1948 Italian general election

Italian election May 2022 May 2022 Italy legislative 1946 Italian general election 1946 Constituent Assembly of Italy 1953 Italian general election 1953 Legislature I of Italy All 574 seats in the Chamber of Deputies288 seats needed for a majority237 seats in the Senate172 seats needed for a majorityTotal takes into account the 106 unelected senators who served ex officio throughout the legislature I of Italy, pursuant to Article III of the Final and Transitional Provisions of the Constitution of Italy. 1948 4 18 yes 29,117,554 (C Chamber of Deputies)25,874,809 (S Senate) 26,855,741 (C Chamber of Deputies)92.2% 23,842,919 (S Senate)92.2% 160x160px Attilio Piccioni 22 September 1946 Christian Democracy (Italy) Florence (C Chamber of Deputies) 305 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 131 (S Senate) 12,740,042 (C Chamber of Deputies) 10,899,640 (S Senate) 48.5% (C Chamber of Deputies) 48.1% (S Senate) Palmiro Togliatti (cropped).png 120 120 160 Palmiro TogliattiTogliatti formally shared the leadership of the coalition with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) secretary Pietro Nenni. Togliatti was the FDP candidate who received the most votes in the 1948 election. 28 December 1947Togliatti also served as secretary of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) from 1926 to 1934 and from 1938 to 1943. Since 1943, he served as secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). FDP Rome (C Chamber of Deputies) 183 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 72 (S Senate) 8,136,637 (C Chamber of Deputies) 6,969,122 (S Senate) 31.0% (C Chamber of Deputies) 30.8% (S Senate) Giuseppe Saragat daticamera (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 Giuseppe Saragat 11 January 1947 Socialist Unity (Italy) Turin (C Chamber of Deputies) 33 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 10 (S Senate) 1,858,116 (C Chamber of Deputies) 943,219 (S Senate) 7.1% (C Chamber of Deputies) 4.6% (S Senate) Francesco Saverio Nitti.jpg 120 120 160 Francesco Saverio Nitti 9 January 1948 National Bloc (Italy, 1948) 2975C2 Did not stand (Senator by right) 19 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 7 (S Senate) 1,003,727 (C Chamber of Deputies) 1,222,419 (S Senate) 3.8% (C Chamber of Deputies)5.4% (S Senate) Alfredo Covelli 1963.jpg 120 120 160 Alfredo Covelli 11 June 1946 Monarchist National Party Benevento (C Chamber of Deputies) 14 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 3 (S Senate) 729,078 (C Chamber of Deputies) 393,510 (S Senate) 2.8% (C Chamber of Deputies) 1.7% (S Senate) Randolfo Pacciardi (2).jpg 120 120 160 Randolfo Pacciardi 20 January 1947Pacciardi also served as secretary from 1945 to 1946. Italian Republican Party Pisa (C Chamber of Deputies) 9 (C Chamber of Deputies) / 4 (S Senate) 651,875 (C Chamber of Deputies) 594,178 (S Senate) 2.5% (C Chamber of Deputies) 2.6% (S Senate) 450px Results of the election in the Chamber and Senate. 450px Seat distribution for the Chamber of Deputies (left) and Senate (right). Prime Minister Prime Minister after the election Alcide De Gasperi Christian Democracy (Italy) Alcide De Gasperi Christian Democracy (Italy) General elections were held in Italy on 18 April 1948 to elect the first Parliament of the Italian Republic.Nohlen Dieter Stöver Philip Elections in Europe: A data handbook 2010 Nomos 9783832956097 1048 1st https://books.google.com/books?id=zUbQRQAACAAJ 22 December 2019 27 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240927005530/https://books.google.com/books?id=zUbQRQAACAAJ live After the Soviet-backed 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état on 21–25 February, the United States became alarmed about Soviet intentions in Central Europe and feared that Italy would be drawn into the Soviet sphere of influence if the left-wing Popular Democratic Front (FDP), which consisted of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), were to win the 1948 general election. As the last month of the election campaign began, Time published an article arguing that an FDP victory would push Italy to "the brink of catastrophe".ITALY: Fateful Day http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804484,00.html 22 December 2019 Time 22 March 1948 21 April 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200421205947/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804484,00.html live The U.S. consequently intervened in the election by heavily funding the centrist coalition led by Christian Democracy (DC) and launching an anti-communist propaganda campaign in Italy. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) claims that the Soviet Union responded by sending exorbitant funds to the FDP coalition; however, the PCI disputed this claim and expressed its discontent with what it perceived as a lack of support from the Soviets. The DC won the election by a comfortable margin and defeated the FDP coalition.Drake Richard The Soviet Dimension of Italian Communism Journal of Cold War Studies July 2004 6 3 115–119 10.1162/1520397041447355 57564743 The DC went on to form a government without the leftists, who had been expelled from the government coalition in the May 1947 crises and remained frozen out, and became the de facto ruling party of the First Italian Republic. It represented the start of the Italian party system of centrism that lasted until the 1960s when the PSI was allowed to join the government as part of the organic centre-left system. Electoral system The pure party-list proportional representation chosen two years before for the election of the Constituent Assembly was adopted for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were divided into 31 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates.The number of seats for each constituency went from 1 for Aosta Valley to 36 for Milan. In each constituency, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with the Imperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats transferred to the national level, where special closed lists of national leaders received the last seats using the Hare quota. For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were created. The candidates needed a two-thirds majority to be elected, but only 15 aspiring senators were elected this way. All remaining votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where the D'Hondt method was used: Inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected. This electoral system became standard in Italy, and was used until 1993. Political parties and leaders Political partyIdeologyLeaderSeats in 1946 Popular Democratic Front (FDP) Socialism, communism Palmiro Togliatti, Pietro Nenni 219 Christian Democracy (DC) Christian democracy Attilio Piccioni 207 National Bloc (BN) Conservative liberalism Francesco Saverio Nitti 71 Italian Republican Party (PRI) Liberalism Randolfo Pacciardi 23 Monarchist National Party (PNM) Monarchism Alfredo Covelli 16 Socialist Unity (US) Social democracy Giuseppe Saragat Did not exist Italian Social Movement (MSI) Neo-fascism Giorgio Almirante Did not exist Campaign The election remain unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy's period of democracy. According to the historian Gianni Corbi, the 1948 election was "the most passionate, the most important, the longest, the dirtiest, and the most uncertain electoral campaign in Italian history".Ventresca, From Fascism to Democracy, p. 4 The election was between two competing visions of the future of Italian society: on the right it was a Roman Catholic, conservative, and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing DC of Alcide De Gasperi, and on the left was a secular, revolutionary, and socialist society, linked to the Soviet Union and represented by the FDP coalition led by the PCI. The DC ran a campaign that pointed to the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia. It warned that in Communist countries "children send parents to jail", "children are owned by the state", and told voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Communists were to take power."ITALY: Show of Force", TIME Magazine, 12 April 1948"THE NATIONS: How to Hang On" https://web.archive.org/web/20210817230529/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,798374,00.html 17 August 2021 , TIME Magazine, 19 April 1948 Another slogan was "In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you – Stalin doesn't.""Fertility vote galvanises Vatican", BBC News, 13 June 2005 The FDP campaign focused on living standards and avoided embarrassing questions of foreign policy, such as United Nations membership (vetoed by the Soviet Union) and Communist Yugoslavia control of Trieste, or losing American financial and food aid through the Marshall Plan. The PCI led the FDP coalition and had effectively marginalised the PSI, which suffered loss in terms of parliamentary seats and political power.The PCI gained more than the two-thirds of the seats won by the joint list."Number of MPs for each political group during the First Legislature", Italian Chamber of Deputies website. The PSI had also been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by Giuseppe Saragat, which contested the election with the concurrent list of Socialist Unity (US). The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who in the period immediately after the war had engaged in violent acts of reprisals. The areas affected by the violence (the "Red Triangle" of Emilia, or parts of Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the Italian fascists during Benito Mussolini's regime and the Italian Resistance during the Allied advance through Italy. Foreign interference CIA activities in Italy Foreign interventions by the United States The 1948 general election was greatly influenced by the Cold War that was underway between the Soviet Union and the United States.Brogi, Confronting America, pp. 101–110 After his defeat in the election, PCI leader Palmiro Togliatti stated on 22 April: "The elections were not free... Brutal foreign intervention was used consisting of a threat to starve the country by withholding ERP aid if it voted for the Democratic Front... The menace to use the atom bomb against towns or regions" that voted pro-communist."Italian elections," Facts on File 18 – 24 April 1948, p. 125G. The U.S. government's Voice of America radio began broadcasting anti-communist propaganda to Italy on 24 March 1948." Italy and Trieste," Facts on File 21 – 27 March 1948, p. 93E By its own admission, the CIA gave US$1 million (equivalent to $US 1000000 1948 -6 in US) to what they referred to as "center parties",CIA memorandum to the Forty Committee (National Security Council), presented to the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States House of Representatives (the Pike Committee) during closed hearings held in 1975. The bulk of the committee's report that contained the memorandum was leaked to the press in February 1976 and first appeared in book form as CIA – The Pike Report (Nottingham, England, 1977). The memorandum appears on pp. 204–5 of this book. and was accused of publishing forged letters to discredit the leaders of the PCI.http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/03/interviews/wyatt/ CNN Cold War Episode 3: Marshall Plan. Interview with F. Mark Wyatt, former CIA operative in Italy during the election. CNN.com 1998–1999 17 July 2006 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20010831150516/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/03/interviews/wyatt/ 31 August 2001 The National Security Act of 1947, which made foreign covert operations possible, had been signed into law about six months earlier by the U.S. President Harry S. Truman. U.S. agencies also sent ten million letters, made numerous short-wave radio broadcasts, and funded the publishing of books and articles, all of which warned Italians of the "consequences" of a Communist victory. Overall, the U.S. funnelled $10 million to $20 million (equivalent to $US 10000000 1948 -7 to $US 20000000 1948 -7 in US) into the country for specifically anti-PCI purposes. The CIA also made use of off-the-books sources of financing to interfere in the election: millions of dollars from the Economic Cooperation Administration affiliated with the Marshall Plan,https://books.google.com/books?id=FKN8AgAAQBAJ US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53 Corke Sarah-Jane 12 September 2007 Routledge 9781134104130 49–58 and more than $10 million in captured Nazi money were steered to anti-communist propaganda.Peter Dale Scott, "Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma" 米国とタイ・ビルマの麻薬 https://web.archive.org/web/20210418114844/https://apjjf.org/-Peter-Dale-Scott/3436/article.html 18 April 2021 , Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus, 1 November 2010, Volume 8, Issue 44, Number 2, citing Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 172 That the United States provided support to anti-PCI groups,Brogi Alessandro https://books.google.com/books?id=ejrgDj-SYiUC Confronting America: The Cold War between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy 2011 UNC Press Books 978-0-8078-7774-6 140–149 and reiterated that should the PCI win, the Marshall Plan and other aids could be terminated,Corke Sarah-Jane https://books.google.com/books?id=FKN8AgAAQBAJ US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53 12 September 2007 Routledge 978-1-1341-0413-0 London 50 was further corroborated by Luigi Einaudi, who wrote in his diary of a dinner at the home of Pietro Quaroni, the Italian Ambassador to the Soviet Union, that it was agreed the United States would not grant real aid with the PCI still in government.Stazi Guido 30 October 2021 Sessanta anni senza Einaudi, il governatore che da Chigi salì al Colle https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/sessanta-anni-senza-einaudi-il-governatore-che-da-chigi-sali-al-colle-202110301157412373 8 July 2023 MF Milano Finanza it Einaudi annotava nel suo Diario di una cena a casa dell'Ambasciatore d'Italia in Unione Sovietica Quaroni, in cui si conveniva che gli Stati Uniti gli aiuti veri non li avrebbero concessi con i comunisti ancora al governo. Einaudi noted in his Diary of a dinner at the home of the Italian Ambassador to the Soviet Union Quaroni, in which it was agreed that the United States would not grant real aid with the Communists still in government. CIA operative F. Mark Wyatt stated: "We had bags of money that we delivered to selected politicians, to defray their political expenses, their campaign expenses, for posters, for pamphlets."F. Mark Wyatt, 86, C.I.A. Officer, Is Dead https://web.archive.org/web/20210329044229/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/06/us/06wyatt.html 29 March 2021 , The New York Times, 6 July 2006 Wyatt also claimed that in the lead up to the election the PCI received exorbitant funds of up to $10 million per month from the Soviet Union and that Italian authorities were aware of the Soviets' activities. This was disputed by the PCI, which voiced its frustration at the Soviets' lack of support for the FDP's campaign.Brogi, Confronting America, p. 109 Italian historian Alessandro Brogi dismisses the CIA's claims as "overexaggerated" and notes that the Soviets only undertook "ad hoc last minute diplomatic [and] financial action" because it feared that inaction in Italy would set a precedent for U.S. intervention in Eastern Europe. Despite amicable meetings in the postwar years between top PCI official Pietro Secchia and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin,Pons, Silvio (2001), "Stalin, Togliatti, and the Origins of the Cold War in Europe" https://web.archive.org/web/20210803114040/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/3.2pons.pdf 3 August 2021 , Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 3, Number 2, Spring 2001, pp. 3–27 the Soviets were apprehensive about committing to Italy financially, and only provided "occasional and modest" funds to the PCI.Ventresca, From Fascism to Democracy, p. 269Callanan James https://books.google.com/books?id=pXIAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 Covert Action in the Cold War: US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations 2009-11-30 I.B.Tauris 978-0-85771-166-3 en41-45 The DC eventually won the 1948 election with 48 per cent of the vote, and the FDP received 31 per cent. The CIA's practice of influencing the political situation was repeated in every Italian election for at least the next 24 years. No left-leaning coalition won a general election until 1996. That was partly because of Italians' traditional bent for conservatism and even more importantly the Cold War, with the U.S. closely watching Italy in their determination to maintain a vital NATO presence amidst the Mediterranean and retain the Yalta-agreed status quo in Western Europe. http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/threemon_article_nato_gladio_terrorism_strategy_of_tension.htm N.A.T.O. Gladio, and the strategy of tension NATO's Secret Armies. Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe Daniele Ganser October 2005 21 July 2006 31 August 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200831045724/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/n-a-t-o-gladio-and-the-strategy-of-tension/ live The Irish government, motivated by the country's devout Catholicism, also interfered in the election by funnelling the modern day equivalent of €2 million through the Irish Embassy to the Vatican, which then distributed it to Catholic politicians. Joseph Walshe, Ireland's ambassador to the Vatican, had privately suggested secretly funding Azione Cattolica."Irish state secretly intervened in Italian 1948 general election" https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215659/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/irish-state-secretly-intervened-in-italian-1948-general-election-1.2002970 11 November 2020 , Irish Times Results thumb|right|200px|Differences of voting strength between DC and FDP in the country The DC won a sweeping victory, taking 48.5 per cent of the vote and 305 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 131 seats in the Senate of the Republic. With an absolute majority in both chambers of the Italian Parliament, Gasperi (the then DC leader and incumbent prime minister) could have formed a one-party government; however, he formed a centrist coalition with the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Italian Republican Party (PRI), and SU. De Gasperi formed three Council of Ministries during the parliamentary term, the second one in 1950 after the defection of the PLI who hoped for more rightist politics, and the third one in 1951 after the defection of the SU who hoped for more left-wing politics. Following a provision of the new republican Constitution of Italy, all living democratic deputies elected during the 1924 Italian general election and deposed by the National Fascist Party (PNF) in 1926, automatically became members of the first republican Senate. Chamber of Deputies File:Italian Chamber of Deputies, 1948.svg Christian Democracy 12740042 305 +98 Popular Democratic Front 8136637 183 −36 Socialist Unity 1858116 33 New National Bloc 1003727 19 −52 Monarchist National Party 729078 14 −2 Italian Republican Party 651875 9 −14 Italian Social Movement 526882 6 New South Tyrolean People's Party 124243 3 New Peasants' Party of Italy 95914 1 0 Social Christian Party 72854 0 0 Sardinian Action Party 61928 1 −1 Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy 56096 0 New brown Federalist Movements' Union 52655 0 New lightblue Unionist People's Bloc 35899 0 New #515093 Internationalist Communist Party 20736 0 0 Republican Progressive Democratic Front 14482 0 –1 National Concentration of United Combatants 11396 0 New #684646 Italian Demolabourist Party 10002 0 New pink Independent Democratic Party of Pensioners 8125 0 New #0080DD Independent Peasants' Party 6733 0 New #67963F Democratic Front of the Italians 5481 0 New #0050BB Political Group The Right 4300 0 New #27375D National Association of Kindred Missing in War 3707 0 New #FF8080 Homeland and Freedom Party 3178 0 New #3F6D96 Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley 2906 0 New #7BA5E1 Italian Anti-Bolshevik Front 2756 0 New #000000 Independent Socialist Union 2637 0 New #F0001C Italian Popular Grouping 2191 0 New #80CEFA Single Anti-Communist Front – National Awakening 2091 0 New #3E282F Maglio 1642 0 New #FFEB3B Italian Confederation of Free Trade Unions 1531 0 New #E36630 National Movement Casualties and Damaged by War 1179 0 New #D0C162 Sardinia League 1117 0 0 red Independent Catholic Movement Pax et Justitia 961 0 New gold Italian Existentialist Party 816 0 New pink Other parties 10545 0 – Other 591283 +18 29117270 Ministry of the InteriorMinistry of the Interior https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183505/http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=18/04/1948&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S 3 March 2016 Popular vote #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 48.51 FDP Popular Democratic Front (Italy) 30.98 US Socialist Unity (Italy) 7.07 BN Italian Liberal Party 3.82 PNM Monarchist National Party 2.78 PRI Italian Republican Party 2.48 MSI Italian Social Movement 2.01 Others Other 2.35 Seats #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 53.14 FDP Popular Democratic Front (Italy) 31.88 US Socialist Unity (Italy) 5.75 BN Italian Liberal Party 3.31 PNM Monarchist National Party 2.44 PRI Italian Republican Party 1.57 MSI Italian Social Movement 1.05 Others Other 0.87 By constituency ConstituencyTotalseatsSeats wonDCFDPUSBNPNMPRIMSIOthersTurin2613103Cuneo169421Genoa19982Milan3618144Como14941Brescia191441Mantua1055Trentino9513Verona281972Venice161042Udine14932Bologna2471322Parma197102Florence1367Pisa15771Siena936Ancona179611Perugia1156Rome3520101121L'Aquila161051Campobasso431Naples311771141Benevento1811322Bari2212721Lecce169421Potenza642Catanzaro2413821Catania26155222Palermo251362211Cagliari139311Aosta Valley11National214443222Total574305183331914965 Senate of the Republic File:Italian Senate, 1948.svg Christian Democracy 10899640 131 Popular Democratic Front 6969122 72 National Bloc 1222419 7 Socialist Unity 943219 8 US – PRI 607792 4 pink Italian Republican Party 594178 4 Monarchist National Party 393510 3 Italian Social Movement 164092 1 South Tyrolean People's Party 95406 2 Peasants' Party of Italy 65986 0 Sardinian Action Party 65743 1 Federalist Movements' Union 42880 0 lightblue Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy 27152 0 brown Republican Progressive Democratic Front 13479 0 Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley 2868 0 #7BA5E1 Independent Socialist Union 2833 0 #F0001C Other parties 2932 0 Other Independents 544039 4 1185629 25874809 Ministry of the InteriorMinistry of the Interior https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053325/http://elezionistorico.interno.it/index.php?tpel=S&dtel=18/04/1948&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S 4 March 2016 Popular vote #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 48.11 FDP Popular Democratic Front (Italy) 30.76 BN Italian Liberal Party 5.40 US Socialist Unity (Italy) 4.16 US–PRI pink 2.68 PRI Italian Republican Party 2.62 PNM Monarchist National Party 1.74 Others Other 4.53 Seats #ddd 550px 500px DC Christian Democracy (Italy) 55.27 FDP Popular Democratic Front (Italy) 30.38 US Socialist Unity (Italy) 3.38 BN Italian Liberal Party 2.85 US–PRI pink 1.69 PRI Italian Republican Party 1.69 PNM Monarchist National Party 1.27 Others Other 3.38 By constituency ConstituencyTotalseatsSeats wonDCFDPUSBNUS–PRIPRIPNMOthersInd.Piedmont178621Aosta Valley11Lombardy3118103Trentino-Alto Adige642Veneto191441Friuli-Venezia Giulia6411Liguria8431Emilia-Romagna176911Tuscany15771Umbria633Marche7421Lazio161051Abruzzo642Molise22Campania211142112Apulia158511Basilicata6321Calabria10532Sicily221251112Sardinia63111Total237131728744344 See also Foreign electoral intervention List of foreign electoral interventions Notes References Further reading Blum, William Killing Hope Common Courage Press 2000 978-1-56751-053-9 Chapter 2 Italy 1947–1948: Free elections: Hollywood style Brogi, Alessandro (2011). Confronting America: The Cold War Between the United States and the Communists in France and ItalyMay 2022 InternetArchiveBot yes , Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 978-0-8078-3473-2 Callanan, James (2010). Covert Action in the Cold War: US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations, London/New York: I.B. Tauris, 978-1-84511-882-2 Del Pero, Mario. "The United States and 'psychological warfare' in Italy, 1948–1955" https://web.archive.org/web/20230117061213/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2674730 17 January 2023 . Journal of American History 87.4 (2001): 1304–1334. Luconi, Stefano. "Anticommunism, Americanization, and ethnic identity: Italian Americans and the 1948 parliamentary elections in Italy." Historian 62.2 (1999): 285–302. online Lundestad, Geir. "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945–1952." Journal of peace research 23.3 (1986): 263–277. Miller, James E. "Taking off the gloves: The United States and the Italian elections of 1948." Diplomatic History 7.1 (1983): 35–56. Online Mistry, Kaeten. "The case for political warfare: Strategy, organization and US involvement in the 1948 Italian election." Cold War History 6.3 (2006): 301–329. Mistry, Kaeten. The United States, Italy and the origins of cold War: Waging political warfare, 1945–1950 (Cambridge UP, 2014). Pedaliu, Effie G. H. "The 18 April 1948 Italian election: seventy years on." LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog (2018) online. Pedaliu, Effie G. H. "The 'British Way to Socialism': British Intervention in the Italian Election of April 1948 and its Aftermath." in Pedaliu, Britain, Italy and the Origins of the Cold War (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2003) pp. 58–95. Pons, Silvio. "Stalin, Togliatti, and the origins of the cold war in Europe." Journal of Cold War Studies 3.2 (2001): 3–27. onlineJanuary 2025 medicmedic Ventresca, Robert A. From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). 0-8020-8768-X External links Pedaliu, Effie GH. "The 18 April 1948 Italian election: seventy years on https://web.archive.org/web/20210224232255/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/89524/ 24 February 2021 " LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog (2018) General election Category:General elections in Italy Italy Category:Foreign electoral intervention Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results