1139 Ganja earthquake

Natural disaster in Azerbaijan and Georgia 1139 Ganja earthquake yes 30 September 1139 Azerbaijan 7.0–7.3 w yes, 7.5 s yes, 7.7 lh yes, 16-23 km 40.3 46.2 inline,title Seljuk Empire (present-day Azerbaijan) 9/11 230,000–300,000 dead (estimation) The 1139 Ganja earthquake was one of the worst seismic events in history. It affected the Seljuk Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia, in modern-day Azerbaijan and Georgia. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.0–7.3 w y, 7.5 s yes, and 7.7 lh y. A disputed death toll of 230,000–300,000 resulted from this event, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes ever recorded.https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World United States Geological Survey 2022-04-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20090901233953/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php 2009-09-01 Tectonic setting thumb|250px|The Eurasia-African-Arabian-Indian convergent zone Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia are located in an area of high seismic activity as the three countries are situated in the collision zone between the Eurasian and Arabian plates. The collision zone consists of an accreted island arc that collided after the closure of the Tethys Ocean, continental blocks, and sediments from the Mesozoic and Tertiary eras. The area is separated into three geographical regions; Lesser Caucasus, Kura Basin and Greater Caucasus. Seismic activity in the Lesser Caucasus is typically associated with strike-slip faults with vertical dip angles. In the Greater Caucasus, seismic activity corresponds to thrust faulting. Extending 100–160 km beneath the Greater Caucasus is the remnant of a subducted tectonic plate after the ocean closed.Alik Ismail-Zadeh Shota Adamia Aleksandre Chabukiani Tamaz Chelidze Sierd Cloetingh Michael Floyd Alexander Gorshkov Alexei Gvishiani Tahir Ismail-Zadeh Mikhail K. Kaban Fakhraddin Kadirov Jon Karapetyan Talat Kangarli Jemal Kiria Ivan Koulakov Jon Mosar Tea Mumladze Birgit Müller Alexander Soloviev Geodynamics, seismicity, and seismic hazards of the Caucasus Earth-Science Reviews 2020 207 103222 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103222 https://doc.rero.ch/record/328922/files/moz_gss.pdf Elsevier 2020ESRv..20703222I 1874/408462 219925399 Earthquakes are caused by crustal compression and shear as the two tectonic plates interact.Tectonics of the Eastern Greater Caucasus in Azerbaijan Bochud Martin 1733 2011-10-25 Dr. rer. nat. University of Fribourg https://doc.rero.ch/record/31855/files/BochudM.pdf Switzerland 2022-03-04 2022-03-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212740/https://doc.rero.ch/record/31855/files/BochudM.pdf live Earthquake The earthquake had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.0–7.3 and 7.7 or 7.5 on the surface-wave magnitude scale at a depth of 16–23 km.Ulomov V.I. Medvedeva N.S. Специализированный каталог землетрясений для задач общего сейсмического районирования территории Российской Федерации Specialized catalog of earthquakes for the purpose of general seismic zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation 2014 http://seismos-u.ifz.ru/documents/Eartquake-Catalog-%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%97.pdf O.Y. Smidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences 2021-06-04 2023-04-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20230404000014/http://seismos-u.ifz.ru/documents/Eartquake-Catalog-%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%97.pdf liveMusson R.M.W. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics Great Earthquakes 2014 Springer, Dordrecht Netherlands 978-90-481-8702-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_7 23 June 2021 Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series 561–568 10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_7 21 February 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230221112812/https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-8702-7_7 liveInessa Vorobieva Alik Ismail-Zadeh Alexander Gorshkov Nonlinear dynamics of crustal blocks and faults and earthquake occurrences in the Transcaucasian region Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2019 297 106320 http://www.mitp.ru/~aismail/papers/2019_PEPI_Caucasus_BAFD.pdf Elsevier 10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106320 2019PEPI..29706320V 210621325 2022-03-04 2022-08-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20220810024854/http://www.mitp.ru/~aismail/papers/2019_PEPI_Caucasus_BAFD.pdf live A maximum intensity of IX (Violent) to XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale was assigned.Guidoboni E. Ferrari G. Comastria. A. Tarabusi G. Sgattoni G. Valensise G. Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy 461 B.C. – 1997 and Mediterranean Area 760 B.C. – 1500 2018 http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?M2068IT 4 June 2021 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) 10.6092/ingv.it-cfti5 4 June 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210604220318/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?M2068IT live It was also perceived as far as Aleppo where the felt intensity was II (Weak). An epicenter location at 40.3 46.2, near Ganja, was suggested by researchers. This region of the Lesser Caucasus is dominated by oblique and strike-slip tectonics. The fault responsible for the earthquake, the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault, is a 490-kilometer-long WNW–ESE striking strike-slip fault. For the majority of its length, it demonstrates right-lateral displacement, but at the westernmost segment, its slip sense is left-lateral. The earthquake ruptured the Mrav segment of the fault at its eastern end. Unlike the rest of the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault, the Mrav segment is characterized by a series of north-dipping thrust faults.Alice O. Matossian Hayk Baghdasaryan Ara Avagyan Hayk Igityan Mikayel Gevorgyan Hans-Balder Havenith A New Landslide Inventory for the Armenian Lesser Caucasus: Slope Failure Morphologies and Seismotectonic Influences on Large Landslides Geosciences 2020 10 3 111 10.3390/geosciences10030111 2020Geosc..10..111M free 1854/LU-8655179 free Paleoseismology in the region indicate large earthquakes of up to w 7.5 have occurred on the fault.J.-F. Ritz A. Avagyan M. Mkrtchyan H. Nazari P.-H. Blard A. Karakhanian H. Philip S. Balescu S. Mahan S. Huot P. Münch M. Lamothe Active tectonics within the NW and SE extensions of the Pambak-Sevan-Syunik fault: Implications for the present geodynamics of Armenia Quaternary International 2016 395 61–78 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.021 https://missioncaucase.hypotheses.org/files/2016/03/Ritz2015_Amasya-Syunik_QI_all%C3%A9g%C3%A9.pdf Elsevier 2016QuInt.395...61R 2022-03-04 2022-03-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20220304233734/https://missioncaucase.hypotheses.org/files/2016/03/Ritz2015_Amasya-Syunik_QI_all%C3%A9g%C3%A9.pdf live The Pambak-Sevan-Syunik Fault was also responsible for an earthquake in 1931. Damage 150px|thumb|right|The Gates of Ganja at the Gelati Monastery Mkhitar Gosh, an Armenian scholar and writer, quoted Job 9:6 and Psalm 103:32 from the Holy Bible to describe the earthquake.Manuel Berberian Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau 2014 Elsevier 978-0-444-63292-0 https://books.google.com/books?id=_ur1AgAAQBAJ 63 He wrote of tremendous damage in the P'ar'isos and Xach'e'n districts of Syunik. The city of Ganzak was also devastated, leaving many of its residents buried under ruins. Many structures, including monasteries and churches, castles and villages in the mountainous region, were totally destroyed.Mkhitar Gosh's Colophon https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1100-1200,_Mkhitar_Gosh,_The_Aghuanian_Chronicle_[The_Armenia_History],_EN.pdf 12 July 2021 10 January 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230110110506/http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1100-1200,_Mkhitar_Gosh,_The_Aghuanian_Chronicle_%5BThe_Armenia_History%5D,_EN.pdf live Strong shaking triggered massive landslides off the sides of mountains and canyons in the Caucasus Mountains region. Parts of Kapaz Mount collapsed, and the resulting landslide blocked the Kürəkçay River, forming Lake Göygöl.Vorobieva I. Ismail-Zadeh A. Gorshkov A. 2019 Nonlinear dynamics of crustal blocks and faults and earthquake occurrences in the Transcaucasian region https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336760167 Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 297 106320 10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106320 2019PEPI..29706320V 210621325 2021-11-15 2022-09-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20220930112637/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336760167 live Another six lakes formed, including Maral-gol and Lake Ağgöl.History of Ganja http://www.ganca.net/eng/historyen.html ganca.net 5 March 2022 23 October 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201023033704/http://www.ganca.net/eng/historyen.html live The number of people who died in the mountains is not known, described as "incalculable". Estimates of the death toll range between 230,000 and 300,000, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.Significant Earthquake Information AZERBAIJAN: GYZNDZHA https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/402 1972 National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 10.7289/V5TD9V7K 4 June 2021 National Geophysical Data Center 30 September 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220930112649/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/402 live Among the dead were two sons of the ruler of the Seljuk Empire, Qara Sonqor.Ибн ал-Асир. Тарих-ал-камиль. О победе султана Махмуда над курджами. Перевод П. К. Жузе. Текст воспроизведен по изданию: Материалы по истории Азербайджана из Тарих-ал-камиль (полного свода истории) Ибн-ал-Асира. Баку. АзФан. 1940. The death toll figure remains controversial with some authors stating it is an exaggeration considering the population of the area at the time of the disaster.Guidoboni Emanuela Comastri Alberto Catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the Mediterranean area from the 11th to the 15th century 2005 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Roma) Others argued that this was a conflation of information about the 1138 Aleppo and 1137 Jazira earthquakes.The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/793/1/31Ambraseys.pdf N. Ambraseys Nicholas Ambraseys 2004 Annals of Geophysics National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology 47 2–3 743 2021-06-23 2020-08-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20200821105846/https://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/793/1/31Ambraseys.pdf live Aftermath King Demetrius I of Georgia took advantage of the earthquake and looted the city. Troops stole many artifacts and prized items from the city, including the Ancient Gates of Ganja, which were treated as a trophy.Распахнутся снова ворота Гянджи https://www.trend.az/life/socium/907158.html Trend.Az 4 March 2022 ru 6 April 2007 6 November 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191106125855/https://www.trend.az/life/socium/907158.html liveГянджинские ворота https://kataloq.gomap.az/ru/all-poi/culture/defensive-structure/8e127904d56611e0ad4900226424597dhttps://kataloq.gomap.az/ru/all-poi/culture/defensive-structure/8e127904d56611e0ad4900226424597d kataloq.gomap.az 4 March 2022 ru 30 September 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220930112644/https://kataloq.gomap.az/ru/all-poi/culture/defensive-structure/8e127904d56611e0ad4900226424597dhttps://kataloq.gomap.az/ru/all-poi/culture/defensive-structure/8e127904d56611e0ad4900226424597d The city was reconstructed by Qara Sonqor, and it again began to flourish.Edmund Bosworth Ganja https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ganja- X Encyclopædia Iranica 4 March 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20120110063726/http://www.iranica.com/articles/ganja- Fascicle 282–283 2000 10 January 2012 live See also List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan List of earthquakes in Georgia List of historical earthquakes Lists of earthquakes References Category:Earthquakes in Azerbaijan Category:Earthquakes in Georgia (country) Category:12th-century earthquakes Category:1139 in Europe Category:1130s in Asia Category:History of Ganja, Azerbaijan Category:Landslide-dammed lakes Category:Medieval history of Azerbaijan Category:Geology of Azerbaijan Category:12th century in the Kingdom of Georgia Category:Earthquakes in Armenia Category:12th century in Armenia Category:12th century in the Seljuk Empire