1033 Jordan Valley earthquake

Earthquake in the Levant 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake yes 1033 12 05 yes Israel 32.5 35.5 inline,title Strike-slip X ~7.3 w y modern-day Israel and State of Palestine 70,000 dead An earthquake struck the Jordan Rift Valley on December 5, AD 1033 and caused extreme devastation in the Levant region. It was part of a sequence of four strong earthquakes in the region between 1033 and 1035. Scholars have estimated the moment magnitude to be greater than 7.0 w and evaluated the Modified Mercalli intensity to X (Extreme). It triggered a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast, causing damage and fatalities. At least 70,000 people were killed in the disaster. 200px|thumb|right|The Jordan Valley Fault (abbreviated JVF) was the source of the large earthquakes of 31 BC, AD 346, 749 and 1033. Tectonic setting In the past 2,000 years of human history, documented earthquakes have been associated with the 1,100 km long Dead Sea Transform Fault System, a left-lateral transform boundary.The Shear along the Dead Sea Rift (and Discussion) Freund R. Garfunkel Z. Zak I. Goldberg M. Weissbrod T. Derin B. Bender F. Wellings F.E. Girdler R.W. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1970 267 1181 107–130 10.1098/rsta.1970.0027 1970RSPTA.267..107F Since the early Miocene, the fault system has accounted for between 110 km and 70–80 km of left-lateral displacement between the African and Arabian plates. While left-lateral strike-slip is dominant, the fault also displays features of normal and thrust faulting. The fault displays varying slip rates across its segments, 2–10 mm per year. The Jordan Valley fault forms part of the larger system of faults that is collectively known as the Dead Sea Transform. This segment is 110 km long and trends north–south; beginning at the Dead Sea and terminating at the Sea of Galilee.Ferry Matthieu Meghraoui Mustapha Karaki Najib Abou Al-Taj Masdouq Amoush Hani Al-Dhaisat Salman Barjous Majdi A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault Earth and Planetary Science Letters 30 August 2007 260 3–4 394–406 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049 2007E&PSL.260..394F https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X0700324X subscription Earthquake The earthquake is thought to have ruptured the entire Jordan Valley Fault segment, based on reports of heavy damage reported from the Dead Sea to the Sea of Galilee. The historical record also showed that the pattern of damage was similar to another earthquake in AD 749.http://geophysics-old.tau.ac.il/personal/shmulik/GK-Geology2003.pdf Archaeology, history, and geology of the A.D. 749 earthquake, Dead Sea transform Marco S. Hartal M. Hazan N. Leve L. Stein M. Geology 2003 31 8 665–668 10.1130/G19516.1 2003Geo....31..665M dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150709165127/http://geophysics-old.tau.ac.il/personal/shmulik/GK-Geology2003.pdf 2015-07-09 Both the 749 AD and 1033 AD earthquakes ruptured the Jordan Valley Faults with magnitudes exceeding 7.0. Earlier earthquakes in 31 BC and 363 AD are thought to have been caused by the same segment rupturing.Wechsler Neta Rockwell Thomas K. Klinger Yann Štěpančíková Petra Kanari Mor Marco Shmulik Agnon Amotz A Paleoseismic Record of Earthquakes for the Dead-Sea Transform Fault Between the 1st and 7th centuries CE: Non-Periodic Behavior of a Plate Boundary Fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2014 104 3 10.1785/0120130304 54590859 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266911368 Paleoseismological studies near Jericho and the Sea of Galilee revealed evidence of surface ruptures. Evident in the sedimentary layers are also signs of disturbed sediments thought to be caused by the earthquake.Migowski Claudia Agnon Amotz Bookman Revital Negendank Jörg F.W Stein Mordechai Recurrence pattern of Holocene earthquakes along the Dead Sea transform revealed by varve-counting and radiocarbon dating of lacustrine sediments Earth and Planetary Science Letters 15 May 2004 222 1 301–314 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.015 2004E&PSL.222..301M https://indico.ictp.it/event/a08182/session/61/contribution/39/material/0/1.pdf Little research has addressed the magnitude of the earthquake, and there is a large variation in the range of estimated magnitudes. A 2004 study by Migowski and others estimated the magnitude at 7.1, based on studies of disturbed sedimentary layers. The magnitude has also been estimated at 6.0 to 7.1,Zohar Motti Salamon Amos Rubin Rehav Earthquake damage history in Israel and its close surrounding – evaluation of spatial and temporal patterns Tectonophysics 31 January 2017 696–697 1–13 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.12.015 2017Tectp.696....1Z Zohar Motti Salamon Amos Rubin Rehav Reappraised list of historical earthquakes that affected Israel and its close surroundings Journal of Seismology 16 April 2016 20 3 971–985 10.1007/s10950-016-9575-7 2016JSeis..20..971Z 131324312 although these figures has had their reliability and credibility questioned. Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology estimated an equivalent magnitude based on macroseismic observations (e) of 7.3,Guidoboni E. Ferrari G. Tarabusi G. Sgattoni G. Comastri A. Mariotti D. Ciuccarelli C. Bianchi M.G. Valensise G. CFTI5Med, the new release of the catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy and in the Mediterranean area http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?M2012IT Scientific Data 22 June 2022 10.1038/s41597-019-0091-9 2019 6 1 80 31160582 6546750 2019NatSD...6...80G 174808667 and a 2020 earthquake catalog estimated that the earthquake had a moment magnitude of 7.3.Grigoratos Iason Poggi Valerio Danciu Laurentiu Rojo Graciela An updated parametric catalog of historical earthquakes around the Dead Sea Transform Fault Zone Journal of Seismology 14 February 2020 24 4 803–832 10.1007/s10950-020-09904-9 2020JSeis..24..803G 211102430 Devastation Heavy damage was reported in a north–south trend for 190 km from the Dead Sea to the Sea of Galilee. One-third of the city of Ramla was destroyed.Kallner-Amiran D. H. A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine 1950 Israel Exploration Society 223–246 4 1 Israel Exploration Journal 27924451 https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27924451.pdf Half of Nablus was destroyed and 300 residents died. The landscape around the city was also devastated. Acre experienced great damage and a high death toll. The cities of Banias and Jericho were also among those who suffered the greatest destruction. A landslide buried the village of al-Badan, killing all its residents and livestock. Landslides also destroyed other villages and killed most of their population. Banias was partially destroyed. In Syria, entire villages were "swallowed" by the earth, causing fatalities. In Gaza, the Great Mosque of Gaza and the surrounding minarets collapsed. A lighthouse in the city sustained heavy damage. Reports of serious damage also came from Ascalon. Damage was reported as far away as Egypt. Sahil A. Alsinawi and others reported a death toll of 70,000.National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Significant Earthquake Information 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/8156 22 June 2022 10.7289/V5TD9V7K Jerusalem Parts of the Walls of Jerusalem collapsed and many churches were damaged. A side of the Temple Mount and the Mihrab Daud, located near the Jaffa Gate, collapsed. The entire southern section of the city walls which enclosed Mount Zion above the Kidron Valley, which were built by Aelia Eudocia (the fifth-century wife of the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II), were abandoned by Fatimid caliph Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah who established major restoration projects that lasted from 1034 to 1038.Ma'oz Moshe Moshe Ma'oz Nusseibeh Sari Sari Nusseibeh 2000 https://books.google.com/books?id=9evpVS_ackwC&dq=Al+Aqsa+Facade+Mustansir&pg=PA137 Jerusalem: Points of Friction—and Beyond Kluwer Law International The Hague, London, Boston 136–138 90-411-8843-6 It is believed to be the largest restoration project in the city's history. The Dome of the Rock was enforced with wooden beams to strengthen the structure. Wooden beams and mosaics were added to the al-Aqsa Mosque. Solomon's Stables and al-Aqsa Mosque were among the structures that underwent restoration.The Earthquake of 1033 CE http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?id=245 archpark.org.il The Jerusalem Archaeological Park 22 June 2022 26 May 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230526112427/http://www.archpark.org.il/article.asp?id=245 dead Jericho 260px|thumb|left|Shear fractures and column failures at Hisham's Palace, Jericho, photographed in the 1930s Hisham's Palace in Jericho was destroyed; it was previously thought that the palace was destroyed during the AD 749 earthquake, but the relatively low intensity (VII) suggest it was not the responsible earthquake. Academic studies noted fracture alignments on the ruin floor. Evidence of column and wall failures were present. Geological faulting was also found in the excavated area; the ruins displayed up to 10 cm of left-lateral faulting. Human remains discovered beneath the rubble of a collapsed arch were possibly caused by the earthquake. The Modified Mercalli intensity at the palace was assigned IX–X. It is possible that the palace site was abandoned after the earthquake and reoccupied sometime later.Alfonsi Laura Cinti Francesca The Kinematics of the 1033 A.D. Earthquake Revealed by the Damage at Hisham Palace (Jordan Valley, Dead Sea Transform Zone) Seismological Research Letters 2013 84 6 997–1003 10.1785/0220130060 2013SeiRL..84..997A https://www.academia.edu/5028445 Tsunami A tsunami struck the coastal city of Acre. It was reported that the city port became dry for an hour, and a large wave arrived, partially destroying it. Waves were also reported along the coast of Lebanon. Greek seismologist Nicholas Ambraseys reported that the tsunami caused no damage or casualties inland, but this information is thought to be in confusion with another earthquake in 1068. The only tsunami casualties were those who scoured the exposed seafloor and drowned when it arrived. Additional shocks in April or May 1035 caused further damage and might be associated with tsunamis.National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Significant Earthquake Information NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/84 23 June 2022 10.7289/V5PN93H7 Future threat 230px|thumb|right|View of the Jordan Valley, where the earthquake occurred. The 1033 AD event was the last large earthquake on the Jordan Valley Fault. Given the estimated slip rate is 4.9 ± 0.2 mm per year, approximately 5 m of potential slip has been accumulated. An estimated 3.5–5 m of slip could be produced during a future earthquake along a 110 km × 20 km fault area. Such an event would suggest an earthquake of w 7.4, posing a great seismic threat to the region. In late 2020, researchers at Tel Aviv University said that an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 is expected to occur in the area, resulting in many fatalities. Researchers also stated that the frequency of large earthquakes in the region is significantly underestimated.Winer Stuart Major earthquake, killing hundreds, likely to hit Israel in coming years – study https://www.timesofisrael.com/major-earthquake-killing-hundreds-likely-to-hit-israel-in-coming-years-study/ 22 June 2022 The Times of Israel 29 December 2020 Previous studies suggested a recurrence interval of 10,000 years for magnitude 7.5 earthquakes, but the researchers said the figure was 1,300 to 1,400 years.Lu Yin Wetzler Nadav Waldmann Nicolas Agnon Amotz Biasi Glenn P. Marco Shmuel A 220,000-year-long continuous large earthquake record on a slow-slipping plate boundary Science Advances 2020 6 48 10.1126/sciadv.aba4170 33246948 7695470 2020SciA....6.4170L Yosef Shapira, the then State Comptroller of Israel, said that a major earthquake in Israel could kill up to 7,000 people if safety recommendations are not enforced. Reports of the years 2001, 2004 and 2011 found that the Israeli government did not fund any retrofitting works to old construction. Although the government said in 2008 that it would retrofit hospitals and schools, no major changes were made.State comptroller: Israel unprepared for major quake, ignoring warnings https://www.timesofisrael.com/state-comptroller-israel-unprepared-for-major-quake-ignoring-warnings/ 22 June 2022 The Times of Israel 18 July 2018 See also List of earthquakes in the Levant List of historical earthquakes References Category:History of Ramla Category:Disasters in Jerusalem Category:History of Jericho Category:Ascalon Category:History of Nablus Category:Tiberias Category:History of Gaza City Category:Earthquakes in Israel Category:Earthquakes in Palestine Category:Natural disasters in Jordan Category:1033 Category:Earthquakes in the Levant Category:Earthquakes in Syria Category:Jordan River basin Category:Great Rift Valley Category:Natural disasters in Palestine (region) Category:11th century in the Kingdom of Jerusalem Category:Medieval history of Jordan Category:Disasters in Jordan Category:Earthquake clusters, swarms, and sequences Category:History of Acre, Israel Category:1030s in Asia Category:11th-century earthquakes Category:11th-century natural disasters Category:Medieval floods Category:Ramla Category:Central District (Israel) Category:Medieval tsunamis Category:11th century in the Middle East Category:History of Hebron