1896 Sanriku earthquake

Tsunami earthquake in Honshu, Japan 1896 Rikuu earthquake 1896 Sanriku earthquake yes Sanriku Great Tsunami.JPG Devastation caused by the tsunami at Sanriku. 1896-06-15 10:32:30 June 15, 1896 19:32:30 JST (UTC+09:00) Japan 8.5 Mw, 7.2 MsNishimura T. Miura S. Tachibana K. Hashimoto K. Sato T. Hori S. Murakami E. Kono T. Nid K. Mishina M. Hirasawa T. Miyazaki S. amp 2000 Distribution of seismic coupling on the subducting plate boundary in northeastern Japan inferred from GPS observations Tectonophysics 323 3–4 217–238 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00108-6 2000Tectp.323..217N Shallow 39.5 144.0 inline,title Megathrust Empire of Japan Republic of Hawaii Tsunami Up to 38.2 m ft onin Ryori, Kesen, Iwate, Tōhoku At least 22,000 people died An 8.5 magnitude earthquake occurred at 19:32 (local time) on June 15, 1896, on the Sanriku coast in Honshu, Japan. It resulted in two tsunami waves which destroyed about 9,000 homes and caused at least 22,000 deaths. It was one of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history. The waves reached a then-record height of 38.2 m; this would remain the highest on record until waves from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake exceeded that height by more than 2 m.http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 metres high NHK .nhk.or.jp 13 August 2011 15 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728013451/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html 28 July 2011 dead dmy-all From the tsunami records the estimated tsunami's magnitude is (Mt = 8.2),Abe, K. 1981 Physical size of tsunamigenic earthquakes of the northwestern Pacific Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 27 3 194–205 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90016-9 1981PEPI...27..194A much greater than expected for the seismic magnitude estimated from the observed seismic intensity (s yes=7.2). This earthquake is now regarded as being part of a distinct class of seismic events, the tsunami earthquake.Kanamori, H. 1972 Mechanism of tsunami earthquakes Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 6 5 346–359 http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKpepi72c.pdf 10.1016/0031-9201(72)90058-1 1972PEPI....6..346K dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131951/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKpepi72c.pdf 2011-06-14 Geology thumb|left|Houses heavily damaged by the tsunami The epicenter lies just to the west of the Japan Trench, the surface expression of the west-dipping subduction zone. The trench forms part of the convergent boundary between the Pacific and Eurasian plates.Tanioka Yuichiro Sataka K. 1996 Fault parameters of the 1896 Sanriku Tsunami Earthquake estimated from Tsunami Numerical Modeling Geophysical Research Letters 23 3 1549–1552 10.1029/96GL01479 http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01479.shtml 1996GeoRL..23.1549T 2027.42/95213 free 2009-10-19 2011-05-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20110531170832/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01479.shtml dead Magnitude The unusual disparity between the magnitude of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami may be due to a combination of factors: the tsunami was caused by a slope failure triggered by the earthquake the rupture velocity was unusually low Scientists believe the effect of subducted sediment beneath the accretionary wedge was responsible for a slow rupture velocity. The effects of a 20° dipping fault along the top of the subducting plate was found to match both the observed seismic response and tsunami, but required a displacement of 10.4 m. The displacement was reduced to a more reasonable value after the extra uplift caused by the deformation of sediments in the wedge and a shallower fault dip of 10° was considered. This revised fault model gave a magnitude of w=8.0–8.1. A figure much closer to the estimated actual tsunami magnitude.Tanioka Y. Seno T. 2001 Sediment effect on tsunami generation of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake Geophysical Research Letters 28 17 3389–3392 10.1029/2001GL013149 http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/seno/Papers/2001GL013149.pdf 2001GeoRL..28.3389T 56014660 2009-10-19 2011-06-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231703/http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/seno/Papers/2001GL013149.pdf dead A magnitude of 8.5 on the moment magnitude scale has also been estimated for this event. Tsunami On the evening of June 15, 1896, communities along the Sanriku coast in northern Japan were celebrating a Shinto holiday and the return of soldiers from the First Sino-Japanese War. After a small earthquake, there was little concern because it was so weak and many small tremors had also been felt in the previous few months. However, 35 minutes later the first tsunami wave struck the coast, followed by a second a few minutes later.Corkill, Edan, "Heights of survival", Japan Times, 12 June 2011, pp. 9–10. The damage was particularly severe because the tsunamis coincided with high tides. Most deaths occurred in Iwate and Miyagi although casualties were also recorded from Aomori and Hokkaido. The power of the tsunami was great: large numbers of victims were found with broken bodies or missing limbs.http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail?fn=2&id=CA1000616 The Great Meiji Sanriku Tsunami June 15, 1896, at the Sanriku coast of the Tohoku region Nakao Masayuki 2009-10-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20081223230738/http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail?fn=2&id=CA1000616 2008-12-23 dead As was their normal practise each evening, the local fishing fleets were all at sea when the tsunamis struck. In the deepwater, the waves went unnoticed. Only when they returned the next morning did they discover the debris and bodies.Kusky Timothy M. Geological hazards: a sourcebook Greenwood Press 2003 312 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnARN4s-WRkC&pg=PA94 978-1-57356-469-4 Wave heights of up to 9 m ft us were also measured in Hawaii. They destroyed wharves and swept several houses away.https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=6&day=15&submit=View+Date Today in Earthquake History: June 15 United States Geological Survey 2009-10-18Hatori Tokutaro 1963 On the Tsunamis along the Island of Hawaii Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 41 49–59 http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/12096/1/ji0411005.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20111006004245/http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/12096/1/ji0411005.pdf dead 2011-10-06 The word tsunami (from tsu "harbor" and nami "waves") was coined due to this disaster.Harper Douglas tsunami (n.) https://www.etymonline.com/word/tsunami The Online Etymology Dictionary 4 March 2023 Legacy Many tsunami stones were installed following the disaster.20 April 2011 Tsunami Warnings, Written in Stone https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/21/world/asia/21stones.html 12 December 2024 The New York Times Preventive coastal measures were not implemented until after another tsunami struck in 1933. Due to higher levels of tsunami awareness, fewer casualties were recorded following the 1933 Sanriku earthquake. Nevertheless, the earthquake of 11 March 2011 caused a huge tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths across the same region and the nuclear disaster at Fukushima. See also 869 Jōgan earthquake 1933 Sanriku earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes Seismicity of the Sanriku coast References Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Japan Category:Tsunamis in Japan Meiji-Sanriku earthquake Meiji-Sanriku earthquake Category:19th-century tsunamis Category:Earthquakes in the Empire of Japan Category:June 1896 in Asia Category:Tsunami earthquakes Category:Earthquakes of the Meiji era Category:1890s disasters in Asia Category:19th-century disasters in Japan Category:Earthquakes in Iwate Prefecture