1828 United States presidential election

Election of Andrew Jackson related races 1828 United States elections February 2023 February 2023 1828 United States presidential election United States 1822 presidential no 1824 United States presidential election 1824 1832 United States presidential election 1832 261 members of the Electoral College 131 electoral 57.3%http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present United States Election Project CQ Press 30.4 pp October 31 – December 2, 1828 Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully (Cropped).jpg 200x200px Andrew Jackson Democratic Party (United States) Tennessee John C. Calhoun 178 15 638,348 55.3% Portrait of John Quincy Adams (DRR) (Cropped).jpg John Quincy Adams National Republican Party Anti-Masonic Party Massachusetts Richard Rush 83 9 507,440 44.0% 350px Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Jackson and Calhoun or Smith, Beige denotes those won by Adams/Rush. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President John Quincy Adams National Republican Andrew Jackson Democratic Presidential elections were held in the United States from October 31 to December 2, 1828. Just as in the 1824 election, President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party, making the election the second rematch in presidential history. Both parties were new organizations, and this was the first presidential election their nominees contested. With the collapse of the Federalist Party, four members of the Democratic-Republican Party, including Jackson and Adams, had sought the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson had won a plurality (but not majority) of both the electoral vote and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a "corrupt bargain" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a campaign in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during Adams's presidency. The 1828 campaign was marked by large amounts of "mudslinging", as both parties attacked the personal qualities of the opposing party's candidate. Jackson dominated in the South and the West, aided in part by the passage of the Tariff of 1828. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for president, compared with 3.4% in 1824.Kish J.N. U.S. Population 1776 to Present https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?dsrcid=225439#rows:id=1 Google Fusion Tables February 10, 2015 Several states transitioned to a popular vote for president, leaving South Carolina and Delaware as the only states in which the legislature chose presidential electors. Jackson decisively won the election, carrying 55.5% of the popular vote and 178 electoral votes, to Adams' 83. The election marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics by removing key barriers to voter participation and establishing a stable two-party system.David Waldstreicher The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828./Vindicating Andrew Jackson: The 1828 Election and the Rise of the Two Party System Journal of the Early Republic Winter 2010 30 4 674–678 Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, while Adams was the second to lose re-election, following his father John Adams. Background The victorious general of the Battle of New Orleans had spent most of the 1810s making war, first on the Creek Indians in present-day Alabama; the Creeks fared poorly and were forced to cede millions of acres of land to Jackson, acting as agent for the federal government. Later, Jackson would use similar tactics in Spanish Florida, escalating the situation, invading Spanish territory, ultimately leading to the cessation of Florida. Riding a wave of patriotism, the backers of Jackson wished to see the expansion of more lands in the Cotton Belt. Jackson, having earlier served in Congress, was familiar with the national capital; however, to stand for election to the presidency was a novel idea to the old Federalists, the aristocratic members of the Virginia dynasty, and the rich who assumed the presidency of the fledgling republic would always pass hands between aristrocrats, not an orphaned son of the revolution. The 1824 contest pitting Jackson directly against John Quincy Adams—the very embodiment of the New England establishment—and the resulting deadlock in the Electoral College threw the decision to the House of Representatives. There, Henry Clay, threw his critical support to Adams. To Jackson and his fiercely loyal Western partisans, this was nothing short of a "Corrupt Bargain," a backroom betrayal of the popular will by the self-appointed gatekeepers of Washington. Enraged and vindicated, Jackson resigned his Senate seat and retreated to his Tennessee estate, the Hermitage, not to retire, but to marshal a political machine the likes of which the young republic had never seen. Over the next four years, his backers systematically dismantled the old caucus system, building local committees, organizing mass rallies, and establishing partisan newspapers that preached a new gospel of majoritarian democracy. They painted Adams as an effete, free-spending monarchist who stuffed the federal bureaucracy with his cronies, while presenting Jackson as the uncorrupted champion of the common planter, the frontier farmer, and the urban mechanic. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 congressional elections, with Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker, John W. Taylor. Nominations Jacksonian Party 1828 Jacksonian Party ticket white Andrew Jackson white John C. Calhounfor Presidentfor Vice President center|200x200px center|200x200px U.S. Senator from Tennessee(1797–1798 & 1823–1825) 7thVice President of the United States(1825–1832)Campaign In October 1825, the Tennessee legislature re-nominated Jackson for president.Howe 2007 251 Congressional opponents of Adams, including former William H. Crawford supporter Martin Van Buren, rallied around Jackson's candidacy. Jackson's supporters called themselves Democrats, and would formally organize as the Democratic Party shortly after his election.Yenne Bill The Complete Book of US Presidents https://books.google.com/books?id=CQwHswEACAAJ 2016 Voyageur Press 978-0-7603-5007-2 In hopes of uniting those opposed to Adams, Jackson ran on a ticket with Calhoun. No congressional nominating caucus or national convention was held.Deskins Donald Richard Walton Hanes Puckett Sherman Presidential Elections, 1789-2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data 2010 University of Michigan Press 88–90 Adams' relationship with Vice President John C. Calhoun deteriorated, with Calhoun opposing Clay's appointment as Secretary of State due to his own presidential ambitions. In June 1826, Calhoun gave his support to Jackson for the 1828 election.Howe 2007 249–251 Calhoun's stance on the removal of Native Americans was not accepted by the Georgian electors who instead voted for William Smith.Howe 2007 281 Van Buren, who supported Crawford during the 1824 election,Howe 2007 203 supported Jackson during the 1828 election and aided in the selection of Calhoun as vice president in order to prevent DeWitt Clinton, his political enemy, from being selected. Clinton died on February 11, 1828.Howe 2007 240–241 Van Buren arranged for incidents to divide Calhoun and Adams such as him abstaining from a vote on tariff legislation supported by Adams in order for Calhoun to break the tie by voting against it.Howe 2007 272 Thomas Ritchie, editor of the Richmond Examiner, was one of the leading supporters of Crawford during the 1824 election and Van Buren convinced him to support Jackson. Van Buren convinced him of an alliance "between the planters of the South and the plain Republicans of the North".Howe 2007 279–280 National Republican Party 1828 National Republican Party ticket black John Quincy Adams black Richard Rushfor Presidentfor Vice President x200px center|200x200px 6thPresident of the United States(1825–1829) 8thU.S. Secretary of the Treasury(1825–1829) thumb|205x205px|John Quincy Adams, the incumbent president in 1828, whose term expired on March 4, 1829 President Adams and his allies, including Secretary of State Clay and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, became known as the National Republicans or "Adams Party."Howe 2007 276 The National Republicans were significantly less organized than the Democrats, and many party leaders did not embrace the new era of popular campaigning. Adams was re-nominated on the endorsement of state legislatures and partisan rallies. As with the Democrats, no nominating caucus or national convention was held. Adams chose Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush, a Pennsylvanian known for his protectionist views, as his running mate. Adams, who was personally popular in New England, hoped to assemble a coalition in which Clay attracted Western voters, Rush attracted voters in the middle states, and Webster won over former members of the Federalist Party.Waldstreicher David A Companion to John Adams and John Quincy Adams 2013 John Wiley & Sons 320 Anti-Masonic Party The Anti-Masonic Party was organized in Upstate New York in 1827, in response to the disappearance of William Morgan. Senior figures in the Adams Party were sympathetic to Anti-Masonry, including Thurlow Weed, Adams's unofficial New York campaign manager.Howe 2007 268 The New York Anti-Masonic Party "took little part in the presidential election," but many individual Anti-Masons supported Adams.Vaughn 1983 31 General election One memoir of 19th-century life in Illinois gives a sense of importance of the 1828 in American life: It was probably the most exciting election, and probably more bitter feeling indulged in, than at any election that has ever taken place in this country. For several months before the election almost every occupation was dropped and the men occupied their time electioneering. Almost every day long lines of men could be seen marching after the fife and drum and led by some officer that had served in the war of 1812. The Jackson party would erect their hickory poles and the Adams party their tall maple poles, and stands would be erected under their respective poles, and the best speakers in the country would be brought out, and each party would have a barbecue of a roast ox or half-a-dozen sheep about every week.The early pioneers and pioneer events of the state of Illinois including personal recollections of the writer; of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson and Peter ... https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t9h41mp9f&seq=170 2024-08-30 HathiTrust 152 en Campaign thumb|One of the Coffin Handbills: "Some account of the bloody deeds of General Andrew Jackson" (1828) thumb|"Gen. Jackson's negro speculations and his traffic in human flesh, examined and established with positive proof" (1828) surfaced the issue of Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States thumb|Caricature of Jackson entitled Richard III by David Claypoole Johnston (1828); according to American Art Journal, the details of his face are "composed of naked bodies of Indians. A quotation from Shakespeare's text reads, 'Me thought the souls of all that I had murder'd came to my tent.'"1594466 Political Portraiture: Two Prints of Andrew Jackson Bumgardner Georgia Brady American Art Journal 1986 18 4 84–95 10.2307/1594466 The campaign was marked by large amounts of nasty "mudslinging." Jackson's marriage, for example, came in for the vicious attack. Charles Hammond, in his Cincinnati Gazette, asked: "Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?"McClelland Mac Mac McClelland October 31, 2008 Ten Most Awesome Presidential Mudslinging Moves Ever https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2008/10/ten-most-awesome-presidential-mudslinging-moves-ever April 10, 2014 Mother JonesFirst Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson https://web.archive.org/web/20100311071415/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=7 March 11, 2010 National First Ladies Library. Web. Retrieved February 15, 2016. At the time of the election, Mr. and Mrs. Jackson had been happily, legally married for almost 35 years, but when they met, Rachel had been legally married to Lewis Robards. In the Adams campaign managers' hands, this became a scandal. The Robards–Donelson–Jackson relationship controversy has been ongoing for the better part of 200 years, but since the 1970s, historians generally agree that Andrew and Rachel ran off together to force a divorce from Lewis Robards that would have otherwise been inaccessible to Rachel and that they were a couple for roughly five years before they were legally married in 1794.Toplovich Ann 2005 Marriage, Mayhem, and Presidential Politics: The Robards–Jackson Backcountry Scandal https://filsonhistorical.org/archive/ovhpdfs/OVH_V5N4_Toplovich.pdf Ohio Valley History 5 4 3–22 2377-0600 572973 articleCheathem Mark R. 2019 The Stubborn Mythology of Andrew Jackson https://muse.jhu.edu/article/734058 Reviews in American History 47 3 342–348 10.1353/rah.2019.0062 1080-6628 subscription Andrew Burstein Burstein Andrew The Passions of Andrew Jackson 2003 Alfred A. Knopf 978-0-375-41428-2 New York 811–817 en-us 2002016258 49385944 Decades later, their youthful love story became a political liability. Jackson's campaign did major spin control and manufactured a false timeline, convinced friends in Natchez to vouch for the retcon, and offered a semi-plausible "they were confused about divorce law" excuse to paper over the irregular marriage.Howe 2007 338–339Jackson biographers and Democratic partisans carried the false narrative forward well into the late 20th century. Jackson was also charged with being an "adulterer, a gambler, a cockfighter, a bigamist, a Negro trader, drunkard, a murderer, a thief and a liar."1952-11-05 This Campaign Dirty? Others Were Far Worse by Drew Pearson https://www.newspapers.com/article/lexington-herald-leader-this-campaign-di/163370127/ 2025-01-19 Lexington Herald-Leader 4 He was a gambler,Kupfer Barbara Stern 1970 A Presidential Patron of the Sport or Kings: Andrew Jackson https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623730 Tennessee Historical Quarterly 29 3 243–255 42623730 0040-3261 a lifelong cocker,Remini Robert Vincent Andrew Jackson and the course of American empire, 1767–1821 1977 Harper & Row 978-0-06-013574-4 New York 134 and a slave trader.* 2008 Slave Owner, Slave Trader, Gentleman: Slavery and the Rise of Andrew Jackson https://teachtnhistory.org/file/Slave%20Owner,%20Slave%20Trader,%20Gentleman-%20Slavery%20&%20the%20Rise%20of%20Andrew%20Jackson%20(Snow).pdf Journal of East Tennessee History Knoxville, Tennessee East Tennessee Historical Society 80 47–59 1058-2126 23044540 Snow Whitney Adrienne His marriage to Rachel Donelson Robards took place before her divorce from her first husband had been finalized, making the marriage bigamous. Jackson believed that attacks on him were personal vendettas consequent to past disputes, writing, "I am branded with every crime, and Doctor McNary, Col. Erwin, Anderson and Williams are associated for this purpose."Maiden 1958 42 One thing that all these men had in common is that they had all known and/or been business partners and/or been military comrades of Jackson going back decades. McNairy's brother gave Jackson his first law job in Nashville in 1789, Erwin and Jackson had been long-time land speculation partners until a massive deal went bad, Anderson had been Jackson's aide-de-camp at the time of the Burr conspiracy and had succeeded him as district attorney for Tennessee, and Williams had sold slaves to Jackson and had been honored by the general for his gallant leadership as a militia commander during the 1813–14 campaign against the Red Stick Creeks.Murphy James Edward 1971 Jackson and the Tennessee Opposition https://www.jstor.org/stable/42623203 Tennessee Historical Quarterly 30 1 50–69 0040-3261 Jackson's campaigners fired back by claiming that while serving as minister to Russia, Adams had procured a young girl to serve as a prostitute for Emperor Alexander I. They also stated that Adams had a billiard table in the White House and that he had charged the government for it.McNamara Robert The Election of 1828 Was Marked By Dirty Tactics http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm About Education ThoughtCo June 1, 2017 live https://web.archive.org/web/20170101174028/http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm January 1, 2017 (In fact Adams while minister to Russia had employed a young girl as a maid to his wife; the girl had written a letter which had been intercepted by the Russian postal services. Alexander I had been curious to meet the letter writer publicly at court and Adams had done so. The billiard table was Adams' personal property; a bill for repairing it had been accidentally included in the White House expense accounts. Adams also came under attack for having a chess set).June 2024 In the words of Mark R. Cheathem, historian and editor of the presidential papers of Martin Van Buren, "Jackson's campaign accused the incumbent, John Quincy Adams, of being a pimp and spending the people's money to fund gambling in the White House. Adams was many things—stiff, dour, pious, the son of a president, an accomplished diplomat—but a betting whoremonger he was not."Cheathem 2013 1 Jackson also came under heavy attack as a slave trader who bought and sold slaves and moved them about in defiance of modern standards of morality (he was not attacked for merely owning slaves used in plantation work).Mark Cheathem, "Frontiersman or Southern Gentleman? Newspaper Coverage of Andrew Jackson during the 1828 Presidential Campaign," The Readex Report (2014) 9#3 online The Coffin Handbills attacked Jackson for his courts-martial, execution of deserters, and massacres of Indian villages, and also his habit of dueling and that he supposedly fought over 100 duels. In fact, Jackson had only fought three duels: in the first both men had fired at each other but made up; in the second duel, Jackson vs John Sevier, it had taken place but only two persons not connected with either party had been slightly injured. The third duel was with Charles Dickinson in which Dickinson was mortally wounded while Jackson was left with a bullet in his chest. A so-called fourth duel between Jackson and Thomas Hart Benton was in fact a frontier brawl which left Jackson badly wounded in the shoulder. That said the list of violent incidents involving Andrew Jackson began with his arrival in Tennessee in the 1780s and continued apace for years. As historian J. M. Opal put it, "[Jackson's] willingness to kill, assault, or threaten people was a constant theme in his adult life and a central component of the reputation he cultivated."Opal J. M. October 2013 General Jackson's Passports: Natural Rights and Sovereign Citizens in the Political Thought of Andrew Jackson, 1780s–1820s https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X13000060/type/journal_article Studies in American Political Development en 27 2 69–85 10.1017/S0898588X13000060 0898-588X subscription 70 Ezra Stiles Ely attacked Adams' Unitarian beliefs and called for Christians to vote for Jackson.Howe 2007 278 Jackson avoided articulating issue positions, instead campaigning on his personal qualities and his opposition to Adams. Adams avoided popular campaigning, instead emphasizing his support of specific issues. Adams's praise of internal improvements in Europe, such as "lighthouses of the skies" (observatories), in his first annual message to Congress, and his suggestion that Congress not be "palsied by the will of our constituents" were given attention in and out of the press. John Randolph stated on the floor of the Senate that he "never will be palsied by any power save the constitution, and the will of my constituents." Jackson wrote that a lavish government combined with contempt of the constituents could lead to despotism, if not checked by the "voice of the people." Modern campaigning was also introduced by Jackson. People kissed babies, had picnics, and started many other traditions during the campaign. Jefferson's opinion Hunters of Kentucky.ogg Hunters of Kentucky Jackson supporters used this Battle of New Orleans anthem as their campaign song. Ogg Thomas Jefferson wrote favorably in response to Jackson in December 1823 and extended an invitation to his estate of Monticello: "I recall with pleasure the remembrance of our joint labors while in the Senate together in times of great trial and of hard battling, battles indeed of words, not of blood, as those you have since fought so much for your own glory & that of your country; with the assurance that my attempts continue undiminished, accept that of my great respect & consideration."Thomas Jefferson to Andrew Jackson, December 18, 1823 Retrieved on November 21, 2006. Jefferson wrote of the outcome of the contingent election of 1825 in a letter to William H. Crawford, who had been the nominee of the congressional caucus of Democratic-Republicans, saying that he had hoped to congratulate Crawford on his election to the presidency but "events had not been what we had wished."Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, February 15, 1825. Retrieved on November 21, 2006.Transcript. In the next election, Jackson's and Adams's supporters saw value in establishing the opinion of Jefferson in regards to their respective candidates and against their opposition.Peterson, Merrill D. The Jefferson Image in the American Mind, p. 25-27 Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, on the same day as his predecessor, John Adams, Adams's father. A goal of the pro-Adams was to depict Jackson as a "mere military chieftain." Edward Coles recounted that Jefferson told him in a conversation in August 1825 that he feared the popular enthusiasm for Jackson: "It has caused me to doubt more than anything that has occurred since our Revolution." Coles used the opinion of Thomas Gilmer to back himself up; Gilmer said Jefferson told him at Monticello before the election of Adams in 1825, "One might as well make a sailor of a cock, or a soldier of a goose, as a President of Andrew Jackson." Daniel Webster, who was also at Monticello at the time, made the same report. Webster recorded that Jefferson told him in December 1824 that Jackson was a dangerous man unfit for the presidency.Webster Daniel Daniel Webster Webster, Fletcher The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster Little, Brown and Company 1857 Boston 371 https://archive.org/details/privatecorrespo05websgoog Historian Sean Wilentz described Webster's account of the meeting as "not wholly reliable."Wilentz, Sean. Andrew Jackson (2005), p. 8. Biographer Robert V. Remini said that Jefferson "had no great love for Jackson."Remini, Jackson 1:109 Gilmer accused Coles of misrepresentation, in Jefferson's opinion had changed, Gilmer said. Jefferson's son-in-law, former Virginia Governor Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., said in 1826 that Jefferson had a "strong repugnance" to Henry Clay. Randolph publicly stated that Jefferson became friendly to Jackson's candidacy as early as the summer of 1825, perhaps because of the "corrupt bargain" charge, and thought of Jackson as "an honest, sincere, clear-headed and strong-minded man; of the soundest political principles" and "the only hope left" to reverse the increasing powers assumed by the federal government.Peterson, Merrill D. The Jefferson Image in the American Mind, p. 26. See also: Andrew Stevenson's Eulogy of Andrew Jackson: B. M. Dusenbery Monument to the Memory of General Andrew Jackson Walker & Gillis 1846 Philadelphia 250, 263–264 https://archive.org/details/monumenttomemor01dusegoog Others said the same thing, but Coles could not believe Jefferson's opinion had changed. thumb|Jackson supporters put up hickory poles In 1827, Virginia Governor William B. Giles released a letter from Jefferson meant to be kept private to Thomas Ritchie's Richmond Enquirer. It was written after Adams's first annual message to Congress and it contained an attack from Jefferson on the incumbent administration. Giles said Jefferson's alarm was with the usurpation of the rights of the states, not with a "military chieftain." Jefferson wrote, "take together the decisions of the federal court, the doctrines of the President, and the misconstructions of the constitutional compact acted on by the legislature of the federal bench, and it is but too evident, that the three ruling branches of that department are in combination to strip their colleagues, the State authorities, of the powers reserved by them, and to exercise themselves all functions foreign and domestic." Of the Federalists, he continued, "But this opens with a vast accession of strength from their younger recruits, who, having nothing in them of the feelings or principles of '76, now look to a single and splendid government of an aristocracy, founded on banking institutions, and moneyed incorporations under the guise and cloak of their favored branches of manufactures, commerce, and navigation, riding and ruling over the plundered plowman and beggared yeomanry."Thomas Jefferson to William Branch Giles, Dec. 26, 1825. Peterson characterized this letter as "one of the most influential that Jefferson ever wrote." The Jacksonians and states' rights men heralded its publication; the Adams men felt it a symptom of senility. Giles omitted a prior letter of Jefferson's praise of Adams for his role in the embargo of 1808. Thomas Jefferson Randolph soon collected and published Jefferson's correspondence. Results 22.2% of the voting age population and 57.3% of eligible voters participated in the election.Abramson Aldrich Rohde 1995 99 All of the states, except for Delaware and South Carolina, selected their electors through a popular vote.Howe 2007 276 The selection of electors began on October 31 with elections in Ohio and Pennsylvania and ended on November 13 with elections in North Carolina. The Electoral College met on December 3. Adams won the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800 (the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware) and Maryland, but Jackson won all other states and won the election in a landslide. The Democratic Party in Georgia was hopelessly divided into two factions (Troup and Clark) at the time. Despite this, both factions nominated Jackson for President, with the election being primarily a test of the strength of these two factions - the Adams electors ran a very poor third, with just 3.21% of the vote. The winning slate, which received a 3,000 vote majority.Norwich Courier, December 3, 1828, Jackson received 50.3% of the vote in states without slavery while he received 72.6% of the vote in states with slavery. He received 200,000 votes in the South and 400,000 votes in the North, but the Three-fifths Compromise, which inflated the South's electoral votes, resulted in him receiving 105 electoral votes from the South and 73 votes from the North.Howe 2007 282 This was the first election in American history in which the incumbent president lost re-election despite winning a greater share of the popular vote than in the previous election. This would not happen again until 2020. Adams' loss was also the second time an elected president lost the popular vote twice, this also occurred with Benjamin Harrison in 1888 and 1892, and Donald Trump who lost the popular vote in 2016 and 2020.Enten Harry January 10, 2021 How Trump led Republicans to historic losses https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/10/politics/trump-losses-analysis/index.html CNN February 3, 2021 This was the last election in which the Democrats won Kentucky until 1856. It is also the only election where Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Vermont voted for the National Republicans, and the last time that New Hampshire voted against the Democrats until 1856. It was also the only election in which an electoral vote split occurred in Maine until the election of 2016, the first election in which the winning ticket did not have a north–south balance, and the first election in which two northerners ran against two southerners. File: United States Electoral College 1828.svg (a) Andrew Jackson Democratic Tennessee 638,348 55.33% 178 2 John Caldwell Calhoun (incumbent) South Carolina 171 William Smith South Carolina 7 John Quincy Adams (incumbent) National Republican Massachusetts 507,440 43.98% 83 Richard Rush Pennsylvania Andrew Jackson Democratic (Clark) Tennessee 7,991(b) 0.69%(b) 0 John C. Calhoun (incumbent) South Carolina 1,153,779 261 131 Source (Popular Vote): Dubin, Michael J. United States Presidential Elections, 1788–1860 Source (Electoral Vote): 1828 July 31, 2005 (a) The popular vote figures exclude Delaware and South Carolina: both states' electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by a popular vote. (b) Votes cast for Jackson electors nominated by the Clark faction of the Democratic Party of Georgia. Two tickets pledged to Jackson ran in this state; the Clark ticket was defeated by electors nominated by the Troup faction. Many sources combine the votes for both factions when reporting the Georgia results, but this is legally incorrect. Maps Results by state + LegendDubin Michael J. United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860 2002 McFarland and Co. Jefferson, North Carolina 978-0-7864-6422-7 42–51 States/districts won by Jackson/Calhoun States/districts won by Adams/Rush † At-large results (For states that split electoral votes) Andrew JacksonDemocratic John Quincy AdamsNational Republican Margin State Total State electoralvotes # % electoralvotes # % electoralvotes # % # Alabama 5 0001361816,750 89.78 5 000486691,976Stated total was 1,993 10.22 - 14,774 79.90 18,726 AL Connecticut 8 4,488Stated total was 4,448 24.5 - 13,838 75.5 8 -9,350 -51.02 18,326 CT Delaware 3 no popular vote no popular vote 3 - - - DE GeorgiaThere were two Jackson tickets in Georgia representing different factions of the party. The Troup faction "won" with 9,712 votes and the Clarke faction lost with 7,991. They are combined here, though legally this is incorrect. The state rejected returns from 10 counties and 8 others submitted none. Including the rejected returns, the total votes are Jackson (Troup) 10,508, Jackson (Clarke) 8,854 and Adams, 642. 9 17,703 96.70 9 605 3.31 - 17,098 93.39 18,308 GA Illinois 3 9,582 67.18 3 4,681 32.82 - 4,901 34.36 14,263 IL Indiana 5 22,140 56.60 5 16,978 43.40 - 5,162 13.20 39,118 IN Kentucky 14 39,085 55.41 14 31,456 44.59 - 7,629 10.81 70,541 KY Louisiana 5 4,603 53.04 5 4,076 46.96 - 527 6.07 8,679 LA Maine† 2 13,808Stated total was 13,927 40.18 - 20,558 59.82 2 -6,750 -19.58 34,366 ME Maine-Cumberland 1 4,227 51.11 1 4,043 48.89 - 184 2.22 8,270 ME1 Maine-York 1 1,865 37.97 - 3,047 62.03 1 -1,182 -24.06 4,912 ME2 Maine-Kennebec 1 1,057 25.58 - 3,075 74.42 1 -2,018 -48.83 4,132 ME3 Maine-Lincoln 1 820 29.79 - 1,933 71.21 1 -1,113 -40.43 2,753 ME4 Maine-Oxford 1 2,812 47.05 - 3,248 52.95 1 -364 -5.90 6,170 ME5 Maine-Hancock & Washington 1 1,235 35.26 - 2,268 64.74 1 -1,033 -29.49 3,503 ME6 Maine-Somerset & Ponobscot 1 1,792 36.99 - 3,052 63.01 1 -1,260 -26.01 4,844 ME7 Maryland-1 1 1,101 35.19 - 2,027 65.8` 1 -926 -29.60 3,128 MD1 Maryland-2 1 1,328 42.85 - 1,771 57.14 1 -443 -14.29 3,099 MD2 Maryland-3fne In Maryland's 3rd and 4th districts, voters voted for two electors, with each pledged to one candidate or another. The votes in the 3rd were 6,177 for William Fitzhugh Jr. and 6,164 for William Tyler, both for Jackson, versus 6,117 for George Baltzell and William Price for Adams. In the 4th the votes were 6,058 for Benjamin Chew Howard and James Sewell for Jackson versus 5,743 and 5,742 for the Adams electors. Note: Dubin mistakenly swapped the 3rd and 4th districts in his book, but that has been corrected here. 2 6,177 50.24 2 6,117 49.76 - 60 0.49 12,294 MD3 Maryland-4fne 2 6,058 51.33 2 5,743 49.66 - 315 2.67 11,801 MD4 Maryland-5 1 2,942 64.74 1 1,602 35.26 - 1,340 29.49 4,544 MD5 Maryland-6 1 2,213 49.68 - 2,242 50.33 1 -29 -0.65 4,455 MD6 Maryland-7 1 1,122 48.15 - 1,208 51.85 1 -86 -4.04 2,130 MD7 Maryland-8 1 1,050 40.37 - 1,551 59.63 1 -501 -19.26 2,601 MD8 Maryland-9 1 2,574 44.15 - 3,256 55.85 1 -682 -11.70 5,830 MD9 Massachusetts 15 6,016 16.78 - 29,842Stated total was 29,836 83.22 15 -23,826 -66.45 35,858 MA Mississippi 3 7,086Stated total was 7,088 81.56 3 1,602 18.44 - 5,484 63.12 8,688 MS Missouri 3 8,287 69.30 3 3,672 30.70 - 4,615 38.59 11,959 MO New Hampshire 8 21,182 46.76 - 24,120 53.24 8 -2.938 -6.48 45,302 NH New Jersey 8 21,951 48.02 - 23,764 51.98 8 -1,813 -4.02 45,715 NJ New YorkTwo statewide electors were chosen by the electors elected at the district level. 2 139,412 51.45 2 131,563 48.55 - 7,849 2.9 270,975 NY New York-1 1 3,075 51.93 1 2,847 48.07 - 228 3.85 5,922 NY1 New York-2 1 2,936 59.89 1 1,966 40.11 - 970 19.79 4,902 NY2 New York-3 3 15,435 61.56 3 9,638 38.44 - 5,797 23.12 25,073 NY3 New York-4 1 3,788 54.57 1 3,153 45.43 - 635 9.15 6,941 NY4 New York-5 1 4,680 58.92 1 3,263 41.08 - 1,417 17.84 7,943 NY5 New York-6 1 3,798 59.49 1 2,586 40.51 - 1,212 18.98 6,384 NY6 New York-7 1 4,624 69.71 1 2,009 30.29 - 1,212 18.27 6,633 NY7 New York-8 1 3,446 48.62 - 3,642 51.38 1 -196 -2.77 7,088 NY8 New York-9 1 4,263 47.83 - 4,650 52.17 1 -387 -4.34 8,913 NY9 New York-10 1 3,924 48.33 - 4,195 51.67 1 -271 -3.34 8,119 NY10 New York-11 1 5,331 61.27 1 3,370 38.73 - 1961 22.54 8,701 NY11 New York-12 1 3,740 59.14 1 2,584 48.86 - 1156 18.28 6,324 NY12 New York-13 1 4,241 52.09 1 3.900 47.91 - 341 4.19 8,141 NY13 New York-14 1 5,136 46.89 - 5,817 53.11 1 -681 -6.22 10.953 NY14 New York-15 1 3,177 55.86 1 2,510 44.14 - 667 11.73 5,687 NY15 New York-16 1 3,778 48.69 - 3,982 54.76 1 -204 -2.63 7,760 NY16 New York-17 1 2,929 45.25 - 3,545 45.24 1 -616 -9.51 6,474 NY17 New York-18 1 2,658 39.42 - 4,085 60.58 1 -1,427 -21.16 6,743 NY18 New York-19 1 4,503 47.18 - 5,042 52.82 1 -539 -5.65 5,922 NY19 New York-20 2 9,081 49.77 - 9,164 50.23 2 -83 -0.45 18,245 NY20 New York-21 1 4,329 58.15 1 3,116 41.85 - 1,213 16.29 7,445 NY21 New York-22 1 4,136 45.40 - 4,974 54.60 1 -838 -9.20 9,110 NY22 New York-23 1 4,264 52.90 1 3,796 47.10 - 468 5.81 8,060 NY23 New York-24 1 4,159 63.25 1 2,416 36.75 - 1,743 26.51 6,575 NY24 New York-25 1 5,427 59.10 1 3,755 40.90 - 1,672 18.21 9,182 NY25 New York-26 2 7,011 43.47 - 9,119 56.53 2 -2,108 -13.07 16,130 NY26 New York-27 1 4,631 39.55 - 7,079 60.45 1 -2,448 -20.91 11,701 NY27 New York-28 1 5,347 54.89 1 4,395 45.11 - 952 9.77 9,742 NY28 New York-29 1 3,256 32.28 - 6,832 67.72 1 -3,576 -34.54 10,088 NY29 New York-30 1 3,660 31.44 - 7,983 68.56 1 -4,323 -37.13 11,643 NY30 North Carolina 15 37,634 72.97 15 13,938 27.03 - 23,696 45.95 51,572 NC Ohio 16 67,596 51.58 16 63,456 48.42 - 4,140 3.16 131,052 OH Pennsylvania 28 102,151 66.79 28 50,783 33.21 - 51,368 33.59 152,934 PA Rhode Island 4 820 22.95 - 2,753 77.05 4 -1,933 -54.10 3,573 RI South Carolina 11 no popular vote 11 no popular vote - - - SC Tennessee-1 1 3,136 100.00 1 0 0.00 - 3,136 100.00 3,136 TN1 Tennessee-2 1 3,418 95.98 1 143 4.02 - 3,275 91.97 3,561 TN2 Tennessee-3 1 4,001 94.03 1 254 5.97 - 3,747 88.06 4,255 TN3 Tennessee-4 1 3,211 99.78 1 7 0.22 - 3,204 99.56 3,218 TN4 Tennessee-5 1 5,196 98.60 1 74 1.40 - 5,122 97.19 5,270 TN5 Tennessee-6 1 3,605 100.00 1 0 0.00 - 3,605 100.00 3,605 TN6 Tennessee-7 1 5,008 87.51 1 715 12.49 - 4,293 75.01 5,723 TN7 Tennessee-8 1 3,443 99.83 1 6 0.17 - 3,437 99.65 3,449 TN8 Tennessee-9 1 4,311 95.14 1 220 4.86 - 4,091 90.29 4,531 TN9 Tennessee-10 1 3,481 95.11 1 179 4.89 - 3,302 90.22 3,660 TN10 Tennessee-11 1 5,282 89.16 1 642 10.84 - 4,640 78.33 5,924 TN11 Vermont 7 8,335 25.49 - 24,365 74.51 7 -16,030 -49.02 32,700 VT Virginia 24 26,842 69.13 24 11,989 30.87 - 14,853 38.25 38,831 VA TOTALS: 261 638,348 55.71 178 507,440 44.29 83 130,908 11.43 1,145,788 US TO WIN: 131 States that flipped from Democratic-Republican to National Republican Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey Rhode Island Vermont States that flipped from Democratic-Republican to Democratic Alabama Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Virginia Close states Districts where the margin of victory was under 1%: NY-20 0.45% MD-3 0.49% MD-6 0.65% States and Districts where the margin of victory was under 5%: Maine-Cumberland 2.22% NY-16 2.63% MD-4 2.67% NY-8 2.77% Ohio 3.16% NY-10 3.34% NY-1 3.85% New Jersey 4.02% MD-7 4.04% NY-13 4.19% NY-9 4.34% States and Districts where the margin of victory was under 10%: NY-19 5.65% NY-23 5.81% Maine-Oxford 5.90% Louisiana 6.07% NY-14 6.22% New Hampshire 6.48% NY-4 9.15% NY-22 9.20% NY-17 9.51% NY-28 9.77% Popular vote 600px 410px Jackson Democratic Party (United States) 55.33 Adams National Republican Party 43.98 Other #777777 0.69 Electoral vote—President 600px 410px Jackson Democratic Party (United States) 68.20 Adams National Republican Party 31.80 Electoral vote—Vice President 600px 410px Calhoun Democratic Party (United States) 65.52 Rush National Republican Party 31.80 Smith Democratic Party (United States) 2.68 Aftermath A voter named Thomas J. Forney, who lived in Burke County, North Carolina, wrote to a friend in Virginia on December 4, 1828:1909-09-23 Interesting Old Letters https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-herald-interesting-old-letters/163360664/ 2025-01-19 The News-Herald 1 Permit me in the next place to touch a little on the presidential question. On the day of the electoral election I was at Muddy Creek, at which place Adams received 4 votes, from John Rutherford, myself, William Alexander and — Bedford. Adams received something like 200 in this county, but it appears from undubitable authority that the "Hero" will succeed; if so, I will, I must, submit to a greater power. At the election ground of Col. Carson's, Jackson received all of the votes. Col. Carson planted a hickory pole on the ground that day, and intends to keep it alive by pouring whiskey on its roots. Gen. Jackson was first started on the electioneering campaign as a tool to answer some purpose intended by his anti-supporters, but after canvassing the business up to the present date it appears that he is the spectacle of the people. I am surprised that the Kentuckians supported him, after his saying in that stigmatizing language, that "The Kentuckians ingloriously fled." I am persuaded, Sir, that they were right and perfectly justifiable in making their escape, as they were destitute of arms of defence. The South Carolinians support Jackson with the belief that he is an anti-tariff man; the Pennsylvanians because he is a tariff man. If I could believe that he was a supporter of the tariff, I would rest contented. Finally, I presume he will be our next president. If so, we have "cut the rod to whip ourselves," and must bear with the malady. My next choice will be the able and monstrous Henry Clay. But enough of such. Rachel Jackson had been having chest pains throughout the campaign, and she was traumatized by the personal attacks on her marriage. She became ill and died on December 22, 1828. Jackson accused the Adams campaign, and Henry Clay even more so, of causing her death, saying, "I can and do forgive all my enemies. But those vile wretches who have slandered her must look to God for mercy." right|250px|thumb|1829 depiction by Robert Cruikshank of U.S. President Andrew Jackson's inauguration Andrew Jackson was sworn in as president on March 4, 1829. After the inauguration, a mob entered the White House to shake the new president's hand, damaging the furniture and lights. Jackson escaped through the back, and large punch bowls were set up to lure the crowd outside. Conservatives were horrified at this event, and held it up as a portent of terrible things to come from the first Democratic president.Maldwyn A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty, American History, 1607-1992, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, p.139. When Jackson arrived in Washington, D.C., he was to pay the customary courtesy call on the outgoing president, but he refused to do so. John Quincy Adams responded by refusing to go to the inauguration of Andrew Jackson,McNamara Robert The Election of 1828 Was Marked By Dirty Tactics http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm About Education About.com 1 December 2014 January 1, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170101174028/http://history1800s.about.com/od/leaders/a/electionof1828.htm dead similar to his father who did not attend the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson 28 years before. While Jackson did not hold John Quincy Adams among those who had slandered Rachel Jackson, social relations between the two men were cold and impersonal: for example, when Adams heard from a third party that Jackson would invite him to a social dinner he responded that Jackson should send the invitation personally. In his diary Adams also revealed his disgust that not only was his alma mater Harvard College going to award Jackson an honorary Doctor of Law degree (Jackson had not gone to study law in college but had learned law as a law clerk to a judge) but that they were going to do so to a "barbarian" [i.e., someone who had not studied the classical languages of Latin and Greek]. Electoral College selection Each elector appointed by state legislature Delaware South Carolina State is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district Maryland Tennessee Two electors chosen by voters statewide One elector chosen per congressional district by the voters of that district Maine One elector chosen per congressional district by the voters of that district Remaining two electors chosen by the other electors New York Each elector chosen by voters statewide (all other states) See also First inauguration of Andrew Jackson History of the United States (1789–1849) Jacksonian democracy 1828–29 United States House of Representatives elections 1828–29 United States Senate elections References 30em Bibliography Abramson Paul Aldrich John Rohde David Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections CQ Press 1995 0871878399 Bemis Samuel Flagg Samuel Flagg Bemis John Quincy Adams and the Union https://archive.org/details/johnquincyadamst00bemi registration 1956 2 New York, Knopf Cheathem Mark R. https://lsupress.org/books/detail/andrew-jackson-southerner/ Andrew Jackson, Southerner 2013 Cheathem Mark R. https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/coming-democracy The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson 2018 10.56021/9781421425979 9781421425979 Cheathem Mark R. Frontiersman or Southern Gentleman? Newspaper Coverage of Andrew Jackson during the 1828 Presidential Campaign The Readex Report 2014 9 3 http://www.readex.com/readex-report/frontiersman-or-southern-gentleman-newspaper-coverage-andrew-jackson-during-1828 Donald B. Cole Cole Donald B. Vindicating Andrew Jackson: The 1828 Election and the Rise of the Two Party System 2009 excerpt and text search Heidler David S. Jeanne T. Heidler https://djheidler.com/books/#JacksonRise The Rise of Andrew Jackson: Myth, Manipulation, and the Making of Modern Politics 2018 Holt Michael F. Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln 1992 Howe Daniel Daniel Walker Howe What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 Oxford University Press 2007 https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug0000howe_j9v1 978-0-19-507894-7 Howell William Huntting Read, Pause, and Reflect!! Journal of the Early Republic Summer 2010 30 2 293–300 10.1353/jer.0.0149 144448483 examines the campaign literature of 1828 Leota Driver Maiden Colonel John Williams East Tennessee Historical Society's Publications 30 1958 7–46 FHL 1345572 East Tennessee Historical Society Tennessee Historical Commission, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 0361-6193 1137265 McCormick Richard P. Richard P. McCormick The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era https://archive.org/details/secondamericanpa0000mcco registration 1966 Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press Parsons Lynn H. The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828 2009 excerpt and text search Remini, Robert V. Election of 1828 in Arthur Schlesinger Jr, ed. The coming to power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972) pp. 67–90 online Remini Robert V. Robert V. Remini Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party https://archive.org/details/martinvanburenma0000remi registration 1959 New York, Columbia University Press Remini Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832 https://archive.org/details/andrewjacksoncou0002remi registration 1981 9780060148447 Swint Kerwin C. Kerwin Swint Mudslingers: The Top 25 Negative Political Campaigns of All Time 2006 Praeger Publishers Vaughn William Preston The Antimasonic Party in the United States, 1826-1843 1983 University of Kentucky Press Lexington 9780813114743 https://archive.org/details/antimasonicparty0000vaug John William Ward (professor) Ward John William 1955 Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age New York Oxford University Press Watson Harry L. Harry L. Watson Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America 1990 Farrar, Straus and Giroux 0-374-52196-4 Wilentz Sean Sean Wilentz The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln 2005 Further reading A Brief Biography of Andrew Jackson 1767-1845: The Election of 1828 From Revolution to Reconstruction http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/aj7/about/bio/jack12.htm November 15, 2004 https://web.archive.org/web/20080222193302/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/aj7/about/bio/jack12.htm 2008-02-22 dead Election of 1828 U-S-History.com http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h325.html November 15, 2004 A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College The Green Papers http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Hx/ElectoralCollege.html March 20, 2005 External links Presidential Election of 1828: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Historian James Parton describes election The 1828 Campaign of Andrew Jackson and the Growth of Party Politics https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120057/http://www.american-presidents.org/2006/04/1828-campaign-of-andrew-jackson-and.html October 23, 2018 Election of 1828 in Counting the Votes https://web.archive.org/web/20180101030235/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1828/ January 1, 2018 Category:Presidency of Andrew Jackson Category:John Quincy Adams Category:John C. Calhoun