122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)

Soviet 122-mm towed artillery September 2025 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30) File:ANA Artillery Demonstration (5050655391).jpg 300 D-30A in Afghan service Soviet Union Howitzer yes 1960–present see Operators Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Angolan Civil War Western Sahara Warit Il contenzioso del sahara occidentale fra passato e presente https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf Francesco Palmas 4 2012 50–59 Informazioni della Difesa 2018-06-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141151/https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf 2018-06-12 live Uganda–Tanzania WarTom Cooper Adrien Fontanellaz La guerre du Kagera Batailles et Blindés fr October 2016 Caraktère 1765-0828 75 72–81 Soviet–Afghan WarArmor of the Afghanistan War Steven Zaloga Wojciech Luczak Barry Beldam Concord Publications Armor 2009 1992 978-9623619097 7 Iran–Iraq War Gulf War First Nagorno-Karabakh War Somali Civil War Yugoslav Wars Eritrean-Ethiopian War Second Congo Warhttps://books.google.com/books?id=3uXZAwAAQBAJ Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998 2003 Cooper Tom Helion & Company Limited 2013 978-1-920143-84-8 UK 49 Boko Haram insurgency Syrian Civil Warhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4UNSPEPRj8 [Syria] Highway M-20 – Deir ez-Zor. Hunting for "snakes" – Шоссе M-20 – Дейр ез-Зор. Охота на "змей" YouTube 13 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4UNSPEPRj8 30 December 2017 live War in Iraq (2013–2017) War in DonbasUkrainian Military Deploys Turkish-made Bayraktar Drone in Donbas https://www.defenseworld.net/news/30666/Ukrainian_Military_Deploys_Turkish_made_Bayraktar_Drone_in_Donbas#.YXlXmZ5ByUk October 26, 2021 October 26, 2021 Defense World Net Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CzwmA0eBdw #السلسلة_الوثائقية_الحوثيون–- الجزء الأول شبكة المجد 8 September 2014 13 January 2018 YouTube https://web.archive.org/web/20160614155044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CzwmA0eBdw 14 June 2016 livehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuSYxkPf0K8 YouTube www.youtube.com 13 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170817174513/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuSYxkPf0K8 17 August 2017 live Second Nagorno-Karabakh War Tigray War Russo-Ukrainian War War in Amhara Myanmar Civil war F.F. Petrov 1950s PJSC Plant No. 9 1960–present See variants Combat: 3.21 t on Transport: 5.4 m ftin on 4.66 m ftin on L/38Jane's Pocket Book of Towed Artillery Foss Christopher 1977 Collier 93 0020806000 New York 911907988 Transport: 1.9 m ftin on Transport: 1.6 m ftin on 1+7 122 x 447 mm RSeparate loading charge and projectile 122 mm in on Maximum: 10–12 rpmSustained: 5–6 rpm 15.4 km mi on21.9 km mi on(with rocket-assisted projectile) Semi-automatic vertical sliding-wedge Hydro-pneumatic tripod −7° to 70° 360° The 122-mm howitzer D-30 (GRAU index 2A18) is a Soviet howitzer that first entered service in 1960. It is a robust piece, the design of which focuses on the essential features of a towed field gun suitable for all conditions. The D-30 has a maximum range of 15.3 km mi on or 21.9 km mi on using rocket-assisted projectile ammunition. With its three-leg mounting, the D-30 can be rapidly traversed through 360 degrees. Although no longer manufactured in the countries of the former Soviet Union, the D-30 is still manufactured internationally and is in service in more than 60 countries' armed forces. The barrel assembly of the 2A18 gun is used in the 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer. There are also Egyptian, Chinese, Serbian, and Syrian self-propelled variants and conversions. The Syrian conversion utilizes the hull of the T-34 tank. History September 2025 The 122 mm in on (originally 48 lines) calibre was adopted by Russia in the early 20th century, becoming very important to Soviet artillery during the Second World War. Development of the D-30 began in the 1950s, as a replacement for the M-30 howitzer, widely used in divisional and regimental artilleries. The D-30 also replaced the remaining 76 mm in on M1942 guns in motor rifle regiments.Administrator D-30 https://www.armyrecognition.com/military-products/army/artillery-vehicles-and-weapons/towed-howitzer-guns/d-30-russia-uk 2026-02-19 www.armyrecognition.com en-us Military requirements that led to the D-30 can only be deduced. Its role supporting tank and motor rifle regiments, and Soviet doctrine from World War II, suggest that while indirect fire was the primary role, direct fire anti-tank was very important. The latter is evidenced by the very effective HEAT shell, the low silhouette of the piece, its wide and rapid top-traverse and its shield. The D-30 was designed by the well established design bureau at Artillery Plant No 9 in Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg), at the time led by the eminent artillery designer Fëdor Fëdorovich Petrov (1902–1978). This team was responsible for designing the earlier M-30, the post-war 152 mm D-20 gun-howitzer, and other guns. thumb|Finnish D-30 in direct fire during a training exercise Soviet divisional artillery was assigned to manoeuvre regiments (in regimental artillery groups – RAGs) and as divisional troops (in divisional artillery groups – DAGs). A RAG was normally three batteries, each of six pieces, to each motor rifle and tank regiment. DAGs were mostly equipped with 152 mm in on pieces, but the DAG of a motor rifle division included a D-30 battalion. The role of an RAG was a normal field artillery role to support maneuver forces with direct and indirect fire. The D-30 entered Soviet service in 1963 and is sometimes referred to as the M1963. In 1967, widespread introduction of self-propelled guns was authorised and the D-30's barrel and ammunition was used for the new 2S1. When the 2S1 entered service, it was usually assigned to tank regiments and motor rifle regiments equipped with BMP infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs). D-30s were retained in motor rifle regiments equipped with BTR APCs. The D-30 has been widely exported and used in wars around the world, notably in the Middle East, and particularly in the Iran–Iraq War. The gun remains a mainstay of artillery forces in developing countries and was deployed in the war in Afghanistan. Soldiers from several Western armies have been trained on the D-30 by various user nations in order to be able to train Afghan soldiers on it. In 2017, the Algerian military displayed a locally developed variant mounted on a Mercedes-Benz Zetros truck. It includes four stabilization legs to absorb firing impacts.Binnie Jeremy Algeria displays locally developed self-propelled artillery http://www.janes.com/article/72018/ IHS Jane's 360 6 July 2017 https://archive.today/20170706000423/http://www.janes.com/article/72018/algeria-displays-locally-developed-self-propelled-artillery 6 July 2017 4 July 2017 thumb|Afghan National Army 205th Corps D-30 shooting indirect fire mission, Zabul Province, September 2009 Description September 2025 thumb|D-30 122 mm howitzer thumb|The tow linkage under the muzzle Distinctive features of the D-30 include its low mobile mounting and above-barrel recoil system. The three-legged mobile mount is unusual for field artillery, with stabilizers that are clamped together for towing and deployed when in action. A large tow linkage is fixed to the muzzle; in transport the barrel serves as a trail. Similar mounts were a feature of several 76 mm in on pre-war (1931–1935) universal (both field and anti-aircraft) guns designed by Leningrad's Kirov Plant (L-1, L-2 and L-3). Other examples were the 1939 French 47SA39 APX, and 1943 German 105 mm in on light field howitzers designs by Skoda and Krupp; neither entered service. The Bofors 105 mm in on L28 Light Field Howitzer 4140http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/Univer_KZ.pdf Универсальное гусеничное шасси для создания образцов ВВТ Universal tracked chassis for the creation of weapons and military equipment models Bastion-karpenko.narod.ru 2026-05-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20150122172024/http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/Univer_KZ.pdf 2015-01-22 dead PDF ru was similarly arranged with four legs and did enter Swedish service. The 1930s-designed British 2-pounder anti-tank gun was another piece featuring a three-legged mounting. Compared to the M-30, the new howitzer had a significantly longer 35 calibre gun barrel, just short of being a gun-howitzer by Soviet definition. Like other guns of the period, it had a high efficiency muzzle brake; this improved muzzle velocity by 175 m/s ft/s on to a maximum of 650 m/s ft/s on for HE, and with an increased maximum range by 3,500 m mi on beyond the similar M-30. The maximum range was 2,000 m mi on better than the 76 mm in on M1942 at 15.4 km mi on. Weight increased by 650 kg lb on over the M-30, to 3,150 kg lb on; the D-30 is over twice the weight of the 76 mm M1942. Accuracy improved, with mean error at about 10 km mi on dropping from 35 m yd on with the M-30 to just 21 m yd on. Effective stabilisation length is a fundamental aspect of a gun mount, and legs 120° apart need to be longer than those with a smaller angle. The D-30's design minimises this problem in several ways. Trunnions are close to the ground, as a result of placing the recoil system and cradle above the barrel. The trunnions are also at the very rear of the breech; this maximises the recoil space when firing at higher elevation angles. Their rearward position also pushes the recoiling element forward on the mount, maximizing relative rearward span of the stabilizers and so stability during recoil. Additionally, there is a very efficient muzzle brake, which absorbs about half the recoil. There is no mechanism to reduce recoil length as the angle of elevation increases. Some of the design decisions have a price. The muzzle brake produces about twice the overpressure in the area around the gun than is acceptable to Western armies, and is the reason it is often seen being fired with a long lanyard, which reduces rate of fire. Furthermore, the maximum elevation angle is restricted to 18° (early versions) or 22° (later versions) when the breech is over a trail leg. This is enforced by a mechanical cam that prevents the piece firing for about 60% of the total top traverse, and limits range to about 12 km mi on, with full maximum range only possible in the central arc of about 48° between each pair of legs. The extreme rearward location of the trunnions means the elevating mass is unbalanced, requiring a strong balancing mechanism to enable manual elevation. To do this, the D-30 uses compression balancing gears. A central jack is powered by hand-operated hydraulics. This jack is lowered while the wheels are raised to permit two of the stabiliser legs to be swung 120° rearwards. The mounting is then lowered, and the ends of the legs spiked to the ground. This mounting provides for quick traversing to fire in any direction. The pair of large tires are suspended on a single trailing arm; the maximum towing speed is 60 km/h mph on on the road. As was normal in Soviet designs, the tires were filled with foam. Initially, the D-30 had no brakes and no seat for the layer—non-essential luxuries. A sliding block breech was adopted instead of the M-30's pre-1914 screw pattern, giving a slight increase in the rate of fire. It is a semi-automatic vertical sliding block breech, with a tied jaw; the block moves down to open and opens automatically ejecting the empty cartridge case as the recuperator forces the gun tube back into battery after a round is fired. The design is closely related to those of breeches on other Soviet post–World War II guns and howitzers. The non-reciprocating sights are standard Soviet pattern, designed for one-man laying. Included are a direct fire anti-tank telescope, a panoramic periscopic indirect-fire sight (dial sight) in a reciprocating mounting, an angle of sight scale, and a range drum for each charge engraved with the range (distance) scale. The elevation leveling bubble is mounted on the dial sight mount. The range drum enables the standard Soviet technique of semi-direct fire when the piece is laid visually on the target and the range set on the range drum. Soviet 122 mm in on howitzers used different ammunition to 122 mm in on guns, although there is some compatibility. In the case of ammunition for the D-30, the standard 122 mm in on howitzer shell weight of 21.8 kg lb on was retained, with a metal cartridge case holding variable propelling charges. Cartridge and shell are loaded separately; this means that the shells have to be hand-rammed by a man to the right of the breech with a ramming rod. The D-30 could fire the older M-30 ammunition; however, new shells were also introduced, eventually including a rocket-assisted projectile with a range of 21.9 km mi on. The M-30's range of propelling charges, comprising base and eight increments, was replaced by a new set comprising base and four increments; single base propellant was retained. A more effective High Explosive (HE) shell was developed, as well as smoke, illumination, and chemical filled projectiles. In keeping with Soviet doctrine, the anti-tank role is important; there is a HEAT shell capable of penetrating 460 mm in on of steel armour plate. The maximum rate of fire of the D-30 is 6–8 rounds per minute, and about 75 rounds per hour. There is disagreement as to whether this maximum rate of fire is achievable for indirect fire. Based on reloading speeds of similar guns using separate charges, solo re-laying, and given a stable emplacement, semi-automatic breech and no long lanyard, (examples are the 25-pdr and 105 mm in on L118), and assuming concurrent lay adjustment during reloads, then it probably is when in the hands of a competent detachment. However, 5–6 rounds per minute may be more realistic with a poorly trained gun crew. The D-30 is noted for simplicity of maintenance by its users; reputedly, there are no special tools, and all jobs can be done with a wrench and large hammer. However, like any other gun, routine maintenance is essential, and Western troops in Afghanistan have reported Afghan operated D-30s having problems with shells sticking in the barrel due to lack of cleaning. The D-30 is known as hehtaaripyssy (literally "Hectare Gun") in the Finnish military, as the scatter area of the shrapnel of the shell is approximately one hectare. Self-propelled versions 2S1 Gvozdika was developed on basis of MT-LB tracked vehicles that were often employed by Soviet forces for towing instead of trucks. Combining the gun D-30 with the chassis of the MT-LB, the 2S1 Gvozdika was made. This was the first Soviet enclosed turret self-propelled artillery gun, going into service in the early 1970s. The 2S1 is very light and mobile, and amphibious without preparation. Good mobility and the quick reaction abilities of the 2S1 enhance the flexibility of the D-30, reducing its vulnerability in maneuver battles. Sora 122mm Most modern self-propelled version of the D-30J with automatic loader, inertial navigation system (INS) and fire control system, mounted on a modified FAP 2026 chassis designed by Military Technical Institute Belgrade. SH-2 Chinese wheeled version developed by Norinco. It has a modern fire control system and howitzer is elevated by electric motors.http://www.armyrecognition.com/china_artillery_vehicles_and_weapon_systems_uk/sh2_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_122mm_technical_data_sheet_specifications_description_pictures.html SH2 wheeled self-propelled howitzer 122mm technical data sheet specifications description pictures Army Recognition 2011-11-28 2017-02-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20161209073541/http://www.armyrecognition.com/china_artillery_vehicles_and_weapon_systems_uk/sh2_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_122mm_technical_data_sheet_specifications_description_pictures.html 2016-12-09 live en PLZ-07 Chinese version of tracked D-30 122 mm. It has NBC protection system, night/day driving vision, firing control system. Semser developed by Israel's Soltam under contract to the Kazakhstani Ministry of Defense, manufactured by local Kazakh companies. Has an integrated automated command and control system, provided by Soltam and Elbit. Is based on KamAZ-6350 8x8 chassis.http://www.military-today.com/artillery/semser.htm Semser – 122-mm self-propelled howitzer ARG 13 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180114160105if_/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/semser.htm 14 January 2018 usurped Other countries have produced self-propelled versions of the D-30 by mounting the gun on tracked or wheeled vehicles at the disposal of their armed forces. Most such vehicles do not have any complex fire control system and are manually loaded and elevated. Cuba, Sudan, Laos, Syria, and Egypt have produced such simplified variants. Lê Hoàng http://kienthuc.net.vn/quan-doi/xem-quan-doi-cuba-tap-tran-bastion-2013-284938.html#p-6 Xem quân đội Cuba tập trận Bastion 2013 Watching the Cuban military's Bastion 2013 exercise Kienthuc.net.vn 2013-11-27 2017-02-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20161122224217/http://kienthuc.net.vn/quan-doi/xem-quan-doi-cuba-tap-tran-bastion-2013-284938.html#p-6 2016-11-22 live vihttp://www.armyrecognition.com/sudan_sudanese_army_artillery_vehicles_systems_uk/khalifa_ghy02_d-30_122mm_6x6_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_technical_data_sheet_specifications.html Khalifa GHY02 D-30 122mm 6x6 wheeled self-propelled howitzer technical data sheet specifications Army Recognition 2013-03-15 2017-02-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20170311152619/http://www.armyrecognition.com/sudan_sudanese_army_artillery_vehicles_systems_uk/khalifa_ghy02_d-30_122mm_6x6_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_technical_data_sheet_specifications.html 2017-03-11 live enhttps://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/laos_unveils_ural-mounted_d-30_122mm_howitzer.html Laos Unveils Ural-mounted D-30 122mm Wheeled Howitzer 2019-01-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010954/https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/laos_unveils_ural-mounted_d-30_122mm_howitzer.html 2019-01-03 live armyrecognition.com 2018-12-27 2016-05-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20160510220528/http://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/new_wheeled_artillery_systems_for_egytian_army_based_on_russian_ural-4320_6x6_truck_chassis_10805161.html http://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/new_wheeled_artillery_systems_for_egytian_army_based_on_russian_ural-4320_6x6_truck_chassis_10805161.html dead armyrecognition.com New wheeled artillery systems for Egyptian army based on Russian Ural-4320 6x6 truck chassis. 2016-05-08 thumb|Syrian D-30 self-propelled artillery conversion on the hull of a T-34 tank Post 1973, Syrian and Egyptian armed forces fielded D-30 guns fitted to the hulls of obsolete T-34 tanks, similar to Israeli conversions of Sherman hulls. This rather crude modification improves the speed of divisional artillery, allowing for the ability to match speed with frontline mechanized forces. A major drawback is the lack of protection for the gunners. Variants 2A18 or D-30 – basic model, as described. 2A18M or D-30M – new double baffle muzzle brake, square central base plate, towing lunette assembly. 2A18M-1 or D-30M-1 – with semi-automatic loader. Prototype. D-30A – modified recoil system, new muzzle brake. 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled version. D-30-2 Chinese improved copy of the D-30, modified to accept Norinco made extended range ammunition.https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/p/2005-12-14/0718337498.html 中国推出D-30-2新型牵引式榴弹炮(附图) Sina News D-30-3 – Chinese upgrade of the Type 56 85 mm in on field gun with 122 mm in on weapon. Type 85 or Type 86 – also called W86,http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/p/2005-12-14/0719337499.html 图文：国产85式122毫米榴弹炮 Sina News Chinese licence-production or derivative of the D-30, towed. Type 96 – PL-96, Chinese licence-production or derivative of the D-30 and lightweight version of the Type 86. Mass-produced variant. D30 RH M-94 – Croatian-built version, new muzzle brake, redesigned trail, improved hydraulic brake. D 30-M – Egyptian license version of the D-30. SPH 122 – Self-propelled version, mounted on a modified M109 chassis. T-122 – Self-propelled version, mounted on a modified T-34 chassis. HM 40 or D-30I – Iranian version.https://www.conflictarm.com/download-file/?report_id=2483&file_id=2484 New Sudanese arms Conflictarm.com 2026-05-07 PDF en Is believed to be an exact copy with no visual or functional changes.Lyamin Yuri https://imp-navigator.livejournal.com/159350.html Суданский БТР-60PB Sudanese BTR-60PB Imp-navigator.livejournal.com 2012-06-25 2026-05-07 https://archive.today/20230628204905/https://imp-navigator.livejournal.com/159350.html 2023-06-28 live ru D-30J – Yugoslav version of the D-30, it features a simplified muzzle brake, a hydraulic firing jack to ease and speed up combat operation, and maximum firing range is increased from 15400 m yd to 17300 m ydFoss 1994 599,655 Saddam – Iraqi copy of the D-30J produced by Saad 5 (Saddam Engineering Complex). Production was halted after the Gulf WarFoss 1994 619 D-30JA1 – Improved Serbian version – further development of D-30J. Sora 122mm – Self-propelled version of D-30J M-91 "Mona" – Yugoslav variant with the 100 mm in on ordnance of the MT-12. Prototype only. Khalifa-1 – Sudanese licensed version of the D-30. Al Thahadi – Iraqi-made version of the D-30.https://dici.gov.iq/en/post/defence-industries-commission-conducts-its-first-version-of-iraqi-d-30-artillery-cannon--2022-07-20-98 Defence Industries Commission conducts its first version of Iraqi D-30 artillery Cannon dici.gov.iq August 18, 2024 Ammunition September 2025 The D-30 fires separate loading projectiles, with variable charges. Available projectiles Designation Type Fuze Weight Explosive filler/payload Muzzle velocity (max. propellant charge) Armor penetration Notes OF-462 FRAG-HE RGM-2, D-1, D1U V-90, AR-5 21.76 kg lb on 3.675 kg lb on of TNT 690 m/s ft/s on n/a 3OF56 FRAG-HE RGM-2, D-1, D1U V-90, AR-5 21.76 kg lb on 4.05 kg lb on of A-IX-2 690 m/s ft/s on n/a Improved HE-FRAG. SH-1 AP Flechete RGM-2, D-1, D1U V-90, AR-5 ? ? ? n/a ? BK-6M HEAT-FS GPV-2 17.47 kg lb on 1.6 kg lb on of A-X-1 740 m/s ft/s on 460 to 580 mm in on BK-13 HEAT-FS-T V-15 21.4 kg lb on 2.1 kg lb on ? ? S-463 Illumination T-7 22.4 kg lb on 1 kg lb on flare 690 m/s ft/s on n/a Illumination time ≥ 25 s D-462 Smoke KTM-2 22.3 kg lb on 3.6 kg lb on of WP 690 m/s ft/s on n/a 3OF69MLaser guided ? 28 kg lb on 5.3 kg lb on HE-FRAG ? ? ? ICM Ms-1 22.5 kg lb on 18 M-42 bomblets or 15 M-42D bomblets 683 m/s ft/s on M42 – 70 mm in on M42D – 110 mm in on Egyptian made M335 (CL 3153) ICM ? 22.5 kg lb on 24 M85 bomblets 698 m/s ft/s on 105 mm in on Israeli round TF ER BB ХМ09 FRAG-HE ? n/a Range 21,500 m mi on TF ER BT ХМ08 FRAG-HE n/a Range 18,500 m mi on produced by Sloboda Čačak Norinco ERFB/HB FRAG-HE ? 21.76 kg lb on ? 725 m/s ft/s on n/a Chinese produced Norinco ERFB/BB FRAG-HE ? 22.25 kg lb on ? 730 m/s ft/s on n/a Chinese produced Norinco Cargo ICM ? 21.76 kg lb on 30 Type 81 bomblets 682 m/s ft/s on 80 mm in on Chinese produced Norinco HE-I HE-I ? 21.76 kg lb on ? 690 m/s ft/s on n/a Chinese produced Norinco Smoke Smoke ? 22.15 kg lb on 3.2 kg lb on of WP 690 m/s ft/s on n/a Chinese produced, produces smoke for more than 70 seconds. Norinco Illumination Illumination ? 21.3 kg lb on 1.09 kg lb on flare 683 m/s ft/s on n/a Chinese produced, 600,000 candela flare, burns for 50 seconds. Ammunition for the D-30 packed 230 280 File:122 mm BK 13.jpg BK-13 HEAT shell File:122 mm BK 6M.jpg BK-6M HEAT shell File:122 mm OF-462.jpg OF-462 HE shell Operators thumb|upright=1.35|Map of D-30 operators#0b60d4 Current#dc0022 Former thumb|D-30 of Armenian Army Current operators thumb|Shot from the D-30 howitzer 25em Afghanistan: 41 y 2025 10 19The Military Balance 2020 250 Algeria: 160The Military Balance 2020 340 Angola: 500The Military Balance 2020 429 Armenia: 69The Military Balance 2020 183 Azerbaijan: 129The Military Balance 2020 185 Bangladesh: 54 of PL-96 variantThe Military Balance 2020 254 Belarus: 48The Military Balance 2020 188 Bosnia-Herzegovina: 100The Military Balance 2020 90 Burundi: 18The Military Balance 2020 433 CambodiaThe Military Balance 2020 258 China: 500 Type 96 variantThe Military Balance 2020 261, 265Appraisal of PLA Artillery Modernisation https://www.claws.in/publication/appraisal-of-pla-artillery-modernisation/ Centre for Land Warfare Study 7 April 2020 7 April 2020 27 December 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201227165441/https://www.claws.in/publication/appraisal-of-pla-artillery-modernisation/ dead Republic of the Congo: 10The Military Balance 2020 438 Democratic Republic of the CongoThe Military Balance 2020 441 Croatia: 54The Military Balance 2020 93 Cuba:The Military Balance 2020 416 100 mounted on T-34, 55 mounted on T-55 chassis and 25 mounted on KrAZ-255 6×6 trucks.February 2019 Egypt: 190 D-30MThe Military Balance 2020 345 Djibouti: 9International Institute for Strategic Studies 2021 The Military Balance 462 9781032012278 EritreaThe Military Balance 2020 444 Estonia: 42 H63, delivered in 2009. All or almost all transferred to Ukraine since 2022.http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php Trade Registers armstrade.sipri.org 13 January 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20090805014045/http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php 5 August 2009 live Ethiopia:The Military Balance 2020 445 309 delivered in 1998–2000. Tigray Defense ForcesMitzer Stijn Oliemans Joost The Tigray Defence Forces – Documenting Its Heavy Weaponry https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/09/the-tigray-defence-forces-documenting.html Oryx Blog 1 September 2021 Finland: 471 H63Finnish Defence Forces https://puolustusvoimat.fi/documents/1948673/2015391/CBMFI21.pdf/875c05ac-a499-a6f0-2386-2a7424bcbcc8/CBMFI21.pdf Republic of Finland's 2021 AEMI (Annual Exchange of Military Information) report 2021-10-26 Ghana: 6The Military Balance 2020 448 Georgia: 58The Military Balance 2020 189 Guinea-Bissau: 18The Military Balance 2020 450 India: 520The Military Balance 2020 271 Iran: 540The Military Balance 2020 349 IraqIraqi army equipment 1930–2017 2 https://archive.org/details/IraqiArmyEquipment1930-2017SpecialReportVol.2 119 Kurdistan Region: 200, the mainstay of the Peshmerga ArtilleryMilitary & Defense http://www.businessinsider.com/peshmerga-military-equipment-2014-6?op=1&IR=T Peshmerga Military Equipment Business Insider 2017-02-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023747/http://www.businessinsider.com/peshmerga-military-equipment-2014-6?op=1&IR=T 2017-08-06 live The Military Balance 2016 491 Kazakhstan: 100The Military Balance 2020 191 Kyrgyzstan: 72The Military Balance 2020 192 LaosThe Military Balance 2020 291 Lebanon: 42The Military Balance 2020 362 LibyaThe Military Balance 2020 364 Madagascar: 12The Military Balance 2020 454 Mauritania: 20The Military Balance 2020 365 MongoliaThe Military Balance 2020 295 Montenegro: 12The Military Balance 2020 128 Mozambique: 12The Military Balance 2020 458 Myanmar: 560The Military Balance 2020 296 Nicaragua: 12The Military Balance 2020 430 NigeriaThe Military Balance 2020 461 Niger: 20The Military Balance 2020 430 North KoreaThe Military Balance 2020 285 Oman: 30The Military Balance 2020 369 Pakistan: 189The Military Balance 2020 300 PeruThe Military Balance 2020 434–435 Russia: 4,570The Military Balance 2020 196, 202, 208 Rwanda: 6The Military Balance 2020 463 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: 12Morocco http://www.inss.org.il/he/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/systemfiles/Morocco20160103.pdf Tel-Aviv Institute For National Security Studies 1 March 2016 25 June 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170626000558/http://www.inss.org.il/he/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/systemfiles/Morocco20160103.pdf 26 June 2017 Serbia: 78The Military Balance 2020 141 Slovakia: still in use but only for paradesThe Military Balance 2020 141 South Sudan: 5 received from Ukraine in 2013. The Sudan People's Liberation Army captured others from Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil WarAugust 1998 10 4 Sudan – Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sudan0898%20Report.pdf 24 Human Rights Watch Report Sudan: 21The Military Balance 2020 471 SyriaThe Military Balance 2020 377 Tajikistan: 10The Military Balance 2020 209 Tanzania: 20The Military Balance 2020 473 Turkmenistan: 350The Military Balance 2020 210 Ukraine: 129The Military Balance 2020 212–214 Uzbekistan: 60The Military Balance 2020 216 VietnamThe Military Balance 2020 318 Zambia: 25The Military Balance 2020 476 Zimbabwe: 4The Military Balance 2020 478 Somaliland: 31The Military Balance 2015 468 Former operators Artsakh − Seized by Azerbaijan after the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-KarabakhMitzer Stijin Oliemans Joost Documenting Equipment Losses During The September 2023 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/09/documenting-equipment-losses-during.html Oryx 7 October 2023 AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg Boko HaramThe Military Balance 2016 492 Czechoslovakia East Germany: Passed on to reunified Germany. Germany Islamic StateThe Military Balance 2016 492 Israel: 5 y 2016The Military Balance 2016 334 Moldova – 18 from Romania, delivered in 1992. Poland – Not operational. Somalia: 12The Military Balance 2015 468 Soviet Union – Passed on to successor states. Yemen: 130 y 2015The Military Balance 2015 358 Yugoslavia – Passed on to successor states. References Sources Bellamy Chris Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces Brassey's Defence Publishers 1986 0-08-031200-4 en Foss Christopher F Christopher F Foss Jane's Armour and Artillery 1994−1995 1994 Jane's Information Group Surrey 0-7106-1154-4 15th International Institute for Strategic Studies International Institute for Strategic Studies 2015 The Military Balance 115 Routledge 978-1-85743-766-9 The Military Balance 2015 The Military Balance 2016 February 2016 116 9781857438352 Routledge The Military Balance 2016 International Institute for Strategic Studies International Institute for Strategic Studies International Institute for Strategic Studies International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020 The Military Balance 120 Routledge 978-0-367-46639-8 The Military Balance 2020 External links FAS.org Afghanistan Ordnance Guide https://web.archive.org/web/20180717013327/http://bulletpicker.com/pdf/Afghanistan%20Ordnance%20ID%20Guide,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=440 2018-07-17 Category:122 mm artillery Category:Howitzers of the Soviet Union Category:Field artillery of the Cold War Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s Category:Cold War artillery of the Soviet Union