1963 Italian general election

none 1963 Italian general election Italy legislative no 1958 Italian general election 1958 Legislature III of Italy 1968 Italian general election 1968 Legislature IV of Italy All 630 seats in the Chamber of Deputies316 seats needed for a majorityAll 315 elective seats in the Senate161 seats needed for a majoritytaking into account the Senators for life, which accounted for 6 seats at the time the election took place 28 April 1963 34,199,184 (C Chamber of Deputies)31,019,23 (S Senate) 31,766,009 (C Chamber of Deputies)92.9% (0.9 pp) 28,872,052 (S Senate)93.1% (0.9 pp) Aldo Moro 1968.jpg 120 120 160 Aldo Moro 16 March 1959 Christian Democracy (Italy) Bari (C Chamber of Deputies) 260 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 129 (S Senate) 13 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 6 (S Senate) 11,773,182 (C Chamber of Deputies) 10,017,975 (S Senate) 38.3% (C Chamber of Deputies) 36.5% (S Senate) 4.1 pp (C Chamber of Deputies)4.7 pp (S Senate) Palmiro Togliatti Official (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 Palmiro Togliatti 15 May 1943Togliatti also served as secretary of the Communist Party of Italy from 1926 to 1934 and from 1938 to 1943. Italian Communist Party Rome (S Senate) 166 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 84 (S Senate) 26 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 25 (S Senate) 7,767,601 (C Chamber of Deputies) 6,461,616 (S Senate) 25.3% (C Chamber of Deputies) 23.5% (S Senate) 2.6 pp (C Chamber of Deputies) 1.7 pp (S Senate) Pietro Nenni 1963.jpg 120 120 160 Pietro Nenni 16 May 1949Nenni also served as secretary from 1933 to 1939 and from 1943 to 1945. Italian Socialist Party Milan (C Chamber of Deputies) 87 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 44 (S Senate) 3 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 9 (S Senate) 4,255,836 (C Chamber of Deputies) 3,849,440 (S Senate) 13.8% (C Chamber of Deputies) 14.0% (S Senate) 0.4 pp (C Chamber of Deputies) 0.1 pp (S Senate) Giovanni Malagodi 1972.jpg 120 120 160 Giovanni Malagodi 4 April 1954 Italian Liberal Party Milan (C Chamber of Deputies) 39 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 18 (S Senate) 22 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 14 (S Senate) 2,144,270 (C Chamber of Deputies) 2,043,323 (S Senate) 7.0% (C Chamber of Deputies) 7.4% (S Senate) 3.5 pp (C Chamber of Deputies)3.5 pp (S Senate) Giuseppe Saragat (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 Giuseppe Saragat 11 April 1957Saragat also served as secretary from 1949 to 1952 and from 1952 to 1954. Italian Democratic Socialist Party Turin (C Chamber of Deputies) 33 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 14 (S Senate) 11 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 9 (S Senate) 1,876,271 (C Chamber of Deputies) 1,743,870 (S Senate) 6.1% (C Chamber of Deputies) 6.4% (S Senate) 1.5 pp (C Chamber of Deputies)1.9 pp (S Senate) Arturo Michelini (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 Arturo Michelini 10 October 1954 Italian Social Movement Rome (C Chamber of Deputies) 27 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 14 (S Senate) 3 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 6 (S Senate) 1,570,282 (C Chamber of Deputies) 1,458,917 (S Senate) 5.1% (C Chamber of Deputies)5.3% (S Senate) 0.3 pp (C Chamber of Deputies)0.9 pp (S Senate) 450px Results of the election in the Chamber and Senate. 450px Seat distribution for the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate (right). Prime Minister Prime Minister after the election Amintore Fanfani Christian Democracy (Italy) Giovanni Leone Christian Democracy (Italy) The 1963 Italian general election was held in Italy on 28 April 1963.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1048 978-3-8329-5609-7 It was the first election with a fixed number of MPs to be elected, as decided by the second Constitutional Reform in February 1963.Constitutional Reform number 2 decided a fixed number of 630 member for the House, under the example of the British House of Commons during that period, and of 315 for the Senate, with a minimum of seven senators for each region excluding Aosta Valley and, later, Molise. This reform is still in force. It was also the first election which saw the Secretary of Christian Democracy to refuse the office of Prime Minister after the vote, at least for six months, preferring to provisionally maintain his more influent post at the head of the party: this fact confirmed the transformation of Italian political system into a particracy, the secretaries of the parties having become more powerful than the Parliament and the Government.Italian electors effectively lost any chance to decide their Prime Minister until the majoritarian reform of 1993. Electoral system The pure party-list proportional representation had traditionally become the electoral system for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were united in 32 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. At constituency level, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with Imperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats were transferred at a national level, where they were divided using the Hare quota, and automatically distributed to best losers into the local lists. For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were established, even if the assembly had risen to 315 members. The candidates needed a landslide victory of two-thirds of votes to be elected, a goal which could be reached only by the German minorities in South Tirol. All remained votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where a D'Hondt method was used: inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected. Historical background thumb|left|180px|The DC's leader Aldo Moro with the PSI's one Pietro Nenni. During the First Republic, the Christian Democracy slowly but steadily lost support, as society modernised and the traditional values at its ideological core became less appealing to the population. Various options of extending the parliamentary majority were considered, mainly an opening to the left (apertura a sinistra), i.e. to the Socialist party (PSI), which after the 1956 events in Hungary had moved from a position of total subordination to the Communists, to an independent position. Proponents of such a coalition proposed a series much-needed "structural reforms" that would modernize the country and create a modern social-democracy. In 1960, an attempt by the right wing of the Christian Democrats to incorporate the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) in the Tambroni government led to violent and bloody riots (Genoa, Reggio Emilia), and was defeated. Up until the Nineties, two types of governmental coalitions characterised the politics of post-war Italy. The first were “centrist” coalitions led by the Christian Democracy party together with smaller parties: the Social Democratic Party, the Republican Party, and the Liberal Party. The first democratic government (1947) excluded both communists and the socialists, which brought about the political period known as “centrist government,” which ruled over Italian politics from 1948 to 1963. The centre-left coalition (DC-PRI-PSDI-PSI) was the second type of coalition that characterised Italian politics, coming about in 1963 when the PSI (formerly the opposition party) went into government with the DC. This coalition lasted in parliament first for 12 years (from 1964 to 1976) and then with a revival in the Eighties that lasted until the start of the Nineties. https://books.google.com/books?id=OYE9OVZQTHwC&q=italy+postwar+centre-left+governments+from+1963&pg=PT88 The Family in the Mediterranean Welfare States 9781135775681 Naldini Manuela 2013-01-11 Routledge The Socialist Party entered government in 1963. During the first year of the new centre-left government, a wide range of measures were carried out which went some way towards the Socialist Party's requirements for governing in coalition with the Christian Democrats. These included taxation of real estate profits and of share dividends (designed to curb speculation), increases in pensions for various categories of workers, a law on school organisation (to provide for a unified secondary school with compulsory attendance up to the age of 14), the nationalisation of the electric-power industry, and significant wage rises for workers (including those in the newly nationalised electric-power industry), which led to a rise in consumer demand. Urged on by the PSI, the government also made brave attempts to tackle issues relating to welfare services, hospitals, the agrarian structure, urban development, education, and overall planning.Italy by Muriel Grindrod For instance, during the Centre-Left Government's time in office, social security was extended to previously uncovered categories of the population.Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II: Volume 2 edited by Peter Flora In addition, entrance to university by examination was abolished in 1965. Despite these important reforms, however, the reformist drive was soon lost, and the most important problems (including the mafia, social inequalities, inefficient state/social services, North/South imbalance) remained largely untackled. Parties and leaders Party Ideology LeaderSeats in 1958C Chamber of DeputiesS Senate of the RepublicTotal Christian Democracy (DC) Christian democracy Aldo Moro 273 123 396 Italian Communist Party (PCI) Communism Palmiro Togliatti 140 60 200 Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Democratic socialism Pietro Nenni 84 36 120 Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (PDIUM) Monarchism Alfredo Covelli 25 7 32 Italian Social Movement (MSI) Neo-fascism Arturo Michelini 24 8 32 Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) Social democracy Giuseppe Saragat 22 5 27 Italian Liberal Party (PLI) Conservative liberalism Giovanni Malagodi 17 4 21 Italian Republican Party (PRI) Liberalism Oronzo Reale 6 0 6 Results The election fell after the launch of the centre-left formula by the Christian Democracy, a coalition based upon the alliance with the Socialist Party which had left its alignment with the Soviet Union. Some rightist electors abandoned the DC for the Liberal Party, which was asking for a centre-right government and received votes also from the quarrelsome monarchist area. The majority party so decided to replace incumbent Premier Amintore Fanfani with a provisional administration led by impartial Speaker of the House, Giovanni Leone; however, when the congress of the PSI in autumn authorized a full engagement of the party into the government, Leone resigned and Aldo Moro, secretary of the DC and leader of the more leftist wing of the party, became the new Prime Minister and ruled Italy for more than four years, ever passing through two resolved political crisis caused even by the detachment of the left wing of the PSI, which created the PSIUP and returned to the alliance with the Communists, and by disagreements into the governmental coalition. Chamber of Deputies File:Italian Chamber of Deputies 1963.svg Christian Democracy 11773182 260 −13 Italian Communist Party 7767601 166 +16 Italian Socialist Party 4255836 87 +3 Italian Liberal Party 2144270 39 +22 Italian Democratic Socialist Party 1876271 33 +11 Italian Social Movement 1570282 27 +3 Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity 536948 8 −17 Italian Republican Party 420213 6 0 South Tyrolean People's Party 135457 3 0 Concentration of Rural Unity 92209 0 0 darkgreen Autonomous Party of Italy's Pensioners 87655 0 New Valdostan Union 31844 1 0 Italian Combatant Movement–National Rebirth Front 19902 0 New Italian Catholic Political Movement 7220 0 New Christian Social Party 6873 0 New National Monarchist Party 6472 0 New Slovene Unified List 5679 0 New Movement for the Independence of the Free Territory of Trieste 4261 0 New National Union of Public Health 2926 0 New Farmers and Employees Movement 2685 0 New Social Renewal 1750 0 New Italian Popular Movement 1621 0 New National Vanguard 959 0 New Italian Labour Party 755 0 New 1013138 +34 34199184 Ministry of the Interior Popular vote #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 38.28 PCI Italian Communist Party 25.26 PSI Italian Socialist Party 13.84 PLI Italian Liberal Party 6.97 PSDI Italian Democratic Socialist Party 6.10 MSI Italian Social Movement 5.11 PDIUM Monarchist National Party 1.75 PRI Italian Republican Party 1.37 Others Other 1.33 Seats #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 41.27 PCI Italian Communist Party 26.35 PSI Italian Socialist Party 13.81 PLI Italian Liberal Party 6.19 PSDI Italian Democratic Socialist Party 5.24 MSI Italian Social Movement 4.29 PDIUM Monarchist National Party 1.27 PRI Italian Republican Party 0.95 Others Other 0.63 Results by constituency ConstituencyTotalseatsSeats wonDCPCIPSIPLIPSDIMSIPDIUMPRIOthersTurin331195431Cuneo1473211Genoa23873221Milan4515119532Como1792411Brescia19122311Mantua9432Trentino105113Verona291744211Venice1793311Udine1472212Bologna2761241211Parma1968311Florence1657211Pisa1555311Siena10352Ancona197621111Perugia124521Rome481612643511L'Aquila16742111Campobasso431Naples38151042223Benevento2110421211Bari231073111Lecce1894212Potenza8431Catanzaro261273112Catania2912733121Palermo29127321211Cagliari188421111Aosta Valley11Trieste321Total63026016687393327864 Senate of the Republic File:Italian Senate 1963.svg Christian Democracy 10017975 129 +6 Italian Communist Party 6933310 84 +25 Italian Socialist Party 3849495 44 +9 Italian Liberal Party 2043323 18 +14 Italian Democratic Socialist Party 1743870 14 +9 Italian Social Movement 1458917 14 +6 Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity 429412 2 −5 Italian Republican Party 223350 0 0 MSI – PDIUM 212381 1 +1 DC – PRI 199805 4 0 South Tyrolean People's Party 112023 2 0 Concentration of Rural Unity 58064 0 New darkgreen Social Christian Autonomist Party 43355 1 New orange Sardinian Action Party 34954 0 0 Valdostan Union 29510 1 +1 Right-wing independents 24772 0 New Catholic independents 22578 1 +1 lightblue Left-wing independents 15224 0 –1 #DC142F Social Christian Sicilian Union 13187 0 New Combatant Peasants 3797 0 New 2273406 +69 31019233 Ministry of the Interior Popular vote #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 36.47 PCI Italian Communist Party 25.24 PSI Italian Socialist Party 14.01 PLI Italian Liberal Party 7.44 PSDI Italian Democratic Socialist Party 6.35 MSI Italian Social Movement 5.31 PDIUM Monarchist National Party 1.56 Others Other 3.62 Seats #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 40.95 PCI Italian Communist Party 26.67 PSI Italian Socialist Party 13.97 PLI Italian Liberal Party 5.71 PSDI Italian Democratic Socialist Party 4.44 MSI Italian Social Movement 4.44 PDIUM Monarchist National Party 0.63 Others Other 3.17 Results by constituency ConstituencyTotalseatsSeats wonDCPCIPSIPLIPSDIMSIPDIUMOthersPiedmont2496432Aosta Valley11Lombardy4519108431Trentino-Alto Adige7412Veneto23143411Friuli-Venezia Giulia74111Liguria1143211Emilia-Romagna223103114Tuscany20683111Umbria7331Marche8431Lazio24873213Abruzzo and Molise95211Campania29118321211Apulia21106212Basilicata7421Calabria125421Sicily29116331311Sardinia95211Total3151298444181414210 References External links Italian Interior Ministry, Historical Archive of Elections it 1963 General election Category:April 1963 in Europe