2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan

Disease outbreak in Sudan In late 2012, a yellow fever outbreak occurred in the Darfur region of Sudan that was the largest yellow fever epidemic to strike Africa in two decades.Yuill Thomas M Woodall John P Baekeland Susan Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. Yellow fever outbreak-Darfur Sudan and Chad Int J Infect Dis 2013 17 7 e476–e478 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.03.009 free On 10 January 2013, the Sudan Federal Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that there had been 847 suspected cases since 2 September 2012, including 171 deaths, for an estimated case fatality rate of 20%. A mass vaccination campaign was launched in mid-November.Targeting yellow fever in Sudan https://www.who.int/features/2012/yellow_fever/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20121212015631/http://www.who.int/features/2012/yellow_fever/en/ dead December 12, 2012 World Health Organization 28 June 2015 By early January, the five states of Darfur were free of any new cases. __TOC__ Epidemiology The first cases of yellow fever occurred in early September, but the first blood samples for confirmation were not sent to the Institut Pasteur reference laboratory in Dakar, Senegal until 30 October. On 9 November, WHO Sudan reported 266 suspected cases and 85 deaths for a case fatality rate of 32%. Most cases were in Central Dafur state (51.5 percent, reported in March 2013), but the outbreak later expanded to the four other states of North Darfur (21 percent), West Darfur (17.4 percent) and South Darfur (9.5 percent), including refugee camps related to the ongoing war in Darfur.PRO/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (12): Sudan (Darfur) 2013-03-02 15:02:44 Archive Number: 20130302.1567578 http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1567578 2015-07-05 2015-09-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082402/http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1567578 dead Laboratory confirmation of yellow fever came on 13 November.PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (15): Sudan (Darfur) WHO 2012-11-13 18:01:32 Archive Number: 20121113.1407906 http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1407906 28 June 2015 Archive Number: 20121113.1407906 2015-09-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082352/http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1407906 deadYellow Fever Outbreak in Sudan http://www.healthmap.org/site/diseasedaily/article/yellow-fever-outbreak-sudan-103112 28 June 2015 The Disease Daily HealthMap 31 Oct 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20150701003611/http://www.healthmap.org/site/diseasedaily/article/yellow-fever-outbreak-sudan-103112 1 July 2015 dead Most of the cases were among nomads, which contributed to the rapid spread.Sudan Begins Emergency Vaccinations to Fight Yellow Fever Outbreak https://www.voanews.com/a/sudan_begins_emergency_vaccinations_to_fight_yellow_fever_outbreak/1560840.html 28 June 2015 Voice of America 7 December 2012 According to newspaper reports, about 10 000 workers from the gold mines of Jebel Amer fled to Nyala, the capital of South Darfur, after more than 60 deaths in the gold mining area. One newspaper reported: "The spread of the disease in South Darfur is a disaster and the epidemic requires organizations and the international community to address the disease and provide enough vaccines to vaccinate all citizens of the state."PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (22): Sudan (Darfur) 2012-11-23 08:15:02 Archive Number: 20121123.1420747 http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1420747 2015-07-05 2015-09-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082352/http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1420747 dead Hundreds of patients had accumulated at the Nyala Teaching Hospital, some sleeping outside, and there was a shortage of medical personnel and supplies. By early December the number of deaths had reached 164.Yellow fever outbreak kills 164 in Sudan's Darfur: WHO http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-fever-darfur-idUKBRE8B20PD20121203 https://web.archive.org/web/20160308045336/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-fever-darfur-idUKBRE8B20PD20121203 dead March 8, 2016 28 June 2015 Reuters Dec 3, 2012 Health authorities in China began scanning travelers and Chinese citizens returning from Sudan.Yellow Fever: China Plans to Scan Travelers From Sudan https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/08/health/china-moves-to-prevent-spread-of-yellow-fever-from-africa.html 28 June 2015 New York Times 7 January 2013 As many as a million Chinese workers are employed in oil, mining and construction in Africa. The introduction of yellow fever into Asia, where it has never appeared, is a serious concern.Monath TP Vasconcelos PF Yellow fever. Journal of Clinical Virology March 2015 64 160–73 25453327 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.030 5124080 http://patua.iec.gov.br/handle/iec/385 subscription free Vaccination Campaign On 13 November, the government of Sudan requested help from the International Coordinating Group on Yellow Fever Vaccine Provision (YF-ICG) in starting a mass vaccination campaign.Yellow fever in Sudan https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_11_13/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20140810103343/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_11_13/en/ dead August 10, 2014 World Health Organization 28 June 2015 Besides the WHO, the YF-ICG consists of representatives of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). The United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) airlifted the first batches of vaccines from Khartoum to Darfur on 18 November.Sudan: Unamid Lends Resources to Fighting Yellow Fever in Darfur http://allafrica.com/stories/201212020261.html 28 June 2015 AllAfrica 2 December 2012 Mass vaccination began on 20 November.Sudan Combats Darfur Outbreak https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/africa/sudan-combats-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-darfur.html?_r=0 28 June 2015 New York Times 20 November 2012 Efforts were also undertaken to eliminate mosquitoes. A team from the Naval Medical Research Unit Three (NAMRU-3) and the WHO Collaborating Center was deployed from Cairo to help collect and test samples and train local personnel. The vaccination campaign, from late November 2012 through early January 2013, covered more than 3 million people and halted the outbreak. A new phase of the campaign beginning in January covered more than 2 million more people at risk.PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (06): Sudan (Darfur) 2013-01-25 10:43:16 Archive Number: 20130125.1513849 http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1513849 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases One of the difficulties was maintaining a cold chain for vaccine viability while transporting vaccine by donkey into remote areas.PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (35): Sudan (Darfur) 2012-12-08 20:46:04 Archive Number: 20121208.1443535 http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1443535 International Society for Infectious Diseases A situation report released on 10 January 2013 reported that 171 people had died of the disease as of 9 January 2013.PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (04): Sudan (Darfur) 2013-01-11 16:16:14 Archive Number: 20130111.1493162 http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1493162 International Society for Infectious Diseases The number of suspected cases since 2 September 2012 was 847. The Minister of Health had announced on 5 January that no additional cases had appeared in the previous 3 weeks.PRO/AH> Yellow fever - Africa (03): Sudan (Darfur) 2013-01-07 19:33:51 Archive Number: 20130107.1486073 http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=1486073 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases References Category:2012 in Sudan Category:2012 disease outbreaks Category:Yellow fever outbreaks Category:Disease outbreaks in Sudan Category:21st century in Darfur