije sr Belgrade Republic Bureau of Statistics 0351-406429 File:Parliament of SR Serbia (1989–1991).svg League of Communists of Serbia 303 –20 Independents 37 +20 0 5468717 6640675 Republic Bureau of Statistics3429 Aftermath Assembly leadership The Assembly of SR Serbia was constituted on 5 December 1989. Zoran Sokolović was elected president of the Assembly, while Vukašin Jokanović, Slobodan Janjić, and Đorđe Šćepančević were elected vice-presidents of the Assembly.Delegatska skupština (1974–1990) Delegate Assembly (1974–1990) http://www.parlament.gov.rs/narodna-skupstina-/skupstina-1804-2022/delegatska-skupstina-(1974-1990).2159.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20221130093035/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/narodna-skupstina-/skupstina-1804-2022/delegatska-skupstina-(1974-1990).2159.html 30 November 2022 10 August 2023 National Assembly of Serbia sr Stanko Radmilović was elected prime minister of Serbia,Staar Richard Felix 1990 Yearbook on International Communist Affairs Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace 1990 978-0-8179-8941-5 California 449Ekonomska politika Novinsko izdavačko-grafičko preduzeće "Borba" 1993 Charlottesville, Virginia 13 sr Economic Policy 2161–2177 while on 6 December, the Assembly of SR Serbia officially declared Milošević as the president of the presidency. Radmilović was a Milošević loyalist.Vujačić Veljko Marko Communism and Nationalism in Russia and Serbia University of California 1995 2 388 645773749 Dissolution of SKJ 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia thumb|upright=0.7|alt=A hammer and sickle inside a red star with yellow outline|League of Communists of Yugoslavia (logo shown) ceased to exist as the result of the 14th congress Milošević proposed reforms to the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia in 1989.Pauković Davor 2008 Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada The Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Collapse Suvremene Teme 1 1 1847-239721 These proposals were opposed by the Slovene delegation, which favoured keeping the composition in accordance with the 1974 constitution.22 Because of the dispute, the first and only extraordinary congress was organised for 1990.2222 January 2020 Šest stvari koje treba da znate o 14. kongresu SKJ Six Things You Should Know About the 14th SKJ Congress https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3821253/sest-stvari-koje-treba-da-znate-o-14-kongresu-skj.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20230814222811/https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/3821253/sest-stvari-koje-treba-da-znate-o-14-kongresu-skj.html 14 August 2023 14 August 2023 Radio Television of Serbia sr The 14th congress, held in Sava Centar, Belgrade, was eventually organised for 20–23 January 1990.26 Presided over by Milan Pančevski, the congress was attended by over 1,600 delegates from all six constituent republics and two autonomous provinces. The congress started with a polemic between Borut Pahor and Milomir Minić, and it continued with Milan Kučan saying that Slovenes reject Serbia's proposed centralisation policies.26–27 Ciril Ribičič and the Slovene delegation expressed their disappointment with the first plenary session of the 14th congress.27 The head of the Serbian delegation, Milošević, proposed to introduce a "one man–one vote" system but, this was also opposed by the Slovene delegation, which favoured the reconstruction of SKJ and Yugoslavia to a confederal system instead. With the help of Kosovo, Vojvodina, Montenegro, and Yugoslav People's Army delegates, all proposals from the Slovene and Bosnian delegations were rejected while Serbia's proposals were accepted.Gagnon Valère Philip The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s Cornell University Press 2004 978-0-8014-7291-6 Ithaca, New York 10.7591/978080146888983–84Tempest Rone 23 January 1990 Communists in Yugoslavia Split Into Factions https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-23-mn-594-story.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20201019181308/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-23-mn-594-story.html 19 October 2020 14 August 2023 Los Angeles Times At the second plenary session, the Slovene delegation left the Congress, stating that they did not want to be responsible "for the agony of LC of Yugoslavia into which the current impositions of will and the bearers of those impositions are leading it" (ne žele biti suodgovorni za agoniju SK Jugoslavije u koju je vode sadašnja nametanja volje i nosioci tih nametanja).28–29 Despite Milošević wanting to continue the congress without the Slovene delegation, the Croatian delegation, led by Ivica Račan, objected to this.29 The Croatian delegation, joined by the Macedonian and Bosnian and Herzegovinian delegations, left the congress soon after.2984Aljović Armin 20 January 2022 Posljednji kongres SKJ: Prošle su 32 godine od početka raspada Jugoslavije The Last Congress of SKJ: 32 Years Have Passed Since the Beginning of the Breakup of Yugoslavia https://balkans.aljazeera.net/teme/2022/1/20/posljednji-kongres-prosle-su-32-godine-od-pocetka-raspada-jugoslavije live https://web.archive.org/web/20221207101957/https://balkans.aljazeera.net/teme/2022/1/20/posljednji-kongres-prosle-su-32-godine-od-pocetka-raspada-jugoslavije 7 December 2022 14 August 2023 Al Jazeera bs Pančevski adjourned the session to 3 a.m. for 23 January; on 23 January, the rest of Serbia's proposals were accepted.29 The third plenary session of the 14th congress never occurred, and SKJ ceased to exist.29Čolak Andrija 26 November 1990 Agonija SKJ The Agony of SKJ https://www.vreme.com/vreme/dokumenti-vremena-agonija-skj/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230814222808/https://www.vreme.com/vreme/dokumenti-vremena-agonija-skj/ 14 August 2023 14 August 2023 Vreme sr 1990 constitutional referendum 1990 Serbian constitutional referendum While Serbia was still a one-party state, a referendum was organised in July 1990 on whether to adopt a new constitution or to hold multi-party elections first.Grković Branislav 30 December 2021 Ko nas je do sada šta pitao – na referendumima? Who Has Asked Us What so Far – At Referendums? https://www.istinomer.rs/analize/ko-nas-je-do-sada-sta-pitao-na-referendumima/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230814155152/https://www.istinomer.rs/analize/ko-nas-je-do-sada-sta-pitao-na-referendumima/ 14 August 2023 14 August 2023 Istinomer srIgnja Petar 22 October 1998 Odlučivanje: Stranci na Kosovu – bez referenduma Decision Making: Foreigners in Kosovo – Without a Referendum http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2495/1.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20230815131441/http://www.nin.co.rs/arhiva/2495/1.html 15 August 2023 14 August 2023 NIN sr 0027-6685Gallgher Tom Thomas Gerard Gallagher Outcast Europe: The Balkans, 1789–1989: From the Ottomans to Milošević Routledge 2006 978-0-415-27089-2 London 269 A majority of voters voted in favour of adopting a new constitution despite Kosovo Albanians boycotting the referendum; the constitution was adopted in September 1990.1 December 2021 Rekorder po broju referenduma Milošević Milošević Holds the Record for the Number of Referendums https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/rekorder-po-broju-referenduma-milosevic/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230814155154/https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/rekorder-po-broju-referenduma-milosevic/ 14 August 2023 14 August 2023 Danas srŽivanović Maja 16 April 2021 Sve o izmenama Ustava u Srbiji All About the Changes to the Constitution in Serbia https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/ustav-srbija-izmene/31206056.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20211127215100/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/ustav-srbija-izmene/31206056.html 27 November 2021 14 August 2023 Radio Free Europe sr The first multi-party elections were held in December 1990.Pfaff William 8 November 1990 Trouble in the Balkans The Baltimore Sun https://www.proquest.com/docview/407084628 14 August 2023 15 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230815131437/https://www.proquest.com/docview/407084628 407084628 live 28 September 1990 Odluka o raspisivanju izbora za narodne poslanike u Narodnu skupštinu Republike Srbije Decision on Announcing Elections for Deputies to the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije 1 30 1452-5151 With the adoption of the 1990 constitution, the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina were renamed to Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija and Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, respectively, while the Socialist Republic of Serbia was renamed to the Republic of Serbia.6 Serbia 1990 1 The power of the provinces were greatly reduced.Tierney Stephen Constitutional Referendums: The Theory and Practice of Republican Deliberation Oxford University Press 2014 978-0-19-871396-81702 July 1990 Serbians Vote; Communists Try to Keep Power https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-02-mn-521-story.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20230815131937/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-02-mn-521-story.html 15 August 2023 14 August 2023 Los Angeles Times 0458-3035 Serbia's electoral system was also changed; the delegate system was abolished, Assembly of SR Serbia was renamed to the National Assembly, and the number of seats was decreased to 250.74 5 Serbia 1990 The president of the National Assembly was also the one who would schedule parliamentary and presidential elections. Serbia also became a multi-party state, meaning that under the Law on Political Organisations, political parties could be registered to take part in future elections.Sotirović Vladislav B. 2010 The Multiparty Elections in Serbia in 1990 Politikos mokslų almanachas 6 1822-92129–10Dedeić Siniša 9 December 2010 Početak višestranačja na četiri M The Beginning of Multi-Partyism on Four M https://www.istinomer.rs/amnezija/pocetak-visestranacja-na-cetiri-m/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20230814115026/https://www.istinomer.rs/amnezija/pocetak-visestranacja-na-cetiri-m/ 14 August 2023 14 August 2023 Istinomer sr SKS merged with the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia to create the Socialist Party of Serbia, while opposition parties, like the Democratic Party, Serbian Renewal Movement, People's Radical Party, and People's Peasant Party also registered as political parties.xix–xx11Borrell John 6 August 1990 Yugoslavia The Old Demons Arise https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,970851,00.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20230102002522/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,970851,00.html 2 January 2023 2 January 2023 Time References Further reading Izbori 1989 1990 Republički zavod za statistiku Belgrade 1 https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/19105282 14 August 2023 sr 1989 Elections 442493467 Antonić Slobodan Slobodan Antonić Može biti samo jedan: povest predsedničkih izbora u Srbiji 1989–2022 There Can Only Be One: The History of the Presidential Elections in Serbia 1989–2022 2022 Andrićev institut Višegrad 978-99976-21-98-6 1 https://www.andricevinstitut.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%9B-%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%96%D0%95-%D0%91%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98-%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%9E-%D0%88%D0%95%D0%94%D0%90%D0%9D.pdf 15 August 2023 sr External links Serbia Politics Socialism Republic Bureau of Statistics Database of Legal Regulations Category:1980s elections in Serbia Serbia General election Category:Parliamentary elections in Serbia Serbia Category:One-party elections Category:Presidential elections in Serbia