119th Field Artillery Regiment

American Field Artillery Regiment October 2024 July 2020 119th Field Artillery Regiment 119FARegtCOA.jpg 80 Coat of arms 6 November 1911–present United States Michigan Michigan National Guard Field artillery Indirect and counter—battery fire Over 200 272nd Regional Support Group, Michigan National Guard Lansing, Michigan Headquarters Red Lions Viam Praeparamus (We Prepare the Way) Scarlett and Yellow Regiment colors M777 howitzer Artillery Weapons World War I World War II Croix de Guerre with silver star Croix de Guerre with palm (HHQ Battery only) Meritorious Unit Commendation World War I Aisne–Marne 1918 Oise–Aisne 1918 Meuse–Argonne 1918 World War II Normandy 1944 Northern France 1944 Rhineland 1944–1945 Ardennes-Alsace 1944–1945 Central Europe 1945 Campaign streamers 80px Distinctive unit insignia thumb|upright=1.35|alt=caption|Battery B, 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery, fire howitzers at the start of the pass in review of troops and memorial ceremony at Camp Grayling U.S. Field Artillery Regiments 118th Field Artillery 120th Field Artillery The 119th Field Artillery Regiment (119th FA), nicknamed the "Red Lions", is a Parent Field Artillery Regiment of the United States Army Regimental System (USARS) in the Michigan Army National Guard.McKenney 2010 1095 The headquarters of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment is in Lansing, Michigan, and its principal training ground is at Camp Grayling, Michigan, the largest National Guard training center in the country.Michigan National Guard 2019 The Headquarters Battery of the current 119th Field Artillery Regiment can trace its history back to the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, during the American Civil War.McKenney 2010 1096 The history of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment as an entire regiment began on 6 November 1911 when it was organized as the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery in the Michigan National Guard.McKenney 2010 1094 The 119th Field Artillery Regiment saw its first action in battle when it was deployed to the Lorraine Region of France in 1918 during the First World War.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 121 The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was in combat for five months and supported seven American infantry divisions, the 3rd, 26th, 28th, 32nd, 77th, 79th, and the 89th and also executed a fire support mission for the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was involved in several major offensives during World War I. General Charles Mangin, commander of the French Tenth Army, awarded the 119th Field Artillery Regiment with the Croix de Guerre with a silver star for their distinguished service in battle during the Aisne–Marne and Oise–Aisne campaigns.DMVA (World War One) 2019McKenney 2010 1096 The Headquarters Battery was awarded an additional Croix de Guerre with Palm, the highest order to be awarded during World War I.McKenney 2010 1096 The 119th Field Artillery Regiment also participated in the final Meuse–Argonne offensive that drove the German Army to defeat.McKenney 2010 1096 After World War I, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was called upon to help maintain the peace during the 1936 Auto Workers strike in Flint, Michigan.Clay 2010b 810 When the Allies invaded Normandy during World War II, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment landed in France shortly thereafter and was involved through to the end of the war.Stanton 2006 355 In 1967, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was called upon to help maintain law and order in Detroit, Michigan during the riots of 1967.McKenney 2010 1095DMVA (Detroit) 2019 After the 11 September attacks, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was thrust into the role of security as they assisted in searching trucks crossing the Canada–United States border in Detroit and Port Huron, Michigan.Heaton 2019Shea 2003 When the United States Army was short military police units as a result of the war on terror, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was deployed to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base for eleven months to provide security at Camp Delta.Heaton 2019 The 119th Field Artillery provided a 21-gun salute at the state funeral for former President Gerald Ford.Heaton 2019 Early lineage The lineage of the current day 119th Field Artillery Regiment traces back to 6 November 1911. On that day, existing Michigan National Guard units were reorganized into the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery.McKenney 2010 1094 Mexican Expedition Mexican Expedition On 9 March 1916, Mexican revolutionary General Francisco "Pancho" Villa led a force of five hundred men and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing several American soldiers and civilians.Katz 1978 101 A week later, Brigadier General John J. Pershing, on orders from President Woodrow Wilson, assembled an expeditionary force of several thousand men to pursue Pancho Villa who had since retreated into Mexico.Yockelson, Mitchell 1997aU.S. Department of State 2009 Less than three months later on 3 June 1916, the United States Congress passed the National Defense Act which gave the President of the United States the power to federalize and mobilize the various State National Guard units in the event of a war.Addington 1995 399–400 Mexican bandits were still conducting cross border raids killing American soldiers and civilians. On 15 June 1916, one such cross border raid into San Ygnacio, Texas resulted in the deaths of four American soldiers. In response, President Woodrow Wilson federalized 110,000 National Guard soldiers on 19 June 1916 and ordered them to the Mexico–United States border.Yockelson, Mitchell 1997b Batteries A and B of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery were mustered into federal service on 19 June 1916, for the first time. The rest of the units of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery were disbanded.McKenney 2010 1094 The 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was sent to Camp Grayling, Michigan and then on to El Paso, Texas to patrol the United States-Mexico border. Service on the border was uneventful, consisting mainly of guard duty, drill instructions, and marches.DMVA (Mexican Border Duty) 2019 Neither Battery A or B of the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery set foot in Mexico during what is known today as the Mexican Expedition.Yockelson, Mitchell 1997b Brigadier General Pershing's troops were unsuccessful in catching Pancho Villa and the focus of the expeditionary force changed from actively seeking out Pancho Villa to a defensive position of protecting the troops from the forces supporting Mexican President Venustiano Carranza.Yockelson, Mitchell 1997b American President Wilson and Mexican President Carranza agreed to establish a Joint High Commission to ease the tensions between the countries. The commission met at New London, Connecticut on 6 September 1916. The talks that resulted from these meetings eased the tensions sufficiently and the expeditionary force prepared for withdrawal and re-crossed the international border back into the United States on 5 February 1917.U.S. Department of State 2009 When hostilities ended, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery returned to Michigan and were mustered out of federal service on 23 March 1917.McKenney 2010 1094 World War I World War I The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, and the United States Congress passed the Selective Service Act on 18 May of that year to allow the United States to raise an army through the draft.History (American) 2010Davis Robert T. https://books.google.com/books?id=gsM1JiXAMJEC&pg=PA45 U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century 2010 ABC-CLIO 978-0-313-38385-4 45 en The 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was officially reorganized as part of the Michigan National Guard on 26 June 1917 with its headquarters federally recognized at Lansing, Michigan on 5 July 1917.McKenney 2010 1094 thumb|215px|alt=caption|Postcard from Virgil Cross of the 119th Field Artillery during training at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas, 1917 The National Guard of Michigan and Wisconsin were called into federal service on 15 July 1917. The United States War Department designated the National Guard troops of Michigan and Wisconsin to form the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 July 1917 with Camp MacArthur in Waco, Texas selected as the location for the training.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 179 Shortly thereafter, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917.McKenney 2010 1094Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 179 On 25 August 1917, the 57th Field Artillery Brigade was organized. On 23 September 1917, the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was reorganized as the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery as part of the newly formed 57th Field Artillery Brigade.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 179 The 119th Field Artillery absorbed the Headquarters and Supply companies of the 31st Michigan Infantry.DMVA (World War One) 2019 Most of the new personnel for the 119th Field Artillery came from the 1st Battalion Field Artillery and 1st Squadron Cavalry of the 31st Michigan Infantry.Bangor Public Library 1941 51 Colonel Chester B. McCormick was appointed as the first commander of the 119th Field Artillery on 22 September 1917 and systematic training began a week later on 29 September.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 179Clay 2010b 810 The 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery relocated to Camp Merritt, New Jersey on 2 January 1918.Center of Military History (Directory of Troops) 1988 1248Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 179 From Camp Merritt, the troops marched for over an hour to Alpine Landing and then took a two-hour ferry boat ride to the port of Hoboken, New Jersey for embarkation to the European continent.Huston 1966 347 The 119th Field Artillery set sail on 26 February 1918 and arrived at Liverpool, England on 6 March 1918. After a short stay in a rest camp, the 119th Field Artillery proceeded to Le Havre, France with the 5th Infantry Division to complete their transatlantic journey.Center of Military History (Directory of Troops) 1988 1248Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 179DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 The 119th Field Artillery detached from the 32nd Infantry Division and arrived at the French artillery school at Camp Coetquidan on 13 March 1918, to master the technique of field artillery.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 177DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 The 119th Field Artillery remained at Camp Coetquidan until 3 June 1918.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 177 After leaving Camp Coetquidan, the 119th Field Artillery was sent to join the 26th Infantry Division in the Toul-Boucq Sector.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 181 The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery fired their first salvo in World War I on 11 June 1918.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 Five days later, at 3:20 on 16 June 1918 near the village of Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the 119th Field Artillery opened fire on about 400 to 500 German troops who attempted to enter the village from the west and southwest.Center of Military History (Training) 1989 631–632 Despite suffering their first casualties of the war, the 119th Field Artillery rendered very valuable service with their fire and helped prevent the Germans from entering the village.Center of Military History (Training) 1989 631–632DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 On 25 June 1918, the 119th Field Artillery rejoined the 32nd Infantry Division in the Alsace region of France near the villages of Largitzen and Aspach-le-Haut.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 181 & 183 On 22 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery, as a part of the 32nd Infantry Division was absorbed into General Charles Mangin's French Tenth Army.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 287 Beginning on 22 July 1918, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery, with new horses and inexperienced drivers, were forced to march over 360 kilometers (224 miles)Used Google Maps to calculate walking distance between Largitzen and Chateau Thierry for five days from the Alsace region to just west of the town of Chateau Thierry.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 Due to the shortage of artillery harnesses, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery were compelled to drag 16 American caissons loaded with ammunition the entire distance. In order to save the horses, all the soldiers except the drivers walked and carried a full pack for which they had no previous training.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 On 27 July 1918 the 119th Field Artillery arrived near the town of Pont-Sainte-Maxence and the village of Bethisy-Saint-Martin and then proceeded to move towards Chateau-Thierry, and then into the Foret de Fere (Fere Forest) near the village of Jaulgonne.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 183 Aisne–Marne counter-offensive Second Battle of the Marne thumb|left|215px|alt=caption|The 119th Field Artillery Regiment used the French Canon de 75 modèle 1897 during World War I. Here the cannon is being fired by soldiers of the 6th Field Artillery. On the evening of 29 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery arrived in the Picardy region of France, west of Chateau-Thierry, as part of the 32nd Infantry Division which relieved the American 3rd Infantry Division on the front line which stretched from Roncheres to Fere-en-Tardenois.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 640 This was the beginning of the Aisne–Marne counter-offensive also known as the Second Battle of the Marne. At 14:10 on 30 July 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced a full barrage of fire directed at the Bois de Grimpettes (Grimpettes Woods) just south of the village of Cierges.Buchanan 2017 4Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 642 Twenty minutes later, at 14:30, the 119th Field Artillery switched to a creeping barrage to allow infantry units from the 32nd Infantry Division to follow close behind the line of artillery fire. Artillery fire continued throughout the day and into the night.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 642 On 31 July 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division stormed and captured Cierges and a ridge one kilometer (5/8-mile) east of the village of Sergy with the support of continuous fire from the 119th Field Artillery.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 30Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 643–645Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 183 After hard fighting, the 32nd Infantry Division advanced a mile, broke into two important positions in the new German line of resistance, and captured them.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 31 Reddy Farm and Hill 230 were both captured on 1 August 1918, with the support of very active fire from the 119th Field Artillery.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 650 Rapid advancements were made on 2 and 3 August. By 10:30 on 3 August 1918, the leading elements of the 32nd Infantry Division had advanced to one-half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) southwest of the village of Saint-Gilles where they captured Resson Farm.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 651 In just a matter of two days the 32nd Infantry Division had advanced from Reddy Farm and captured the villages of Villome and Dravegny, arriving on the outskirts of Saint-Gilles with active fire from the 119th Field Artillery.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 652 On the evening of 3 August 1918, advance elements of the 32nd Infantry Division attempted to cross the Vesle River but the attempt failed due to artillery fire from two 77's and strong machine-gun fire from the German troops on the opposite bank of the river.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 653–655 On 4 August 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division entered the town of Fismes, on the south bank of the Vesle River but did not fully occupy and capture Fismes until 6 August 1918.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 655Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 183 The 119th Field Artillery pounded the north bank of the Vesle River from 3 August 1918 through 6 August 1918 in an attempt to help the 32nd Infantry Division construct bridges to cross the river; however the German machine-gun and artillery fire was too strong to allow American troops to approach the river without sustaining heavy casualties.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 5) 1989 657 Despite having several artillery pieces destroyed by German counter-battery fire, the 119th Field Artillery had helped the 32nd Infantry Division drive the Germans back negating the gains they had made during their Spring Offensive.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019DMVA (World War One) 2019 The 32nd Infantry Division had marched 19 kilometers (11.875 miles) in just over seven days, capturing significant territory. The Germans were finally able to hold their ground and stop the allied advance on 6 August 1918 bringing an end to the Aisne–Marne counter-offensive.DMVA (World War One) 2019 Oise–Aisne offensive thumb|215px|alt=caption|Canon de 75 modèle 1897 of Battery E, 119th Field Artillery Regiment during shelling of the village of Fismettes. By 7 August 1918, the 28th Infantry Division occupied the town of Fismes, relieving the 32nd Infantry Division but the 119th Field Artillery remained in place to assist the 28th Infantry Division in further advances.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 183Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185 Over the next two days, the 119th Field Artillery continued to pound the village of Fismettes which is directly across the Vesle River from the town of Fismes. This allowed the 28th Infantry Division to send four companies across the Vesle River on 8 August 1918 to establish bridgeheads on the north bank and occupy the southern and eastern parts of Fismettes.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 107 & 116 During the early morning of 9 August 1918, the 28th Infantry Division advanced one battalion across the Vesle River and captured Fismette establishing outposts occupying the heights to the north of the village. The 119th Field Artillery used well-placed barrages to repulse two counterattacks by the Germans at 16:00 and at 22:45.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 108 On 10 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced box barrages to prevent the Germans from escaping the plateau between the Vesle and Aisne Rivers.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 118 The 28th Infantry Division sent out small aggressive patrols under the cover of the artillery barrages to feel out the German line and to allow for broadening of the bridgeheads.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 108 & 118–119 Patrols continued to be sent out through 12 August 1918, supported by artillery fire from the 119th Field Artillery to determine if the Germans held the north bank of the Vesle River in force.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 108–109Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185 On 13 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery came under the command of the 77th Infantry Division and remained in place directing artillery fire along the north bank of the Vesle River.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185 By 15 August 1918, the patrols all reported that the north bank of the Vesle was held in sufficient force by the Germans to require a major operation.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 110 That operation would be known as the Oise–Aisne offensive. On 21 August 1918, the 119th Field artillery, directed advance fire, assisting in the capture of the village of Tannerie by a company from the 77th Infantry Division .Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 173 The 32nd Infantry Division was personally selected by General Charles Mangin to assist the French Tenth Army in a flank attack on the German front lines and on the evening of 24 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was billeted in the town of Neuilly-Saint-Front on their way to rejoin the 32nd Infantry Division.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 146–147DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment marched 140 kilometers (87 miles) over four days and by 28 August 1918, had rejoined the 32nd Infantry Division in the front line west of the village of Juvigny.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 On 27 August 1918, orders were received to immediately commence destructive artillery fire on the wire entanglements, trenches and important points of the German lines, up to the limits of the range of the heavy artillery. The 119th Field Artillery was ordered to harass the Germans day and night with both continued and irregular artillery fire to disorganize their defenses in preparation for forthcoming attacks. The artillery fire was to continue through the evening of 28 August 1918 and not allow the Germans any respite, disrupting communications all along the front and rear lines and as deep into German territory as the artillery would allow.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 148 On 28 August 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division attacked and by 29 August, it had advanced to within one kilometer (5/8-mile) of Juvigny.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185 thumb|215px|left|alt=caption|Guidon of Battery C, 119th Field Artillery Regiment from World War I During the evening of 29 August 1918, the Germans pulled their troops back from their left flank. In response, orders were sent on 30 August 1918, to the 32nd Infantry Division to attack and capture the village of Juvigny. The 119th Field Artillery was directed to concentrate its artillery fire east of Juvigny.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 154–155 Even with their fallback, the Germans had left several strongly fortified outposts along the line and the village of Juvigny was strongly held by the Germans. The 32nd Infantry Division quickly overcame the German's advance posts but was slowed down by well-placed German machine guns near the village of Juvigny. The Germans attempted a counterattack but were foiled by a two-pronged attack from the west and the south by the 32nd Infantry Division. By nightfall, the Americans had captured the village of Juvigny and had breached the German front lines between two German army corps. The capture of Juvigny by the American 32nd Infantry Division contributed greatly to the success of attacks the next day by other elements of the French XXX Corps.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 38 Commander Colonel Chester McCormick, commander of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment, wrote the following in a letter to his soldiers in recounting the battle near Juvingy. "I consider the selection and occupation of position in and about Juvigny on the night of September 2nd, one of the most noteworthy features of our career as without any daylight reconnaissance, the battalions moved out into the unknown country after dark and were in position serving their guns near the village of Juvigny before daylight."DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 Due to the rapid advance of the 32nd Infantry Division during the night of 30 August 1918, they were tasked with capturing a ridge 300 meters (984 feet) east of the village of Terny-Sorny. On 31 August 1918, the 119th Field Artillery bombarded the Germans for four hours, from 12:00 to 16:00, in preparation for a resumed attack by the 32nd Infantry Division.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 157 A rolling artillery barrage commenced at 15:55 and at 16:00 the 32nd Infantry Division began its advance eastward from Juvigny. The Germans put up stiff resistance at Beaumont Farm and shelled the Americans left flank with mortars.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 160 The Americans continued to drive through the German lines and captured the Bethancourt-Terny Road.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 38 By 18:45 the lead troops of the 32nd Infantry Division had entered the village of Terny-Sorny and by 21:30 the ridge to the east of the village had been taken.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 160 The aggressive tactics by the 32nd Infantry Division, and its units, allowed it to capture the plateau around the village of Terny where the Allies could concentrate fire on the village of Laffaux. If the Allies were able to capture Laffaux, the Germans would be forced to abandon the line along the Vesle River.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 38 During the evening of 1 September 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division was relieved from the front line by the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division and the French 66th Infantry Division.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 164 On 2 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was placed under the command of the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division through 6 September 1918 to assist their advance towards the village of Vauxaillon and then onwards towards a hill east of the village of Quincy-Basse.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 42 & 163 The officers and enlisted men of the 119th Field Artillery gained the respect of The French Artillery Commander of the 1st Moroccan Division due to the prevalence of their determined spirit despite the challenge of the battle. On 6 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was relieved from the front lines for much-needed rest and reequipping.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 On 7 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery completed movement to the rear at the village of Chelles and was held in reserve for the French Tenth Army.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 6) 1990 168 This was the end of their involvement in the Oise–Aisne offensive.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 38 On 9 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery moved with the 32nd Infantry Division to the vicinity of the town of Joinville for training.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185 200 Left: Croix de guerre with a silver star. Right: Croix de guerre with a silver star and bronze palm. Military decorations Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France) The 32nd Infantry Division was under the control of the French Tenth Army almost since they had arrived in France. The commander of the French Tenth Army, General Charles Mangin, awarded all four infantry regiments, all three artillery regiments and all three machine gun battalions of the 32nd Infantry Division with a Croix de Guerre for distinguishing themselves in battle.DMVA (World War One) 2019 In recognition of their military successes during the Aisne–Marne and Oise–Aisne offensives, the 119th Field Artillery was awarded the Croix de Guerre with a silver star. The streamer is embroidered "AISNE–MARNE and OISE–AISNE". The Headquarters Battery of the 119th Field Artillery was awarded an extra Croix de Guerre with Palm (two orders of precedence higher than Croix de Guerre with a silver star) for their exceptional planning during the Oise–Aisne offensive. The streamer is embroidered "OISE–AISNE".McKenney 2010 1096 Meuse–Argonne offensive Meuse–Argonne offensive In preparation of the Meuse–Argonne offensive, (one part of a massive campaign known as the Hundred Days Offensive) and under orders from General John Pershing, commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, all movement of troops were to be performed with the utmost secrecy under the cover of darkness without lights.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 45Jessiekratz 2017 On 16 September 1918, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery began a seven-night march through the mud and rain from the town of Joinville to the vicinity of the village of Avocourt to join the 79th Infantry Division.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 185 & 323DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 The long marches were a severe test on the morale of the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery and by the time they arrived near Avocourt on 24 September 1918, the horses towing the artillery were weak and exhausted.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 General Petain, the État-major des armées, (Chief of the Defence Staff) ordered the Meuse–Argonne offensive would commence on 26 September 1918.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 46 The place in the front line where the 79th Infantry Division was set to make its attack was in the same area where a half million soldiers from the French and German Armies had perished in the Battle of Verdun in 1916.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 At 23:30, on 25 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery commenced harassing and interdiction fire at the German front lines.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 185 At 2:30, on 26 September 1918, the 119th Field Artillery participated in a three-hour artillery barrage of German positions in preparation for the initial infantry assault.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 186 At 5:30, under the protection of a rolling barrage from the 119th Field Artillery, the 79th Infantry Division attacked and advanced toward the village of Montfaucon.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 323Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 185 The advance of the 79th Infantry Division was hindered by machine-gun fire during the entire afternoon stalling their advance. The resistance by the Germans in the vicinity of Montfaucon was so deadly that the 79th Infantry Division had to wait for the 119th Field Artillery before they could advance further. The guns of the 119th Field Artillery were delayed in advancing due to the poor conditions of the roads over an area that used to be "No Man's Land" and the congestion on those roads that could be utilized.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 169DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 By the end of the day the 79th Infantry Division had captured the villages of Haucourt and Malancourt and reached a line one—half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) north of Malancourt and along the northeastern edge of the Bois de Cuisy (Cuisy Woods).Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 323 On 27 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division was eventually able to capture Montfaucon and establish a line one-half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) northwest of the village. On 28 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division advanced further and captured the village of Nantillois.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 323 The advance of the 119th Field Artillery continued with the forward movement of the 79th Infantry Division but the hauling of the artillery and supplies was hampered again by the conditions of the roads.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 174 On 29 September 1918, the 79th Infantry Division resumed the attack but was finally forced into a defensive position along a ridge 300 m northwest of the village of Nantillois.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 323 Commander Colonel Chester McCormick wrote the following in his letter to his soldiers in regards to the start of the Meuse–Argonne offensive. "Here the batteries suffered one of the most trying ordeals of their experience in the war. Occupying what [was an] impossible position in the face of terrible destructive fire of the enemy with its toll of death, you, without flinching, again demonstrated, as on the Marne, that indomitable dogged spirit of true artillery and stuck to your guns."DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 On 30 September 1918, the 119th Division was transferred to the command of the 3rd Infantry Division while they waited for their own artillery due to the conditions of the roads.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 177Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 152 Orders from the American First Army Headquarters instructed all artillery batteries to use Number 5 Shell (a lethal gas mixture of phosgene and smoke) west of the Meuse River on favorable targets and under favorable weather.Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 192 The 3rd Infantry Division attacked on 4 October 1918 and advanced one kilometer (5/8-mile) along the entire front, supported by rolling barrages from the 119th Field artillery.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 55Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 192 On 6 October 1918, the artillery for the 3rd Infantry Division finally arrived and the 119th Field Artillery was transferred back to the sector of the 32nd Infantry Division.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 187 With assistance from the 119th Field Artillery, the 32nd Infantry Division was able to smash its way forward and break through the 8 miles deep Hindenburg Line which had resisted numerous Allied breakthrough attempts ever since the Battle of Arras in April 1917.Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2019DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 Beginning on 9 October 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division advanced north and captured the villages of Gesnes, Cote Dame Marie, Romagne-sous-Montfaucon and Bantheville.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 187 By 19 October 1918, the 32nd Infantry Division advanced their line one—half kilometer (just over 1/4-mile) north of Romagne-sous-Montfaucon completing the breakthrough of the Hindenburg Line.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 187 On 20 October 1918, the 89th Infantry Division relieved the 32nd Infantry Division from the front line.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 407 The 119th Field Artillery stayed in place to support the 89th Infantry Division. On 20 October 1918, the 89th Infantry Division cleared the enemy from the woods around the village of Bantheville despite a fierce resistance by the Germans and established a defensive line along the northern and western edges of the woods.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 407 The 89th Infantry Division spent several days consolidating their position and did not attack again until 1 November 1918.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 407 On that day, the 119th Field Artillery launched one of the best organized and most dominant artillery attacks delivered on the western front assisting the 89th Infantry Division in smashing through the German defenses gaining 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) of territory, cutting German communications into Belgium and breaking the backbone of the German resistance.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 Over the next several days, the 89th Infantry Division advanced rapidly and captured the villages of Remonville, Barricourt, Tailly, Nouart, Beauclair, and Beaufort-en-Argonne.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 407 On 3 November 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was relieved from the front lines to rejoin the 32nd Infantry Division for some much-needed rest, recuperation and re-equipping.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 177 & 189 After five months of near-continuous fighting, the 119th Field Artillery had assisted in smashing the way for seven American infantry divisions, the French Tenth Army and the 1st Moroccan Infantry Division, recovering a total of 70 kilometers (43 miles) of French territory. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery were tired and worn mentally from the exposure and exhaustion; however, their regiment had been finally rendered immobile from the loss of horses. Of the 1,459 horses the 119th Field Artillery received during the war, only 327 survived with the rest either being killed, wounded or lost from all causes.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 An 11:00 on 11 November 1918, the armistice that ended World War I went into effect.Center of Military History (Expeditionary Forces) 1988 52 Commander Colonel McCormick's letter to his soldiers concluded with the following poignant message. "You may well feel proud of the distinguished service you have rendered. The record of the regiment stands out brilliantly, equaled by few, if any. Although our casualties have been heavy as compared with other regiments of artillery, considering the hazardous service rendered I consider we have been extremely fortunate but more so to good discipline and judgment of both officers and men. The missions entrusted to you have been ably performed with a spirit of cheerfulness and steadfast self-sacrifice and devotion to duty, serving under conditions of extreme hardship and danger, you have acquitted yourselves in a highly gratifying and satisfactory manner. During the long marches covering over one thousand kilometers, and periods of exposure and hunger, you have accepted all as a matter of duty, even to your conduct and behavior in the rear areas after the armistice where the mental stress was worse than front line combat, you seemed always imbued with that indomitable spirit of "Let's Go."DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 Let us pause in reverence to our immortal dead who by their courageous sacrifice have permitted us to return victorious in honor. May their souls rest in peace. It has indeed been an honor to command you. I thank you for your loyal support and congratulate you upon your success."DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 Interwar Period 1919–1941 thumb|215px|alt=caption|Members of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment march in a parade through downtown Detroit after returning from France in 1919. After the armistice went into effect, the 119th Field artillery was transferred to the 40th Infantry Division on 15 November 1918 and relocated to the village of Revigny where a regional replacement depot had been established.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 191 & 259 On 23 November 1918, the 119th Field Artillery was relieved from assignment to the 40th Infantry Division and fell under the direct control of the First Army where they were granted a two-day respite to enjoy the Christmas holiday.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 191 On the evening of 25 December 1918, the 119th Field Artillery made its way to the village of Gondrecourt for training and was transferred to the authority of the 88th Infantry Division through 8 April 1919.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 191 & 397 The 119th Field Artillery made a ten-day journey to the port city of Brest to rejoin the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 April 1919 in preparation for their return to the United States.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 191 On 25 April 1919, the 119th Field Artillery boarded the S.S. Frederick for their return home where they arrived at the New York Port of Embarkation on 3 May 1919.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 191Clay 2010b 810 On 16 May 1919, the 119th Field Artillery was demobilized at Camp Custer, Michigan.Clay 2010b 810 Commander Colonel McCormick named many terrain features at Camp Grayling after French locations where the 119th Field Artillery were in combat. Some of the named locations are: Red Arrow Hill, Juvigny Hill, and the Cote Dame Marie hill range.DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 The 119th Field Artillery's proud record of achievements during World War I led the Army to decide that their namesake could not be allowed to pass into history and must be carried on.Bangor Public Library 1941 51 So in 1921, the 119th Field Artillery was reconstituted in the National Guard and allotted to the state of Michigan. Sometime in June 1921, the 119th Field Artillery was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division. On 22 June 1921, the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery was organized and federally recognized at Lansing, Michigan. On 12 October 1921, the 2nd Battalion, 119th Field Artillery was organized and federally recognized at Jackson, Michigan. The regimental headquarters unit was organized and federally recognized on 10 February 1922 at Lansing, Michigan and Colonel Joseph H. Lewis was selected to be the next commander of the 119th Field Artillery. On 1 August 1933, the 119th Field Artillery was converted from horse-drawn to truck-drawn artillery.Clay 2010b 810 The 119th Field Artillery conducted annual summer training most years at Camp Grayling, Michigan. However, some years, annual summer training was conducted at Camp Custer, Michigan. The 119th Field Artillery conducted joint summer training at Camp Grayling, Michigan with the 329th Field ArtilleryThe 329th Field Artillery is currently inactive in the United States Army Reserves as the 329th Field Artillery Battalion in 1928, 1932 and 1937 and with the 328th Field ArtilleryThe 328th Field Artillery was disbanded 1 June 1959 as the 328th Field Artillery Battalion in 1929 and 1936.Clay 2010b 810, 857 & 858 The 119th Field Artillery participated in Second Army Maneuvers held out of Camp Custer, Michigan from 8 to 22 August 1936.Clay 2010c 2731 thumb|215px|left|alt=caption|Michigan Army National Guard soldiers stop a car and question its driver outside of the entrance to the Fisher Body plant during the Auto Workers Strike in Flint, Michigan. Auto workers strike – Flint Michigan Flint sit-down strike On 30 December 1936, the automobile workers of the General Motors Fisher Number One Plant in Flint, Michigan sat down on the job. The union workers were tired of reductions in pay, jobs, increased workloads, and harassment. The workers refused to work or leave the Fisher One and Two plants, and later on the Chevrolet Number 4 plant as well. General Motors attempted to expel the workers by shutting off the heat and electricity to the plants and preventing food deliveries. Violent clashes erupted between the striking workers, General Motors "enforcers", and the police.Teller 2010 In response, Michigan Governor, Frank Murphy, called up the Michigan Army National Guard to keep the peace outside the plant.Teller 2010 Elements of the 119th Field Artillery were called up on 13 January 1936 to perform riot control duty in Flint, Michigan.Clay 2010b 810 On 11 February 1937, General Motors reached a temporary agreement with the United Auto Workers and ended the most famous labor strike in American history.Teller 2010 Five days later on 16 February 1937, the 119th Field Artillery were recalled after calm had been restored in Flint, Michigan.Clay 2010b 810 Governor, Frank Murphy commended the 119th Field Artillery and the rest of the Michigan National Guard, especially the officers, for their skill with which they conducted themselves and the manner in which they handled matters.DMVA (Flint) 2019thumb|super|215px|alt=caption|A M114 155mm howitzer used during training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri in 1941 Colonel Glenn W. Carey was appointed the next commander of the 119th Field Artillery in January 1939.Clay 2010b 810 The 119th Field Artillery participated in Second Army Maneuvers held out of Camp McCoy, Wisconsin from 4 to 27 August 1940.Clay 2010c 2738 The 119th Field Artillery was relieved from their assignment to the 57th Field Artillery Brigade, 32nd Infantry Division on 18 September 1940 and reassigned to the 72nd Field Artillery Brigade which was directly attached to the V Corps without being attached to an Infantry Division.Clay 2010b 725 & 810Bangor Public Library 1941 134 During this reorganization the 119th Field Artillery added a third battalion when the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, Third Battalion, was organized.Bangor Public Library 1941 51 On 11 October 1940, the 119th Field Artillery changed their armament from 75-mm guns to 155-mm guns.Clay 2010b 810 The 119th Field Artillery was inducted into federal service on 7 April 1941 at Lansing, Michigan and was moved to Fort Knox, Kentucky, where it arrived on 17 April 1941. The 119th Field Artillery was then transferred to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 2 June 1941.Clay 2010b 810 The 119th Field Artillery participated in joint maneuvers with the Second Army and VII Corps out of Camp Robinson, Arkansas from 11 to 30 August 1941.Clay 2010c 2740 World War II World War II thumb|left|215px|alt=caption|The 119th Field Artillery Regiment used the M1A1 155mm gun during World War II. Nicknamed the "Long Tom", this gun fired a 127-pound shell to a range of 13.2 miles (21.2 km). The United States declared war on Germany on 11 December 1941 four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and on the same day that Germany declared war on the United States.Nicholls Anthony James https://books.google.com/books?id=N7ywCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 Semblance of Peace 1974-06-18 Springer 978-1-349-02240-3 345–346 enRenstrom Peter G. https://books.google.com/books?id=9g-ZfWRioTcC&pg=PA3 The Stone Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy 2001 ABC-CLIO 978-1-57607-153-3 3 en Colonel Lloyd M. Hanna was appointed the new commander of the 119th Field Artillery on 16 February 1942.Clay 2010b 810 In 1943, the United States Army decided to restructure the non-divisional field artillery to increase their flexibility and response times during combat.McKenney 2007 169–180 The 119th Field Artillery had been a non-divisional field artillery unit since they were separated from the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 September 1940. The regiment was broken up on 8 February 1943, and its elements were reorganized and redesignated. The old Headquarters and Headquarters Battery was renamed to Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 119th Field Artillery Group. The 1st Battalion was renamed the 978th Field Artillery Battalion. The 2nd Battalion was renamed the 979th Field Artillery Battalion.McKenney 2010 1095 thumb|215px|alt=caption|A 155mm shell used in WWII with inscription. The 119th Field Artillery Group was transferred to Camp Young, California on 23 August 1943 for training. Prior to overseas deployment, the 119th Field Artillery Group moved to Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts on 5 February 1944 for staging until they departed from the Boston Port of Embarkation on 27 February 1944. The 119th Field Artillery Group arrived in England on 8 March 1944 where they waited for the invasion of Normandy to begin.Stanton 2006 355 Once the allies had established a safe and secure beachhead to allow for heavy artillery to come ashore, the 119th Field Artillery Group landed in France on 26 June 1944 where they participated in the Normandy and Northern France Campaigns. The 119th Field Artillery Group crossed into Belgium on 8 September 1944 and then into the Netherlands five days later on 13 September 1944. The 119th Field Artillery Group participated in the Rhineland Campaign and entered Germany on 14 October 1944. As the war progressed the 119th Field Artillery Group also participated in Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe Campaigns.Stanton 2006 355 From 5 April 1945 to 7 April 1945, the 119th Field Artillery Group was very briefly attached to the 95th Infantry Division where it helped in capturing the city of Hamm and the town of Kamen in Germany.Office of the Theater Historian 1945United States Army 1950 On 7 May 1945, General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff for the German Armed Forces High Command, signed an unconditional surrender document that ordered all German troops to surrender on 8 May 1945 bringing an end to World War II on the European Western Front.German High Command and Allied Forces 1945 Post World War II In August 1945, the 119th Field Artillery Group was stationed in the town of Ortenberg, Germany. The 119th Field Artillery Group arrived back in the United States on 16 November 1945 at the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation.Stanton 2006 355 The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 119th Field Artillery Group was inactivated on the same day at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia. The 978th Field Artillery Battalion had arrived back in the United States ahead of the 119th Field Artillery Group at the Boston Port of Embarkation and was inactivated on 30 October 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. The two inactivated units were consolidated, reorganized and federally recognized on 15 December 1946 as the 119th Field Artillery Battalion with headquarters at Lansing, Michigan. The newly consolidated 119th Field Artillery Battalion was assigned to the 46th Infantry Division.McKenney 2010 1095 The 979th Field Artillery Battalion had also arrived back in the United States ahead of the 119th Field Artillery Group at the New York Port of Embarkation and was inactivated on 29 October 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. An unrelated unit, the 943rd Field Artillery Battalion was inactivated on 28 November 1945 at Camp Shanks, New York. These two inactivated units were consolidated, reorganized, and federally recognized on 6 December 1946 as the 943rd Field Artillery Battalion with headquarters at Jackson, Michigan, and assigned to the 46th Infantry Division.McKenney 2010 1095 Combat Arms Regimental System U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System In the late 1950s, the United States Army was concerned about maintaining the continuity of distinguished combat units without restricting future organizational trends. Over the course of two world wars, the United States Army had broken up, reorganized, consolidated, or disbanded many units and many more new units were created while organizations with long combat records remained inactive. As a result, soldiers often served in units with little or no history. In order to preserve the history of distinguished combat units, Secretary of the Army, Wilber M. Brucker approved the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) on 24 January 1957.McKenney 2007 254–257 In accordance with CARS, the 119th Field Artillery Battalion and the 943rd Field Artillery Battalion were consolidated on 15 March 1959 to form the 119th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. The new 119th Artillery consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Howitzer Battalions which remained elements of the 46th Infantry Division.McKenney 2010 1095 The Combat Arms Regimental System called for each artillery regiment to be assigned a headquarters at a permanent location to maintain the regimental history, traditions, and records while also displaying the regimental colors, trophies, and other properties of the regiment. However, the organization of regimental headquarters under CARS was suspended indefinitely, and each regimental headquarters remained at zero strength under the control of the Department of the Army. Pending the establishment of regimental headquarters in the future, the lowest-numbered or lettered active element in each regiment was to retain custody of the regimental colors and properties.McKenney 2007 254–257 Therefore, this duty fell to the 1st Howitzer Battalion of the new 119th Artillery and they maintained custody of the regimental colors and properties.McKenney 2007 254–257 Over the next decade the 119th Artillery was downsized on two occasions. The first downsizing occurred on 15 March 1963. The 119th Artillery was reorganized to consist of only the 1st and 2nd Battalions (the 3rd Battalion was eliminated) and dropped the Howitzer designation while still remaining as elements of the 46th Infantry Division.McKenney 2010 1095 Detroit riots of 1967 1967 Detroit riot thumb|left|215px|alt=caption|Michigan Army National Guard soldiers outside Economy Printing building during the 1967 Detroit riots Around 3:30 on 23 July 1967, officers of the Detroit Police Department conducted a raid on an unlicensed speakeasy being run by Bill Scott II out of the offices of the United Community League for Civic Action on the second floor of the Economy Printing building. The police officers found a party of 82 people celebrating two black soldiers who just returned from serving in the Vietnam War. Over the next hour, as the police officers were removing the partygoers from the building, a large crowd began to gather outside and started to riot.Stahl 2019 Over the next day the riot escalated quickly and became so violent that Michigan Governor, George W. Romney, called up the Michigan National Guard on 24 July 1967.DMVA (Detroit) 2019 thumb|215px|alt=caption|Michigan Army National Guard soldiers protect Detroit Firefighters during the 1967 Detroit Riots The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 119th Artillery were at Camp Grayling, Michigan conducting annual training.DMVA (Detroit) 2019McKenney 2010 1095 The training was cancelled and the troops were quickly flown to Detroit in the very early hours of 24 July 1967 to help restore order.DMVA (Detroit) 2019Vance 1967 Later that same day as the situation in Detroit worsened, the President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, signed an executive order authorizing the Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, to federalize the Michigan National Guard.DMVA (Detroit) 2019Vance 1967United States, Executive Office of the President (Lyndon B. Johnson) 1967 Task Force Detroit was created and the 119th Artillery and the Michigan National Guard were joined by a brigade each from the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions under the command of Lieutenant General John L. Throckmorton.DMVA (Detroit) 2019 The task force cracked down on the rioters and by 29 July 1967, the situation in Detroit was calm enough to pull out the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions and leave the city in the hands of the federalized Michigan National Guard.DMVA (Detroit) 2019 On 2 August 1967, the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 119th Artillery were released from active federal service and reverted to Michigan State control and returned to Camp Grayling.McKenney 2010 1095 During the 1960s, the United States Department of Defense investigated the manpower and redundancy involved in maintaining two reserve components of the Army: the United States National Guard and the United States Army Reserve. In 1967, Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and he reduced the number of divisions down to 8 but increased the number of brigades up from 7 to 18. This resulted in no change to the total strength of the Army National Guard.Wilson 1998 338 As a result of this restructuring the 46th Infantry Division was reduced to the 46th Infantry Brigade and it was assigned to the 38th Infantry Division.Wilson 1999 360 At the same time the 119th Artillery was downsized for the second time in the decade. The 119th Artillery was reorganized on 1 February 1968 to consist of only the 1st Battalion (the 2nd Battalion was eliminated). The 119th Artillery was still attached to the 46th Infantry even though it had downsized from a division to a brigade. Therefore, the 119th Artillery was assigned to the 38th Infantry Division by means of being attached to the new 46th Infantry Brigade. Four years later on 1 February 1972, the 119th Artillery was redesignated as the 119th Field Artillery.McKenney 2010 1095 In 1984, the United States Army expanded the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) to include the non-combat arms branches of the Army. This new system was branded United States Army Regimental System (USARS) and the Combat Arms Regimental System ceased to exist.United States Army 2017 In accordance with USARS, the 119th Artillery was reorganized and redesignated on 20 February 1987 as the 119th Field Artillery Regiment.McKenney 2010 1095 On 24 March 2001, the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery deployed as an entire battalion out of state for the first time in over two decades. Over 300 members from the 1st Battalion deployed to the Fort Irwin National Training Center in California for a 20-day Division Capstone Exercise. The exercise called for the 119th Field Artillery to act as the opposing force (OPFOR). This exercise was also the first time the 119th Field Artillery had to interpret coded digital battle orders instead of using traditional voice communications.Globalsecurity 2019 Post 9/11 The day after the 11 September attacks, about 100 soldiers out of Lansing Michigan of the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery were called up to provide security for the two international border crossings in Detroit; the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel.Heaton 2019 Elements of the 1st Battalion were also called upon to assist the United States Customs and Border Protection with security at the Blue Water Bridge in Port Huron, Michigan. The soldiers of the 1st Battalion were tasked with the mission of searching trucks crossing the border on either of the two bridges or via the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. The soldiers of the 1st Battalion were stationed on the Canada–United States border until July 2002.Shea 2003 In response to the demands of the war on terror, the United States Army reorganized its divisions including those of the United States National Guard. The plan was to create lighter formations that could be deployed to areas of conflict more rapidly than before.Shea 2004 The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was reorganized on 1 September 2003 to consist of the 1st Battalion and now became an element of the 42nd Infantry Division.McKenney 2010 1095 Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Guantanamo Bay Naval Base has been leased perpetually from Cuba since 1903 when it was established. In 2002, a detention camp was built on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base to house over 600 prisoners from the war on terror. The duties of providing security at United States military facilities had been traditionally handled by the Military Police Corps; however, ever since the 11 September attacks, the demand for military security had risen to the point where there were no more military police units available. Therefore, American military units with specialties not currently in need were retrained to provide security. The 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment was one of those units whose artillery skills were not currently in demand so they were retrained to provide security.Hugh 2004 On 3 December 2003, over 200 soldiers from 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery departed Michigan for deployment at Fort Dix, New Jersey.Heaton 2019 After arrival at Fort Dix, the soldiers of 1st Battalion underwent mission-specific training and in-processing for over a month in preparation for their final destination, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba.Heaton 2019 The soldiers of 1st Battalion arrived at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in January 2004 and joined Joint Detention Operation Group in providing security at Camp Delta.Heaton 2019 The soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment were assigned the duty of moving the prisoners to and from recreation and shower areas. The soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment were required to cover their name tags and unit patches with tape to prevent the prisoners from identifying them. The soldiers were not assigned to patrol the same area two days in a row to minimize the chance of being identified by the prisoners. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was deployed at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base until November 2004 when they returned to Michigan.Hugh 2004 Operation Iraqi Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment deployed to Iraq on 19 December 2004 in support of the 18th Military Police Brigade who had arrived earlier on 30 November 2004. The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery was recognized for their exceptionally meritorious service during their deployment which lasted until 3 November 2005. The Department of the Army awarded the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery with a Meritorious Unit Commendation. The citation reads as follows:Department of the Army 2008 "For exceptionally meritorious service, during the period 30 November 2004 to 3 November 2005, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 18th Military Police Brigade and its subordinate units displayed exceptionally meritorious service in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The unit achieved outstanding success in multiple complicated missions by providing convoy and main supply route security throughout Iraq. In addition, the unit equipped, mentored, and established a federally recognized highway patrol and conducted detention operations for the two largest detention facilities in the Global War on Terror, as well as for all high-value detainees and protected persons throughout Iraq. Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 18th Military Police Brigade's outstanding performance of duty is in keeping with the finest traditions of military service and reflects great credit upon the unit, Multi-National Corps-Iraq, and the United States Army."Department of the Army 2008 State funeral of Gerald Ford Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford Gerald Ford, the 38th president of the United States, died on 26 December 2006 at his home in Rancho Mirage, California at the age of 93.Presidential Library and Museum (Gerald Ford) 2006 Gerald Ford was the only United States president who grew up in Michigan and he was buried at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan on 3 January 2006. One of Gerald Ford's last wishes was to have the Michigan National Guard serve as the lead military organization providing escort service and full military honors at his funeral instead of the active-duty military which is normally the custom. The 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment fired a 21-gun artillery salute during the interment service.Heaton 2019 thumb|215px|left|alt=caption|Soldiers from the Charlie Battery, 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment out of Albion, Michigan, take part Exercise Northern Strike at the Camp Grayling. In March 2014, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment conducted cold-weather training in extreme sub-zero temperatures of negative 30 degrees Fahrenheit (negative 34 degrees Celsius) at Camp Grayling, Michigan. During the mission, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment sling-loaded their M777 155 mm howitzers underneath CH-47 Chinook helicopters being operated by the 147th and 238th Aviation Regiments and then were transported in UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters to their firing points to conduct live-fire training. Due to the arctic-like weather, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment had to overcome machinery that would not operate at 30 degrees below zero. The temperature was so cold that the diesel the soldiers rely on to fuel their vehicles gelled up and froze. A warming bay had to be brought in to allow the soldiers to draw fuel. For their efforts, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment earned cold weather operation training certificates and they learned how to adapt and overcome unexpected situations. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment conducted another round of cold weather training during the winter of 2015.Bratic 2014 For two weeks in March 2015 and another two weeks in April 2016, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment deployed to the Adazi Training Center near Riga, Latvia joining over 1600 soldiers from Canada, Finland, Germany, Latvia, and Lithuania for the Summer Shield XII and XIII exercises. During the exercises, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery not only trained together but bunked together, to build friendships and continue to strengthen partnerships.Miller 2016 During the first three weeks of August 2016, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment participated in Exercise Northern Strike 16 at Camp Grayling, Michigan. The exercise brought together 5,000 service members from the Army, Air Force, Marine Corps and Special Operations Command from 20 different states and three coalition countries. During training, the soldiers of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment slept in the field close to their weapons so they could be ready to provide artillery fire at a moments notice day or night.Michigan National Guard 2016 "packed-hover" 225 center File:1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery conduct live fire training alongside their Latvian counterparts at Adazi Training Center, Latvia, during exercise Summer Shield XIII.jpg Soldiers of 1-119 FA conduct live-fire training alongside their Latvian counterparts at Adazi Training Center, Latvia, during exercise Summer Shield XIII. File:119th Field Artillery Regiment cold weather live-fire exercise.jpg Soldiers of 1-119 FA conducting cold weather live-fire exercise. File:Soldiers of 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment slingload a M-777 155mm howitzer beneath a CH-47 Chinook at Camp Grayling Michigan on 1 March 2014.jpg Soldiers of 1-119 FA sling-load an M777 155mm howitzer beneath a CH-47 Chinook at Camp Grayling Michigan on 1 March 2014. File:Loading a M114 155 mm howitzer during training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri in 1941.jpg A M114 155 mm howitzer is loaded during training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri in 1941 File:Panoramic View of Camp Merritt New Jersey United States Cantonment.png Campaign and unit award streamers Campaign streamer Unit citation#United_States The Department of the Army awards streamers to military units in recognition of a display of heroism or meritorious service that is the result of a group effort or to indicate campaign service during a war. National Guard units are only eligible to be awarded streamers during those times when they are called into active federal duty. A company or battery unit is eligible for a streamer for war service credit only when the rest of the battalion did not participate in the same theater or area of operations during the same war or conflict.Department of the Army 2017 121 The Croix de guerre was awarded by commanders in the French Army and was awarded to individuals and military units of their choice. Military units that were awarded the Croix de guerre are authorized to display streamers with the color and pattern of the medal they were awarded. Each streamer is embroidered with the name of the military campaign and the year(s) of service.The Institute of Heraldry 2020 The 119th Field Artillery Regiment was awarded multiple streamers. The Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment was awarded streamers in addition to those awarded to the entire regiment. The list of streamers is as follows:McKenney 2010 1095–1096Department of the Army 2008 + Listed in Order of PrecedenceThe Institute of Heraldry 2018 Unit Award Streamers Award Awarded to600pxMeritorious Unit CommendationHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion 119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWWI: Croix de guerreHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion 119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWWI: Croix de guerre119th Field Artillery Regiment + Listed in Order EarnedDepartment of the Army 2017 123 Campaign Streamers Campaign Awarded to600pxWorld War I119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWorld War I119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWorld War I119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWorld War II119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWorld War II119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWorld War II119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWorld War II119th Field Artillery Regiment600pxWorld War II119th Field Artillery Regiment Structure The 119th Field Artillery Regiment is subordinate to the 272nd Regional Support Group, a component of the Michigan Army National Guard which is a component of the Michigan National Guard.DMVA (Biennial Report) 2014 12-13 As a parent field artillery regiment, the 119th Field Artillery does not have a headquarters and it is a regiment in name only under the United States Army Regimental System. The 119th Field Artillery Regiment is composed of one battalion consisting of four batteries (equivalent to companies in an infantry battalion). The structure of the regiment is as follows:Michigan State National Guard 2020 1st Battalion, 119th Field Artillery Regiment Lansing Michigan Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (Lansing, Michigan) Battery A (Port Huron, Michigan) Battery B (Alma, Michigan) Battery C (Albion, Michigan) Forward Support Company (Augusta, Michigan) Heraldry Heraldry The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 119th Field Artillery Regiment on 17 April 1925. The coat of arms was approved on the following day on 18 April 1925. Both the coat of arms and the distinctive unit insignia were redesignated for the 119th Artillery Regiment on 2 September 1960. They were both again redesignated for the 119th Field Artillery Regiment on 11 July 1972.The Institute of Heraldry 2019 Description of shield The shield is used on both the coat of arms and the distinctive unit insignia. From The Institute of Heraldry: "A shield blazoned: Gules, in sinister chief the badge of the First Corps of the Spanish–American War Argent and in base issuant a demi-lion rampant Or; on a canton of the last a bend of the first charged with three alerions of the third."The Institute of Heraldry 2019 Note: In the explanation below, left and right are given from the viewer's point of view, in contrast to the view of the person holding the shield, in which case left and right are reversed.Woodward 1892 59 Colors were often capitalized in the description.Miller 1988 In plain English: The background color of the shield is "Gules" which means red.Fox-Davies 1909 70 The area of the "sinister chief" is the top right of the shield.Woodward 1892 59 The "sinister chief" is covered in "the badge"Fox-Davies 1909 453–470 of the "First Corps of the Spanish–American War" in the color "Argent" which means white the color of silver.Fox-Davies 1909 70 The "base" is the bottom part of the shield.Woodward 1892 59 The "base" has "issuant a demi-lion rampant" which is the top half of a lion standing on one hind foot with one foreleg raised above the other and the head in profile.Fox-Davies 1909 189 This "demi-lion rampant" is in the color "Or" which means yellow, the color of gold.Fox-Davies 1909 70 The shield has a "canton" which by default is a rectangle placed in the upper left corner of the shield unless otherwise specified. This "canton" is in the color of "the last" which is the last mentioned color "Or", yellow. On this "canton" there is a "bend" which is a diagonal stripe from the upper left to the lower right of the "canton".Fox-Davies 1909 111 This "bend" is the color of "the first" meaning the first color mentioned which was "Gules", red. This "bend" is "charged", an emblem is placed, consisting of three "alerions" which are eagles depicted without wings or a beak.Fox-Davies 1909 240 These "alerions" are in the color of "the third" which is the third color mentioned "Or", yellow. Symbolism of shield From The Institute of Heraldry: "The baptism of fire of this regiment occurred in the Toul Sector; this is represented by the canton, the arms of Lorraine. The silver badge of the Second Division of the First Corps of the Spanish–American War is displayed in sinister chief. History shows that for a great many years the district around what is now the City of El Paso, Texas, was known as Ponce de Leon's Ranch, having been settled and colonized by a group of the followers of that explorer, and who named their new home after their leader. The lion issuant is, therefore, taken from Ponce de Leon's crest, to denote service on the Mexican Border at El Paso, Texas."The Institute of Heraldry 2019 Explanation: After being federalized for the first time, the 119th Field Artillery Regiment saw its first major military action on 16 June 1918 in World War I near the village of Xivray-et-Marvoisin in the Toul-Boucq Sector as described in the section above on World War I.Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 121 The Toul-Boucq sector referred to the line that stretched from the town of Toul to the village of Boucq. This area is in the Lorraine Region of France. The flag of Lorraine consists of a yellow background with a red diagonal stripe with three white alerions.About French Property 2019 This flag is represented on the top left portion of the shield. The Headquarters Battery of the 119th Field Artillery Regiment can trace its lineage as far back as the American Civil War and the Battle of Bull Run.McKenney 2010 1095 However, the first international conflict the Headquarters Battery participated in was the Siege of Santiago during the Spanish–American War when they were a part of the United States First Army Corps.McKenney 2010 1095 The silver badge of the First Army Corps during the Spanish–American War is depicted in the "sinister chief", top right of the shield.McSherry 2019 The area around the city of El Paso, Texas was known as Ponce de Leon's ranch predating the foundation of the United States of America. The area was settled and colonized by a group of Ponce de Leon's followers and they named their new home after their leader. The "demi-lion rampant" on the bottom part of the shield was taken from the crest of Ponce de Leon to represent the first time the 119th Field Artillery Regiment was federalized and sent to the Mexican-American border near El Paso, Texas during the Mexican Expedition.The Institute of Heraldry 2019 Description of crest The crest is used only on the coat of arms. It is the part above the shield. From The Institute of Heraldry: "That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Michigan Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules, a griffin segreant Or."The Institute of Heraldry 2019 In plain English: The 119th Field Artillery Regiment is a regiment in the Michigan Army National Guard and therefore they use the crest of the Michigan Army National Guard above the shield on their coat of arms. The "wreath" also called a torse, is the horizontal braided band that runs across the top of the shield.Parker 1894 The colors of the "wreath" are "Argent and Gules", white and red.Fox-Davies 1909 70 Above the "wreath" is a "griffin segreant" which is a mythical bird called a griffin in the same position as a "lion rampant" but with its wings extended.Fox-Davies 1909 222 The color of the "griffin segreant" is "Or", yellow.Fox-Davies 1909 70 Motto The motto appears below the shield on the Distinctive Unit Insignia. The Institute of Heraldry states "Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed "VIAM PRAEPARAMUS" in raised base metal."The Institute of Heraldry 2019 VIAM PRAEPARAMUS is Latin for the phrase WE PREPARE THE WAY.The Institute of Heraldry 2019 Notes Bibliography 30em About French Property 2019 Lorraine https://www.aboutfrenchproperty.com/lorraine aboutfrenchproperty.com 7 January 2020 20 May 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200520175320/https://www.aboutfrenchproperty.com/lorraine dead Addington Larry 1995 The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia https://books.google.com/books?id=YiZRC8bsOuoC&q=addington New York, NY Garland Publishing Inc. 399–400 0815333536 Bangor Public Library 1941 Pictorial review Seventy-second Field Artillery Brigade, Army of the United States, 1941 World War Regimental Histories: World War Collections https://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1089&context=ww_reg_his Bangor, ME Bangor Public Library Bratic Kimberly 2014 Michigan Army Guard artillery, aviation units conduct cold weather sling load and howitzer live fire exercise https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/575534/michigan-army-guard-artillery-aviation-units-conduct-cold-weather-sling-load-an/ Augusta, MI 126th Public Affairs Operations Center 8 January 2020 Buchanan Candice Lynn 2017 The Rain Day Boys: The Greene That Lay Near Grimpettes Woods https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/view/60988/60722 Pennsylvania, Greene County, Waynesburg CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform 43–55 978-1977868428 1987 Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War: American Expeditionary Forces: Divisions 2 https://history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-2/CMH_Pub_23-2.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084026/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-2/CMH_Pub_23-2.pdf dead 24 September 2015 Washington, D.C. Center of Military History, United States Army 1 January 2020 Center of Military History (Divisions) 1987 1988 Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War: Zone of the Interior: Directory of Troops 3: Part 3 https://history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-5/CMH_Pub_23-5.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20161220085649/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-5/CMH_Pub_23-5.pdf dead 20 December 2016 Washington, D.C. Center of Military History, United States Army 1 January 2020 Center of Military History (Directory of Troops) 1988 1988 United States Army in the World War 1917–1919: Organization of the American Expeditionary Forces 1 https://history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-6/CMH_Pub_23-6.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20150920200004/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-6/CMH_Pub_23-6.pdf dead 20 September 2015 Washington, D.C. 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Center of Military History, United States Army 30 December 2019 Center of Military History (MOAE Volume 9) 1990 Clay Steven E. 2010a US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941 1: The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations; 1919–1941 https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/cace/CSI/CSIPubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle1.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20200101072850/https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/cace/CSI/CSIPubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle1.pdf dead 1 January 2020 US Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, KS Combat Studies Institute Press 9781780399164 Clay Steven E. 2010b US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941 2: The Arms: Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery; 1919–41 https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/cace/CSI/CSIPubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle2.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20200101072849/https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/cace/CSI/CSIPubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle2.pdf dead 1 January 2020 US Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, KS Combat Studies Institute Press 9781780399171 Clay Steven E. 2010c US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941 4: The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, and Miscellaneous Organizations; 1919–1941 https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/cace/CSI/CSIPubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle4.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20200101072850/https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/cace/CSI/CSIPubs/OrderOfBattle/OrderofBattle4.pdf dead 1 January 2020 US Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, KS Combat Studies Institute Press Appedndix F 9781780399195 Clelland Charlie 2019 6-inch Howitzer M1908 http://landships.info/landships/artillery_articles.html?load=artillery_articles/6inch_Howitzer_M1908.html Landships II 30 December 2019 The M1908 howitzer did not accompany US troops to France in 1917 since the French offered to supply the longer ranged and more modern Mle 1917 Schneider howitzer. Deinlein Joseph 4 December 2003 Port Huron Guard off to Guantanamo: Families, friends say goodbye to departing troops Times Herald https://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/031204-huron-gtmo.htm Port Huron, MI Timothy Gruber Department of the Army 27 March 2008 Permanent Orders 087-16 https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/HRC/2008/087-16_20080327_HRCMD.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20100608010738/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/HRC/2008/087-16_20080327_HRCMD.pdf dead 8 June 2010 Alexandria, VA Department of the Army Department of the Army 2017 Army Regulation 840-10 Heraldic Activities: Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates https://www.heraldry.army.mil./heraldryhome.nsf/ARN3273_AR840-10_Web_FINAL.pdf Washington, D.C. Department of the Army DMVA (Biennial Report) 2014 Biennial Report: FY 2013-2014 https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dmva/Biennial_Report_13-14_final_494654_7.pdf Lansing, Michigan Michigan Department of Military & Veteran Affairs DMVA (Mexican Border Duty) 2019 History of the Michigan National Guard: Mexican Border Duty https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,4569,7-126-2360_3003_3009-17060--,00.html Lansing, MI Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs 5 January 2020 DMVA (World War One) 2019 History of the Michigan National Guard: World War I https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,1607,7-126-2360_3003_3009-17110--,00.html Lansing, MI Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs 28 December 2019 DMVA (Flint) 2019 History of the Michigan National Guard: Labor Troubles in Flint https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,4569,7-126-2360_3003_3009-17166--,00.html Lansing, MI Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs 4 January 2020 DMVA (Detroit) 2019 History of the Michigan National Guard: The Tumultuous 1960s-Detroit, 1967 https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/1,1607,7-126-2360_3003_3009-27393--,00.html Lansing, MI Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs 4 January 2020 DMVA (One Hundred and Nineteenth Field Artillery) 2019 History of the Michigan National Guard: 119th Field Artillery in World War I https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,4569,7-126-2360_3003_3009-17205--,00.html Lansing, MI Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs 11 January 2020 2019 Hindenburg Line: German Defense System https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindenburg-Line Edinburgh, Scotland Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11 January 2020 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2019 Fox-Davies Arthur C. 1909 A Complete Guide to Heraldy https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry London, England T.C. & E.C. 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Dan 2019 This Day in History: Michigan National Guard https://www.127wg.ang.af.mil/News/Features/Display/Article/865971/this-day-in-history-michigan-national-guard/ Harrison Township, Michigan 127th Wing: Michigan Air National Guard 5 January 2020 20 May 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200520133221/https://www.127wg.ang.af.mil/News/Features/Display/Article/865971/this-day-in-history-michigan-national-guard/ dead History (American) 2010 The United States officially enters World War I This Day in History:6 April 1917 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/america-enters-world-war-i New York, NY A&E Television Networks 28 December 2019 Hugh Leach 27 May 2004 Michigan units step up to security tasks in Guantanamo Bay Lansing State Journal https://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2004/040527-michigan-unit-gtmo.htm Lansing, MI Timothy Gruber Huston James A. 1966 The Sinews of War: Army Logistics; 1775–1953 https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8pabWzrsocC&pg=PA346 Washington, D.C. 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