1731 in science

none 1731 science 1731 The year 1731 in science and technology involved some significant events. Agriculture and horticulture Philip Miller publishes The Gardeners Dictionary, containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden in London. Jethro Tull publishes The New Horse-Houghing Husbandry; or, an essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation in London. Astronomy John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time in the modern era. The octant is developed by John Hadley (it will eventually be replaced as an essential tool of navigation by the sextant). The orrery (or planetarium model) is developed as an apparatus showing the relative positions of heavenly bodies in the Solar System by using balls moved by wheelwork. Geology The modern seismograph is developed by Italian scientist Nicholas Cerillo using a pendulum. Mathematics The Euclidean distance formula is first published by Alexis Clairaut.Maor Eli Eli Maor 978-0-691-19688-6 133–134 Princeton University Press The Pythagorean Theorem: A 4,000-Year History https://books.google.com/books?id=XuWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 2019 Medicine September – The first successful appendectomy is performed by English surgeon William Cookesley.A considerable share of the intestines cut off after a mortification in a hernia and cured Medical Essays and Observations Edinburgh Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge 5 1 1742 427–31Peter Selley William Cookesley, William Hunter and the first patient to survive removal of the appendix in 1731 – a case history with 31 years' follow up Journal of Medical Biography 24 2016 180-3 Laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna at the age of 21.The 18th Century Women Scientists of Bologna http://scienceweek.com/2004/rmps-4.htm ScienceWeek 2004 2011-04-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20120302045409/http://scienceweek.com/2004/rmps-4.htm 2012-03-02 dead The Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge in Edinburgh begins publication of the peer reviewed Medical Essays and Observations.Benos, Dale J. The ups and downs of per review http://advan.physiology.org/content/31/2/145.full.pdf+html Advances in Physiology Education 31 145–152 2007 10.1152/advan.00104.2006 17562902 2 2011-08-30 etal subscription 2012-01-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20120111024749/http://advan.physiology.org/content/31/2/145.full.pdf+html dead Technology The harpoon gun is developed and used for the purpose of throwing the harpoon into the body of whales. Publications Publication begins in Augsburg and Ulm of Johann Jakob Scheuchzer's Physica Sacra which attempts to provide a scientific explanation of Biblical history. Awards Copley Medal: The first Copley Medal is awarded to Stephen Gray.Copley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 21 July 2020 en Births October 10 – Henry Cavendish, English scientist (died 1810) November 9 – Benjamin Banneker, African-American astronomer and surveyor (died 1806) December 12 – Erasmus Darwin, English physician and botanist (died 1802) Deaths January 6 – Étienne François Geoffroy, French chemist (born 1672) December 29 – Brook Taylor, English mathematician (born 1685) References Category:18th century in science Category:1730s in science