2015–16 Zika virus epidemic

Widespread epidemic of Zika fever June 2016 Zikamain 112116 930.jpg Countries and territories with active transmission of the Zika virus November 21, 2016https://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html All Countries and Territories with Active Zika Virus Transmission Centers for Disease Control and Prevention November 21, 2016 September 8, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170921124324/https://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html September 21, 2017 dead mdy-all April 2015 – November 2016 An epidemic of Zika fever, caused by Zika virus, began in Brazil and affected other countries in the Americas from April 2015 to November 2016. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the end of the epidemic in November 2016, but noted that the virus still represents "a highly significant and long term problem".https://newsline.com/zika-virus-no-longer-international-emergency-still-threat/ WHO: Zika Virus No Longer International Emergency But Still a Threat Newsline November 21, 2016 November 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20180211072422/https://newsline.com/zika-virus-no-longer-international-emergency-still-threat/ February 11, 2018 dead mdy-all It is estimated that 1.5 million people were infected by Zika virus in Brazil,Anthony Tom Boadle Brown Orr Bernard vanc https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-brazil-idUSKCN0VR2P8 U.S., Brazil researchers join forces to battle Zika virus Reuters 18 February 2016 4 March 2016 Brasilia March 5, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084833/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-brazil-idUSKCN0VR2P8 live with over 3,500 cases of infant microcephaly reported between October 2015 and January 2016. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?ID=1329&List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568 Microcephaly in Brazil potentially linked to the Zika virus epidemic, ECDC assesses the risk News and Media European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 25 November 2015 18 January 2016 The epidemic also affected other parts of South and North America, as well as several islands in the Pacific.http://www.healthmap.org/zika/ Zika Map - Virus & Contagious Disease Surveillance HealthMap August 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160821164455/http://www.healthmap.org/zika/ August 21, 2016 live Zika virus spread to Brazil from Oceania in 2013 or 2014. Brazil notified the WHO of an illness characterized by skin rash in March 2015, and Zika was identified as the cause in May 2015. In February 2016, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern as evidence grew that Zika can cause birth defects as well as neurological problems.https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/ WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome World Health Organization February 1, 2016 February 2, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160804185858/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/ August 4, 2016 live 10.4103/0974-777X.176140 27013839 4785754 The emergence of zika virus as a global health security threat: A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG) Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 8 1 3–15 2016 Stawicki Stanislawp Sikka Veronica Chattu Vijaykumar Popli Raajk Galwankar Sagarc Kelkar Dhanashree Sawicki Stanleyg Papadimos Thomasj free The virus can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus, and can cause microcephaly and other severe brain anomalies in the infant.10.1056/NEJMsr1604338 27074377 Zika Virus and Birth Defects — Reviewing the Evidence for Causality New England Journal of Medicine 374 20 1981–1987 2016 Rasmussen Sonja A Jamieson Denise J Honein Margaret A Petersen Lyle R free CDC Concludes Zika Causes Microcephaly and Other Birth Defects https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0413-zika-microcephaly.html CDC April 14, 2016 April 13, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160531221123/http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0413-zika-microcephaly.html May 31, 2016 livehttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204961/1/zikasitrep_7Apr2016_eng.pdf?ua=1 Zika Virus Microcephaly And Guillain–Barré Syndrome Situation Report World Health Organization April 7, 2016 April 8, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160416041725/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204961/1/zikasitrep_7Apr2016_eng.pdf?ua=1 April 16, 2016 live Zika infections in adults can result in Guillain–Barré syndrome. In approximately one in five cases, Zika virus infections result in Zika fever, a minor illness that causes symptoms such as fever and a rash.https://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/ Zika Virus Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2014-11-05 August 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160129165646/http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/ January 29, 2016 livehttps://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html Zika Virus Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2014-11-05 August 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160824044146/http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html August 24, 2016 live Prior to the outbreak, Zika was considered a mild infection, as most infections are asymptomatic, making it difficult to determine precise estimates of the number of cases.http://www.itv.com/news/update/2016-02-01/zika-epidemic-worse-than-thought-brazil-health-minister/ Brazil Health Minister: Zika epidemic worse than thought ITV News January 28, 2016 February 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160201193204/http://www.itv.com/news/update/2016-02-01/zika-epidemic-worse-than-thought-brazil-health-minister/ February 1, 2016 live The virus is spread mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is commonly found throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas. It can also be spread by the Aedes albopictus ("Asian tiger") mosquito, which is distributed as far north as the Great Lakes region in North America.10.7554/eLife.08347 26126267 4493616 The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. Albopictus eLife 4 e08347 2015 Kraemer Moritz UG Sinka Marianne E Duda Kirsten A Mylne Adrian QN Shearer Freya M Barker Christopher M Moore Chester G Carvalho Roberta G Coelho Giovanini E Van Bortel Wim Hendrickx Guy Schaffner Francis Elyazar Iqbal RF Teng Hwa-Jen Brady Oliver J Messina Jane P Pigott David M Scott Thomas W Smith David L Wint GR William Golding Nick Hay Simon I free People infected with Zika can transmit the virus to their sexual partners.https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/sexualtransmission.html Zika Virus 2014-11-05 CDC en-us 2020-02-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20171007082642/https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/sexualtransmission.html October 7, 2017 live A number of countries were issued travel warnings, and the outbreak was expected to reduce tourism significantly.Kiernan Paul Jelmayer Rogerio Zika Fears Imperil Brazil's Tourism Push https://www.wsj.com/articles/zika-fears-imperil-brazils-tourism-push-1454461138 February 27, 2016 The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones & Company February 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160226104129/http://www.wsj.com/articles/zika-fears-imperil-brazils-tourism-push-1454461138 February 26, 2016 live Several countries took the unusual step of advising their citizens to delay pregnancy until more was known about the virus and its impact on fetal development.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35388842 Zika virus triggers pregnancy delay calls BBC News Online January 23, 2016 June 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180620195652/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35388842 June 20, 2018 live Furthermore, the outbreak raised concerns regarding the safety of athletes and spectators at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro.Rogers Martin https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/02/24/zika-virus-rio-world-health-organization/80858758/ World Health Organization: Athletes should not fear Zika virus at Rio Olympics USA Today February 25, 2016 August 23, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131324/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/02/24/zika-virus-rio-world-health-organization/80858758/ February 11, 2018 live Vox Ford http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/12/health/zika-olympics-threat What real threat does Zika pose to the Rio Olympics? History has an answer CNN February 12, 2016 April 26, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160425232144/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/12/health/zika-olympics-threat/ April 25, 2016 live https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/02/tejay-van-garderen-zika-olympics-cycling The Guardian June 2, 2016 USA cyclist Tejay van Garderen withdraws from Olympics over Zika virus June 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160603100441/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/02/tejay-van-garderen-zika-olympics-cycling June 3, 2016 live Epidemiology ZikaCases Number of Zika cases, 2015–16 Country Autochthonous cases Imported cases Total cases Deathsdeaths Confirmed Suspected Africa 30px Angolahttps://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/13/the-zika-virus-just-quietly-spread-to-west-africa-angola-outbreak/ The Zika Virus Just Quietly Spread to Southwest Africa Foreign Policy January 13, 2017 Gramer Robbie en March 4, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170216125217/http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/13/the-zika-virus-just-quietly-spread-to-west-africa-angola-outbreak/ February 16, 2017 live 2 2 30px Cape Verdehttp://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/portuguese/2016/03/zika-em-cabo-verde-levanta-suspeitas-de-estirpe-africana-do-virus/ Zika em Cabo Verde levanta suspeitas de "estirpe africana" do vírus Zika in Cape Verde is suspected to be "African strain" of the virus United Nations United Nations Radio March 11, 2016 Costa Denise pt March 17, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090754/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/portuguese/2016/03/zika-em-cabo-verde-levanta-suspeitas-de-estirpe-africana-do-virus/#.VuNlfvkrLIU March 12, 2016 live 2 7,457 7,459 30px Guinea-Bissauhttp://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Communicable-disease-threats-report-09-jul-2016.pdf CDTR Week 27, 3–9 July 2016 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Communicable Disease Threats Reports July 8, 2016 July 11, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160817014240/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Communicable-disease-threats-report-09-jul-2016.pdf August 17, 2016 dead http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/communicable-disease-threats-report-21-aug-2016.pdf CDTR Week 33, 14–20 August 2016 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Communicable Disease Threats Reports August 19, 2016 August 22, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160823001043/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/communicable-disease-threats-report-21-aug-2016.pdf August 23, 2016 dead 10 10 30px Madagascarhttp://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/epidemie-madagascar-vulnerable-au-virus-zika-57858/ Épidémie – Madagascar vulnérable au virus Zika fr Epidemic — Madagascar vulnerable to Zika L'Express de Madagascar March 12, 2016 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160315012835/http://www.lexpressmada.com/blog/actualites/epidemie-madagascar-vulnerable-au-virus-zika-57858 March 15, 2016 mdy-all 1 1 30px Réunionhttp://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/un-nouveau-cas-de-zika-importe-la-reunion-354088.html Un nouveau cas de Zika importé à La Réunion fr A new case of Zika imported into Réunion Réunion 1re Saint-Denis France Télévisions April 27, 2016 May 25, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160430175134/http://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/un-nouveau-cas-de-zika-importe-la-reunion-354088.html April 30, 2016 live 2 2 30px South Africahttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-safrica-idUSKCN0VT092 Reuters South Africa confirms first case of Zika virus February 20, 2016 March 2, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170303045509/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-safrica-idUSKCN0VT092 March 3, 2017 live 1 1 Americashttp://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12390&Itemid=42090&lang=en Zika suspected and confirmed cases reported by countries and territories in the Americas, 2015–2016; Cumulative cases Pan American Health Organization November 23, 2016 August 29, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160826071905/http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12390&Itemid=42090&lang=en August 26, 2016 live Confirmed Suspected Imported Total Deaths30px Anguilla 7 44 1 52 30px Antigua and Barbuda 14 393 2 409 30px Argentina 26 1,821 27 1,874 30px Aruba 28 614 7 649 30px Bahamas 21 3 24 30px Barbados 37 653 690 30px Belize 49 537 586 30px Bermuda 5 5 30px Bolivia 129 718 4 851 30px Bonaire 60 60 30px Brazilbrazilest 109,596 200,465 310,061 630px Canada 374 374 30px Cayman Islands 29 201 10 240 30px Chile 29 29 30px Colombia 8,826 96,546 105,372 30px Costa Rica 1,453 2,618 32 4,103 30px Cuba 3 30 33 30px Curaçao 820 820 30px Dominica 79 1,150 1,229 30px Dominican Republic 327 4,893 5,220 30px Ecuador 812 2,722 15 3,549 30px El Salvador 51 11,353 11,404 30px French Guiana local 483 9,700 10 10,193 30px Grenada 108 314 422 30px Guadeloupe local 379 30,845 31,224 30px Guatemala 466 2,785 3,251 30px Guyana 6 6 30px Haiti 5 2,955 2,960 30px Honduras 298 31,863 32,161 30px Jamaica 186 7,052 7,238 30px Martinique snake 12 36,680 36,692 30px Mexico 6,642 15 6,657 30px Nicaragua 2,044 3 2,047 30px Panama 517 2,089 42 2,648 30px Paraguay 12 583 595 30px Peru 145 18 163 30px Puerto Rico 34,070 121 34,191 5 30px Saba 9 9 30px Saint Barthélemy local 61 900 961 30px Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 532 558 30px Saint Lucia 50 822 872 30px Saint Martin local 200 2,825 3,025 30px Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 38 156 194 30px Sint Eustatius 16 16 30px Sint Maarten 62 168 230 30px Suriname 723 2,755 3,478 4 30px Trinidad and Tobago 643 1 644 30px Turks and Caicos Islands 12 115 3 130 30px United Stateshttps://www.cdc.gov/zika/reporting/case-counts.html Zika Cases in the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Zika virus November 29, 2017 October 22, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063836/https://www.cdc.gov/zika/reporting/case-counts.html October 23, 2017 live 236 5,590 5,826 30px Uruguay 1 1 30px Venezuela 2,380 59,147 61,527 30px British Virgin Islands 38 51 89 30px U.S. Virgin Islands 603 803 2 1,408 Asia Confirmed Suspected Imported Total Deaths30px Chinahttp://english.cri.cn/12394/2016/09/13/3521s940148.htm Chinese mainland confirms 23rd Zika case Fei Fei CRIENGLISH.com September 13, 2016 October 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160914174834/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2016/09/13/3521s940148.htm September 14, 2016 dead 23 23 30px Hong Konghttp://outbreaknewstoday.com/1st-imported-zika-virus-case-reported-in-hong-kong-traveled-to-st-barts-59643/ 1st imported Zika virus case reported in Hong Kong, traveled to St. Barts Outbreak News Today August 25, 2016 September 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160828003321/http://outbreaknewstoday.com/1st-imported-zika-virus-case-reported-in-hong-kong-traveled-to-st-barts-59643/ August 28, 2016 live 1 1 30px IsraelSchuster Ruth https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/science/1.722472 Number of Known Zika Cases in Israel Climbs to 9 Haaretz May 31, 2016 June 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160602050506/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/science/1.722472 June 2, 2016 dead 9 9 30px Japanhttp://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/10/national/science-health/zika-case-no-7-confirmed-in-japanese-returnee-from-latin-america/ Zika case No. 7 confirmed in Japanese returnee from Latin America The Japan Times June 10, 2016 June 12, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160610205320/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/10/national/science-health/zika-case-no-7-confirmed-in-japanese-returnee-from-latin-america/#.V1y_0JBHarV June 10, 2016 live 7 7 30px Malaysiahttp://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/12/197763/eighth-confirmed-zika-case-malaysia-67-year-old-man-petaling-jaya-infected Eighth confirmed Zika case in Malaysia, 67-year-old man from Petaling Jaya infected Hashini Kavishtri Kannan New Straits Times December 18, 2016 December 18, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161218202628/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/12/197763/eighth-confirmed-zika-case-malaysia-67-year-old-man-petaling-jaya-infected December 18, 2016 live 8 2 10 30px Maldiveshttps://www.who.int/csr/don/8-february-2016-zika-maldives/en/ Zika virus infection – Maldives Disease Outbreak News World Health Organization February 8, 2016 February 11, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160209092414/http://www.who.int/csr/don/8-february-2016-zika-maldives/en/ February 9, 2016 dead 1 1 30px Myanmarhttp://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/23384-first-zika-case-confirmed-in-yangon.html First Zika case confirmed in Yangon Myint Kay Thi Pyae Thet Phyo Kyawt Darly Lin Zar Zar Soe Myanmar Times October 31, 2016 October 31, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041256/http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/23384-first-zika-case-confirmed-in-yangon.html November 1, 2016 live 1 1 30px Philippineshttp://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/06/1620915/doh-confirms-6th-zika-case-philippines DOH confirms 6th Zika case in Philippines Sheila Crisostomo Christina Mendez The Philippine Star September 6, 2016 December 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161113150530/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/06/1620915/doh-confirms-6th-zika-case-philippines November 13, 2016 live http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/12/06/doh-39-zika-cases.html DOH: PH now has 39 Zika cases, including 3 pregnant women CNN Philippines December 6, 2016 December 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161221232742/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/12/06/doh-39-zika-cases.html December 21, 2016 dead 39 6 45 30px SingaporeChia Lianne http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-s-zika-journey-two-months-on/3236784.html Singapore's Zika journey: Two months on Channel NewsAsia October 27, 2016 October 27, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161027124255/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-s-zika-journey-two-months-on/3236784.html October 27, 2016 live 435 1 436 30px South Koreahttp://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/14th-zika-virus-infection-in-south-korea-116092400481_1.html 14th Zika virus infection in South Korea IANS Business Insider September 24, 2016 14 14 30px Taiwanhttp://m.focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201610170010.aspx Taiwan reports one more imported Zika case Chen Wei-ting Frances Huang Focus Taiwan October 17, 2016 October 17, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161127084743/http://m.focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201610170010.aspx November 27, 2016 live 13 13 30px Thailandhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-09/02/c_135655121.htm Two more Zika cases reported in northern Thailand Xinhua September 2, 2016 September 4, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160903170142/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-09/02/c_135655121.htm September 3, 2016 dead http://news.thaivisa.com/thailand/thai-health-min-number-of-zika-patients-approaching-400/155856/ https://web.archive.org/web/20161006145209/http://news.thaivisa.com/thailand/thai-health-min-number-of-zika-patients-approaching-400/155856/ dead October 6, 2016 Thai Health Min: Number of Zika patients approaching 400 Thai Visa News October 5, 2016 http://www.ibtimes.sg/thailand-detects-33-new-zika-virus-cases-4732 Thailand detects 33 new Zika virus cases International Business Times, Singapore Edition 2016-11-16 November 29, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161129143931/http://www.ibtimes.sg/thailand-detects-33-new-zika-virus-cases-4732 November 29, 2016 live Bhattacharjya Samhati 680 680 3 30px Vietnamhttp://vietnamnews.vn/society/health/348369/zika-on-the-rise-in-hcm-city.html Zika on the rise in HCM City Vietnam News Agency Việt Nam News December 21, 2016 December 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161221163206/http://vietnamnews.vn/society/health/348369/zika-on-the-rise-in-hcm-city.html December 21, 2016 live 141 141 Europehttp://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/communicable-disease-threats-report-26-nov-2016.pdf CDTR Week 47, 20–26 November 2016 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Communicable Disease Threats Reports November 25, 2016 Since June 2015 (week 26), 20 countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom) have reported 1,996 travel-associated Zika virus infections through The European Surveillance System (TESSy). Over the same time period, eight EU/EEA Member States reported 99 Zika cases among pregnant women. November 29, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161125212623/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/communicable-disease-threats-report-26-nov-2016.pdf November 25, 2016 dead Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016: Zika virus infection https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/AER_for_2016-Zika-virus-infection.pdf European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 11 March 2025 Confirmed Suspected Imported Total Deaths30px Austria 42 42 20px Belgium 121 121 30px Canary Islandshttp://outbreaknewstoday.com/canary-islands-report-3rd-imported-zika-case-87563/ Canary Islands report 3rd imported Zika case Outbreak News Today April 16, 2016 April 17, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160418231004/http://outbreaknewstoday.com/canary-islands-report-3rd-imported-zika-case-87563/ April 18, 2016 live 3 3 30px Czech Republic 13 13 30px Denmark 8 8 30px Finland 7 7 30px France 1,141 1,141 30px Germanyhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-06/01/c_135405396.htm 12 Zika cases registered in Germany in May New China June 1, 2016 June 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160602104004/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-06/01/c_135405396.htm June 2, 2016 dead 56 56 30px Greece 2 2 30px Hungary 2 2 30px Ireland 16 16 30px Italy 101 101 30px Luxembourg 2 2 30px Madeirahttp://outbreaknewstoday.com/madeira-reports-two-imported-zika-cases-93202/ Madeira reports two imported Zika cases Outbreak News Today March 27, 2016 March 28, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160330194405/http://outbreaknewstoday.com/madeira-reports-two-imported-zika-cases-93202/ March 30, 2016 live 2 2 30px Malta 2 2 30px Netherlands 109 109 30px Norwayhttp://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/zikaviruset/ti-gravide-har-vaert-zika-smittet-i-norge/a/23765013/ Ti gravide har vært zika-smittet i Norge Ten pregnant has been Zika-infected in Norway VG August 13, 2016 August 13, 2016 Sæther Anne Stine no https://web.archive.org/web/20160814155549/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/zikaviruset/ti-gravide-har-vaert-zika-smittet-i-norge/a/23765013/ August 14, 2016 live 30 30 30px Polandhttps://www.doz.pl/czytelnia/a12625-Pierwsze_przypadki_wirusa_Zika_w_Polsce Pierwsze przypadki wirusa Zika w Polsce 2 2 30px Portugal 18 18 30px Romaniahttp://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiri/Al+treilea+caz+de+Zika+confirmat+in+Romania Al treilea caz de Zika confirmat în România Third case of Zika confirmed in Romania Digi24 July 28, 2016 ro July 28, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160729144008/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiri/Al+treilea+caz+de+Zika+confirmat+in+Romania July 29, 2016 live 3 3 30px RussiaZubkov Ivan http://izvestia.ru/news/631145 Девятый турист вернулся в Россию с вирусом Зика ru Ninth tourist returned to Russia with Zika virus Izvestia September 7, 2016 September 14, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160912130937/http://izvestia.ru/news/631145 September 12, 2016 live 9 9 30px Slovakia 3 3 30px Slovenia 7 7 30px Spain 311 311 30px Sweden 35 35 Switzerland 30pxhttps://www.thelocal.ch/20160726/confirmed-cases-of-zika-virus-soar-in-switzerland Confirmed cases of Zika virus soar in Switzerland thelocal.ch July 26, 2016 September 26, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160831000205/http://www.thelocal.ch/20160726/confirmed-cases-of-zika-virus-soar-in-switzerland August 31, 2016 live 28 28 30px United Kingdomhttps://www.gov.uk/guidance/zika-virus#zika-cases-diagnosed-in-the-uk Zika virus (ZIKV): clinical and travel guidance Public Health England Health protection – collection October 26, 2016 April 8, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160413212410/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/zika-virus#zika-cases-diagnosed-in-the-uk April 13, 2016 live 244 244 Oceania Confirmed Suspected Imported Total Deaths 30px American Samoahttp://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/zika%20sitrep%206.23.16.pdf Zika Outbreak Situation Report reliefweb American Samoa Department of Health June 23, 2016 July 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160816045454/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/zika%20sitrep%206.23.16.pdf August 16, 2016 live 54 706 7 767 Australia 30pxBranley Alison http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-24/queensland-preparing-for-mosquito-season-as-zika-cases-rise/7960948 Zika: Number of Australian cases rises to 76 as north Queensland prepares for mosquito breeding season ABC Online Australia October 24, 2016 October 27, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161027153412/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-24/queensland-preparing-for-mosquito-season-as-zika-cases-rise/7960948 October 27, 2016 live 76 76 30px Fijihttp://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/communicable-disease-threats-report-22-oct-2016.pdf CDTR Week 42, 16–22 October 2016 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Communicable Disease Threats Reports October 21, 2016 October 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161024214036/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/communicable-disease-threats-report-22-oct-2016.pdf October 24, 2016 dead Dipitika Sharon http://fijivillage.com/news/332-dengue-fever-cases-recorded-from-January-this-year-25rsk9/ 332 dengue fever cases recorded from January this year Fijivillage May 18, 2016 May 25, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160519104453/http://fijivillage.com/news/332-dengue-fever-cases-recorded-from-January-this-year-25rsk9/ May 19, 2016 live 17 17 30px Kosrae (FSM)http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Kosrae%20Zika%20SitRep%206-24-2016.pdf Zika in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia, Situation Report #7 reliefweb Kosrae EpiNet Team June 24, 2016 July 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160816051556/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Kosrae%20Zika%20SitRep%206-24-2016.pdf August 16, 2016 live 12 82 94 30px Marshall Islandshttp://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/RMI%20Zika%20SitRep%20%28April20%202016%29.pdf Zika in Republic of the Marshall Islands, 2015-2016 ReliefWeb Updates Government of the Marshall Islands April 20, 2016 May 10, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160603152606/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/RMI%20Zika%20SitRep%20%28April20%202016%29.pdf June 3, 2016 live 2 34 36 30px Nauruhttp://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/302578/nauru-latest-pacific-country-to-discover-zika Nauru latest Pacific country to discover zika Radio New Zealand News April 28, 2016 May 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160429214608/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/302578/nauru-latest-pacific-country-to-discover-zika April 29, 2016 live 1 1 30px New Caledonia local 73 73 New Zealand 30pxhttps://surv.esr.cri.nz/PDF_surveillance/ZikaWeekly/20160831ZikaWeekly.pdf Zika virus infection weekly report Institute of Environmental Science and Research Public Health Surveillance August 31, 2016 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160917104716/https://surv.esr.cri.nz/PDF_surveillance/ZikaWeekly/20160831ZikaWeekly.pdf September 17, 2016 mdy-all 97 97 30px Papua New Guineahttps://www.who.int/csr/don/22-april-2016-zika-png/en/ Zika virus infection – Papua New Guinea Disease Outbreak News World Health Organization April 22, 2016 April 26, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160426144437/http://who.int/csr/don/22-april-2016-zika-png/en/ April 26, 2016 dead 6 6 30px Samoahttp://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/21/c_135209573.htm Samoa records 10 Zika cases Xinhua March 21, 2016 March 28, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160404100243/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/21/c_135209573.htm April 4, 2016 dead 10 10 30px Solomon IslandsZika virus infection outbreak, Brazil and the Pacific region http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/rapid-risk-assessment-Zika%20virus-south-america-Brazil-2015.pdf May 25, 2015 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Stockholm February 12, 2016 4 https://web.archive.org/web/20151013131123/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/rapid-risk-assessment-Zika%20virus-south-america-Brazil-2015.pdf October 13, 2015 dead 302 302 30px Tongahttp://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/298167/tonga-says-zika-clean-up-working Tonga says Zika clean-up working Radio New Zealand March 5, 2016 March 6, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160307045533/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/298167/tonga-says-zika-clean-up-working March 7, 2016 live 36 2,010 2,046 30px VanuatuHerriman Robert http://outbreaknewstoday.com/zika-virus-reported-on-vanuatu-for-the-first-time-21381/ Zika virus reported on Vanuatu for the first time Outbreak News Today April 28, 2015 March 6, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20151227135856/http://outbreaknewstoday.com/zika-virus-reported-on-vanuatu-for-the-first-time-21381/ December 27, 2015 live 1 1 Total Confirmed Suspected Imported Total Deaths Worldwide 174,667 528,157 8,557 711,381 18 deaths Numbers shown do not include infant deaths or stillbirths. brazilest In 2015, Brazil estimated a minimum of 497,593 and a maximum of 1,482,701 cases. http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2016/janeiro/22/microcefalia-protocolo-de-vigilancia-e-resposta-v1-3-22jan2016.pdf Protocolo de vigilância e resposta à ocorrência de microcefalia Protocol for surveillance and response to the occurrence of microcephaly Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Emergência de Saúde Pública de Importância Nacional January 22, 2016 17 pt As early as August 2014, physicians in Natal, in northeastern Brazil began to investigate an outbreak of illness characterized by a flat pinkish rash, bloodshot eyes, fever, joint pain and headaches. While the symptoms resembled dengue fever, testing ruled out this and several other potential causes. By March 2015, the illness had spread to Salvador, Bahia10.3201/eid2112.151167 26584464 4672408 Outbreak of Exanthematous Illness Associated with Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue Viruses, Salvador, Brazil Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 12 2274–2276 2015 Cardoso Cristiane W Paploski Igor A D Kikuti Mariana Rodrigues Moreno S Silva Monaise M O Campos Gubio S Sardi Silvia I Kitron Uriel Reis Mitermayer G Ribeiro Guilherme S and had appeared in three different states.https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/health/zika-virus-brazil-how-it-spread-explained.html How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika The New York Times February 6, 2016 March 6, 2016 Donald G. Jr. McNeil Simon Romero Sabrina Tavernise https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182837/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/health/zika-virus-brazil-how-it-spread-explained.html March 3, 2016 live Then, in May 2015, researchers from the Federal University of Bahia and the Evandro Chagas Institute determined, using the RT-PCR technique, that the illness was an outbreak of Zika virus.http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2015/04/identificado-virus-causador-de-doenca-misteriosa-em-salvador-e-rms.html Identificado vírus causador de doença misteriosa em Salvador e RMS – notícias em Bahia April 29, 2015 GloboNews São Paulo pt January 22, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101940/http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2015/04/identificado-virus-causador-de-doenca-misteriosa-em-salvador-e-rms.html May 18, 2015 live http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=3370768 Zika virus – Brazil: confirmed International Society for Infectious Diseases ProMED-mail May 19, 2015 January 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160130023132/http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=3370768 January 30, 2016 live Although, the first confirmed Zika virus infection in Brazil were diagnosed in a returning traveller in March 2015.10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.23.21153 26084316 Zika virus infection in a traveller returning to Europe from Brazil, March 2015 Eurosurveillance 20 23 21153 2015 Zammarchi L. Tappe D. Fortuna C. Remoli M. Günther S. Venturi G. Bartoloni A. Schmidt-Chanasit J. 2158/1015991 free thumb|right|The Uganda Virus Research Institute conducts research near the Zika Forest from which the virus takes its name. The Zika virus was first isolated in 1947, in a rhesus monkey in a forest near Entebbe, Uganda.10.1056/NEJMoa0805715 19516034 Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia New England Journal of Medicine 360 24 2536–2543 2009 Duffy Mark R Chen Tai-Ho Hancock W. Thane Powers Ann M Kool Jacob L Lanciotti Robert S Pretrick Moses Marfel Maria Holzbauer Stacey Dubray Christine Guillaumot Laurent Griggs Anne Bel Martin Lambert Amy J Laven Janeen Kosoy Olga Panella Amanda Biggerstaff Brad J Fischer Marc Hayes Edward B free Although serologic evidence indicated additional human exposure during subsequent decades in parts of Africa and Asia,10.3201/eid1509.090442 19788800 2819875 Zika Virus Outside Africa Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 9 1347–1350 2009 Hayes Edward B before the 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak, only 14 cases of human Zika virus disease had been documented. Researchers generally believe the virus was brought to Brazil by an infected traveler who had been exposed to the virus in French Polynesia, who was then bitten by a mosquito that then infected others.https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/americas/tears-and-bewilderment-in-brazilian-city-facing-zika-crisis.html Tears and Bewilderment in Brazilian City Facing Zika Crisis The New York Times January 29, 2016 February 1, 2016 Simon Romero https://web.archive.org/web/20160131100752/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/americas/tears-and-bewilderment-in-brazilian-city-facing-zika-crisis.html January 31, 2016 live 10.3201/eid2110.151125 26403318 4593458 Zika Virus Transmission from French Polynesia to Brazil Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 10 1887 2015 Musso Didier https://abcnews.go.com/Health/zika-virus-outbreak-brazil-linked-major-sporting-events/story?id=36575321 Origin of Zika Virus Outbreak in Brazil May Be Linked to Major Sporting Events ABC News January 28, 2016 March 6, 2016 Murthy Bhavini https://web.archive.org/web/20160302040943/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/zika-virus-outbreak-brazil-linked-major-sporting-events/story?id=36575321 March 2, 2016 live Phylogenetic analysis of the first Brazilian infections has strongly indicated that the circulating virus is the Asian, rather than African, strain of the virus, and was genetically similar to the virus found in the outbreak in French Polynesia. It appears Zika's route – from Africa and Asia to Oceania and then the Americas – may mirror that of chikungunya and dengue, both of which are now endemic in a large portion of the Americas.10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61273-9 26194519 Zika virus: Following the path of dengue and chikungunya? The Lancet 386 9990 243–244 2015 Musso Didier Cao-Lormeau Van Mai Gubler Duane J 29240266 The specific event that brought the virus to Brazil was uncertain until March 2016. Brazilian researchers had suggested that the Zika virus arrived during the 2014 FIFA World Cup tournament. French researchers speculated the virus arrived shortly afterwards, in August 2014, when canoeing teams from French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Easter Island, and the Cook Islands, which had been or were experiencing Zika outbreaks, attended the Va'a World Sprint Championships in Rio de Janeiro. However, the outbreak in French Polynesia is known to have peaked and declined precipitously by February 2014, lending doubt to the suggestion the virus arrived later that year in Brazil with spectators and competitors. In March 2016, a study published in Science, which developed a "molecular clock" based on the count of virus mutations in a relatively small sample, suggested Zika virus arrived in the Americas (most likely in Brazil) from French Polynesia between May and December 2013, well before the World Cup and Va'a Championships.https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/health/one-traveler-may-have-brought-zika-to-the-americas-in-2013.html One Traveler May Have Brought Zika to the Americas in 2013 The New York Times March 24, 2016 March 24, 2016 Donald G. Jr. McNeil https://web.archive.org/web/20160324185902/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/health/one-traveler-may-have-brought-zika-to-the-americas-in-2013.html March 24, 2016 live In the Science article, Faria and colleagues managed to trace the origins of the virus strain that is circulating in Brazil and found that this strain has little genetic variability when compared to the strain of French Polynesia; after relating the number of travellers arriving in Brazil from French Polynesia with the cases reported and the events happening in that year, the team was able to deduce that the virus arrived in Brazil in 2013 during the Confederation Cup, when Tahiti's team played against other teams in a few Brazilian cities, which attracted many tourists from both places.10.1126/science.aaf5036 27013429 4918795 Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic findings Science 352 6283 345–349 2016 Faria N. R Azevedo R. d. S. d. S Kraemer M. U. G Souza R Cunha M. S Hill S. C Theze J Bonsall M. B Bowden T. A Rissanen I Rocco I. M Nogueira J. S Maeda A. Y Vasami F. G. d. S MacEdo F. L. d. L Suzuki A Rodrigues S. G Cruz A. C. R Nunes B. T Medeiros D. B. d. A Rodrigues D. S. G Nunes Queiroz A. L Silva E. V. P. d Henriques D. F Travassos Da Rosa E. S De Oliveira C. S Martins L. C Vasconcelos H. B Casseb L. M. N Simith D. d. B 29 2016Sci...352..345F Zika virus usually has very mild, or no symptoms, so it took almost a year for Brazil to confirm the first case of the disease. By then the outbreak was already widespread. Factors associated with the rapid spread of Zika virus in Brazil include the non-immune population, high population density, tropical climate and inadequate control of Aedes mosquitoes in the country.10.1038/emi.2016.42 26956448 4820676 Zika virus outbreak: 'a perfect storm' Emerging Microbes & Infections 5 3 e21 2016 Ai Jing-Wen Zhang Ying Zhang Wenhong The Zika virus epidemic also revealed structural problems of the health system, in particular in public health services and basic sanitation in Brazil.Buriti Renata Virus shines light on structural problems http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/zika-proves-brazil-needs-better-sanitation-and-health-services November 28, 2016 D+C, Development and Cooperation October 30, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161118050903/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/zika-proves-brazil-needs-better-sanitation-and-health-services November 18, 2016 live The above average warm temperatures of 2015–2016 caused by a strong El Nino created an environment conducive to the spread of the Zika Virus in Brazil[2010]. The 2015 -16 El Nino increased ocean and ground surface temperatures to above average [2010]. January 2016 brought about nine consecutive months with temperatures 1.04 °C above the global average.Global Climate Report - January 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201601 https://web.archive.org/web/20180224023701/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201601 February 24, 2018 While South America had areas experiencing 2.0 °C above average temperatures (for 1981–2010), areas including Argentina, Southern Brazil and Uruguay experienced temperatures 0.5 °C below average. Precipitation is another crucial factor to consider as Eastern Brazil and other areas in southern South America experienced high amounts of precipitation in early 2016. The environmental conditions of increased rainfall and higher average temperatures in the South American region, led to both a longer mosquito season and a higher mosquito density10.1371/journal.pone.0163863 27695107 5047650 Climate Change Influences on the Global Potential Distribution of the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, Vector of West Nile Virus and Lymphatic Filariasis PLOS ONE 11 10 e0163863 2016 Samy Abdallah M Elaagip Arwa H Kenawy Mohamed A Ayres Constância F. J Peterson A. Townsend Soliman Doaa E 2016PLoSO..1163863S free which created an environment in which the Zika carrying Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes can thrive. Looking forward, climate models suggest that regions favorable to the Aedes mosquitoes will grow, widening the range of Zika and other mosquito-carried diseases.10.4081/gh.2014.29 24893017 Climate change and the potential global distribution of Aedes aegypti: Spatial modelling using geographical information system and CLIMEX Geospatial Health 8 2 405–15 2014 Khormi Hassan M Kumar Lalit http://geospatialhealth.net/index.php/gh/article/download/29/29/ September 2, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20180504193857/http://geospatialhealth.net/index.php/gh/article/download/29/29 May 4, 2018 live free The potential for epidemics will spread inland and into other regions of the world, not just in tropical environments.10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.046 27322480 4909611 Climate Change and Aedes Vectors: 21st Century Projections for Dengue Transmission in Europe eBioMedicine 7 267–277 2016 Liu-Helmersson Jing Quam Mikkel Wilder-Smith Annelies Stenlund Hans Ebi Kristie Massad Eduardo Rocklöv Joacim Confirmed cases have been reported in 40 countries or territories in South America, North America, and the Caribbean,http://ais.paho.org/phip/viz/ed_zika_countrymap.asp Geographic distribution of confirmed autochthonous cases of Zika virus (vector-borne transmission) in countries and territories of the Americas, 2015-2016 Pan American Health Organization Epidemic Diseases–Zika in the Americas May 26, 2016 May 30, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160614150002/http://ais.paho.org/phip/viz/ed_zika_countrymap.asp June 14, 2016 live as well as 16 in the western Pacific and one in Africa since the beginning of 2015 (see table). Many countries with no cases of mosquito transmission have reported travel-related Zika cases: people who moved or came home from a Zika-affected region before they showed symptoms (see table). Transmission Zika virus#Transmission thumb|Adult Aedes aegypti mosquito, a vector or carrier of the Zika virus Zika is a mosquito-borne disease. The resurgence of Aedes aegyptis worldwide distribution over the past 2–3 decades makes it one of the most widely distributed mosquito species.http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/mosquitoes/Pages/aedes-aegypti.aspx Aedes aegypti European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control January 31, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160123111923/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/mosquitoes/Pages/aedes-aegypti.aspx January 23, 2016 live In 2015, Aedes albopictus was present in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the Americas, reaching as far north as the Great Lakes of North America and, internationally, living alongside Aedes aegypti in some tropical and subtropical regions. The Aedes aegypti mosquito usually bites in the morning and afternoon hours, and can be identified by the white stripes on its legs.https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/ Zika virus fact sheet World Health Organization February 2016 February 15, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160809235807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/ August 9, 2016 live The mosquito species (Aedes aegypti, mainly, and Aedes albopictus) that can spread Zika virus can also spread dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever.https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control_mosquitoes_chikv_denv_zika.pdf Help Control Mosquitoes that Spread Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Viruses Centers for Disease Control Fact Sheets August 2015 September 8, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170508030542/https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control_mosquitoes_chikv_denv_zika.pdf May 8, 2017 live Zika can also be sexually transmitted between partners of both genders.https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/sexualtransmission.html Clinical Guidance for Healthcare Providers for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus 2017-07-21 CDC 2017-10-30 en-us https://web.archive.org/web/20171007082642/https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/sexualtransmission.html October 7, 2017 live Sexual transmission of Zika has been documented in nine countries—Argentina, Canada, Chile, France, Italy, New Zealand, Peru, Portugal, and the United States—during this outbreak.http://outbreaknewstoday.com/canada-reports-1st-sexually-transmitted-zika-case-9th-country-to-report-person-to-person-transmission-88047/ Canada reports 1st sexually transmitted Zika case, 9th country to report person-to-person transmission Outbreak News Today April 26, 2016 April 26, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160427124042/http://outbreaknewstoday.com/canada-reports-1st-sexually-transmitted-zika-case-9th-country-to-report-person-to-person-transmission-88047/ April 27, 2016 live Zika is transmitted from pregnant women to the fetus ("vertical transmission"), and causes microcephaly and other severe brain anomalies in infants born to women infected with the virus. 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.45.1700757 30424827 6234531 Congenital brain abnormalities during a Zika virus epidemic in Salvador, Brazil, April 2015 to July 2016 Eurosurveillance 23 45 1–10 2018 Kikuti Mariana Cardoso Cristiane W Prates Ana P B Paploski Igor A D Kitron Uriel Reis Mitermayer G Mochida Ganeshwaran H Ribeiro Guilherme S thumb|A baby with microcephaly (left) compared to a baby with a typical head size Zika infections in adults can cause Guillain–Barré syndrome. Diagnosis Zika fever alt=Symptoms of Zika virus|thumb|Symptoms of Zika virusFebruary 8, 2016 http://understandingzika.org/ Understanding Zika https://web.archive.org/web/20160216032003/http://understandingzika.org/ February 16, 2016 live Symptoms are similar to other flaviviruses such as dengue fever or the alphavirus that causes chikungunya,10.1111/1469-0691.12707 24909208 Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20 10 O595–O596 2014 Musso D Nilles E.J Cao-Lormeau V.-M free but are milder in form and usually last two to seven days. It is estimated that 80% of cases are asymptomatic.Oster Alexandra M Brooks John T Stryker Jo Ellen Kachur Rachel E Mead Paul Pesik Nicki T Petersen Lyle R 2016 Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — United States, 2016 MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65 5 120–121 10.15585/mmwr.mm6505e1 26866485 free The main clinical symptoms in symptomatic patients are low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, transient joint pain (mainly in the smaller joints of the hands and feet) and maculopapular rash that often starts on the face and then spreads throughout the body. It is difficult to diagnose Zika virus infection based on clinical signs and symptoms alone due to overlaps with other arboviruses that are endemic to similar areas.10.1056/NEJMp1600297 26761185 Zika Virus in the Americas — Yet Another Arbovirus Threat New England Journal of Medicine 374 7 601–604 2016 Fauci Anthony S Morens David M 4377569 free The methods currently available to test for Zika antibodies cross-react with dengue antibodies. An IgM-positive result in a dengue or Zika ELISA test can only be considered indicative of a recent flavivirus infection. Plaque-reduction neutralization tests (PRINT) can be performed and may be specific.https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf Revised diagnostic testing for Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses in US Public Health Laboratories Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Vector-Borne Diseases February 7, 2016 September 8, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025131/https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf September 11, 2017 live The Zika virus can be identified by RT-PCR in acutely ill patients. RT-PCR testing of serum and tissue samples can be used to detect the presence of the Zika virus. However, the RT-PCR test with serum is only helpful while the virus is still in the blood which is generally within the first week of the illness. After this period other methods should be used to determine if the virus is still present in the body. A test for IgM antibodies has seen to be effective over longer periods of time, as these antibodies can be present starting 4 days after the beginning of the illness and up to 12 weeks after that. However, it is suggested that a PRINT test be performed following a test for IgM antibodies to help eliminate false positives resulting from other flaviviruses. The PRINT test looks for viral-specific neutralizing antibodies. However, this test can still produce false positive results, for Zika, in individuals who have received immunization for or had previously been exposed to other flaviviruses.10.1542/peds.2016-0621 27009036 Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers Pediatrics 137 5 e20160621 2016 Karwowski M. P Nelson J. M Staples J. E Fischer M Fleming-Dutra K. E Villanueva J Powers A. M Mead P Honein M. A Moore C. A Rasmussen S. A 15599969 free Containment and control alt=symptoms of microcephaly|thumb|Symptoms of microcephaly, linked to mothers infected by Zika virus thumb|A mother and her microcephalic child in Brazil. The Americas Several countries, including Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Jamaica, advised women to postpone getting pregnant until more was known about the risks. Plans were announced by the authorities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to try to prevent the spread of the Zika virus during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35394297 Zika: Olympics plans announced by Rio authorities BBC News January 24, 2016 June 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180731160415/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35394297 July 31, 2018 live The health ministry of Peru installed more than 20,000 ovitraps during the 2015 dengue outbreak. The same ovitraps will be used to monitor a potential Zika outbreak in tropical regions of Peru.Post Colin http://perureports.com/2016/01/25/northern-peru-braces-for-mosquito-borne-zika-virus/ Northern Peru braces for mosquito-borne Zika virus Peru Reports January 25, 2016 January 28, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160128231352/http://perureports.com/2016/01/25/northern-peru-braces-for-mosquito-borne-zika-virus/ January 28, 2016 live On January 15, 2016, because of the "growing evidence of a link between Zika and microcephaly" the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) issued a travel warning advising pregnant women to consider postponing travel to Brazil as well as the following countries and territories where Zika fever had been reported: Colombia, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.Lowes Robert http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/857389?nlid=97363_3901&src=wnl_newsalrt_160115_MSCPEDIT&uac=28013DZ&impID=957011&faf=1 CDC Issues Zika Travel Alert Medscape Medical News January 15, 2016 January 16, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160126092814/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/857389?nlid=97363_3901&src=wnl_newsalrt_160115_MSCPEDIT&uac=28013DZ&impID=957011&faf=1 January 26, 2016 live On January 20, the Ministry of Health of Chile published a health notice.http://web.minsal.cl/virus-zika/ Recomendaciones por Dengue Zika Chikungunya Chile Ministry of Health January 20, 2016 es dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160315024332/http://web.minsal.cl/virus-zika/ March 15, 2016 mdy-all On January 22, eight more countries and territories were added to the list of those affected: Barbados, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Guyana, Cape Verde, and Samoa.Branswell Helen http://www.statnews.com/2016/01/22/zika-travel-advisory-expanded/ CDC expands Zika travel advisory to include more countries Stat News January 22, 2016 January 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160124041115/http://www.statnews.com/2016/01/22/zika-travel-advisory-expanded/ January 24, 2016 live On February 1, Costa Rica and Nicaragua were added to the list, bringing the number of countries and territories affected to 28.Mohney Gillian Latest on Zika Virus: WHO's Recommendations, CDC Advisory Expanded to 28 Countries https://abcnews.go.com/Health/latest-zika-virus-recommendations-cdc-advisory-expanded-28/story?id=36664447 February 28, 2016 ABC News February 2, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303104923/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/latest-zika-virus-recommendations-cdc-advisory-expanded-28/story?id=36664447 March 3, 2016 live The agency issued additional guidelines and suggested that women thinking about becoming pregnant consult with their physicians before traveling.10.15585/mmwr.mm6502e1 26796813 Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak — United States, 2016 MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65 2 30–33 2016 Petersen Emily E Staples J. Erin Meaney-Delman Dana Fischer Marc Ellington Sascha R Callaghan William M Jamieson Denise J free Canada issued a similar travel advisory.http://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/travel-health-notices/143?_ga=1.191165994.1052850922.1446055028 Zika virus infection in the Americas Government of Canada February 3, 2016 February 8, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160216025340/http://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/travel-health-notices/143?_ga=1.191165994.1052850922.1446055028 February 16, 2016 live Questions have been raised about the readability and effectiveness of the press releases issued by the WHO/PAHO, CDC, and the ministries of health of affected countries with the average readability of a press release by the WHO measured at 17.1 on the Flesch Kincaid grade level readability test.10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000296 29082006 5656128 Zika pandemic online trends, incidence and health risk communication: A time trend study BMJ Global Health 2 3 e000296 2017 Adebayo Gbenga Neumark Yehuda Gesser-Edelsburg Anat Abu Ahmad Wiessam Levine Hagai On February 5, after the laboratory confirmation of a Zika virus infection in the U.S. in a non-traveler, which was linked to sexual contact with an infected partner, the CDC issued interim guidelines for prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus for the United States. These guidelines recommend that men who reside in or have traveled to an area of active Zika virus transmission who have a pregnant partner should abstain from sexual activity or consistently and correctly use condoms during sex for the duration of the pregnancy. The guidelines recommend that pregnant women discuss any possible Zika exposure with their male partners. The guidelines recommend that non-pregnant women and their partners consider taking similar measures. On February 8, CDC elevated its response efforts to a Level 1 activation, the highest response level at the agency. The CDC then issued a statement on February 23 further encouraging adherence to this guidance after 14 reports of possible sexual transmission of the virus were under investigation.https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0223-zika-guidance.html CDC encourages following guidance to prevent sexual transmission of Zika virus February 23, 2016 CDC Newsroom Centers for Disease Control and Prevention September 8, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20160227052140/http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0223-zika-guidance.html February 27, 2016 livehttps://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/health/zika-virus-sexual-transmission.html C.D.C. Investigating 14 New Reports of Zika Transmission Through Sex Tavernise Sabrina February 23, 2016 The New York Times February 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160223215837/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/health/zika-virus-sexual-transmission.html February 23, 2016 live A bill, Zika Authorization Plan Act of 2016 (H.R. 4562), was introduced in the second session of the United States 114th Congress by Representative Curt Clawson (R-FL) on February 12, 2016, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4562 H.R.4562 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): Zika Authorization Plan Act of 2016 February 19, 2016 August 20, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111314/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4562 August 13, 2018 livehttps://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?packageId=BILLS-114hr4562ih Govinfo August 20, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180813143158/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?packageId=BILLS-114hr4562ih August 13, 2018 live aimed at reducing the spread of the virus.http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2016/02/11/third-zika-case-reported-lee-health-department/80242696/ Clawson introduces legislation to stem spread of zika The Tennessean 2017-03-23 en Paraguay reported its first case of Zika in a pregnant woman on March 11.http://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/primer-caso-de-zika-en-embarazada-1460904.html Paraguay: primer caso de zika en embarazada ABC.com March 11, 2016 June 5, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160625081716/http://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/primer-caso-de-zika-en-embarazada-1460904.html June 25, 2016 live On March 18, CDC cautioned men who have been infected with Zika from attempting to conceive children due to probability of virus transfer from man to woman during sexual activity which in turn can affect the fetus, under this caution, men are advised not to try conception until six months after the infection.http://www.statnews.com/2016/03/25/zika-new-cdc-recommendations/ Couples exposed to Zika virus are urged to delay pregnancy Stat News March 25, 2016 Branswell Helen March 26, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160328162231/http://www.statnews.com/2016/03/25/zika-new-cdc-recommendations/ March 28, 2016 live Colombia reported its first cases of microcephaly associated to the Zika virus on April 14, 2016.https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/world/americas/colombia-reports-first-cases-of-microcephaly-linked-to-zika-virus.html Colombia Reports First Cases of Microcephaly Linked to Zika Virus New York Times April 15, 2016 Casey, Nicholas Díaz, María Eugenia March 1, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20160616212832/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/world/americas/colombia-reports-first-cases-of-microcephaly-linked-to-zika-virus.html June 16, 2016 live The CDC authorized emergency use of a Zika Virus RNA Qualitative test on April 28 to detect Zika virus in the blood of patients who have symptoms of Zika virus infection and live in or have traveled to an area with ongoing Zika virus transmission. This is the first commercial test to detect Zika virus authorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration for emergency use.Zika Virus Response Updates from FDA Food and Drug Administration https://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMIssues/ucm485199.htm#bydate April 29, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160426154424/http://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMIssues/ucm485199.htm#bydate April 26, 2016 dead On May 6, Major League Baseball announced that a series of games between the Miami Marlins and Pittsburgh Pirates scheduled to be played at the end of the month in San Juan, Puerto Rico would be relocated to Marlins Park in Miami, Florida after a number of players on each team voiced concerns regarding the threat of Zika exposure.Almasy Steve MLB moves games from Puerto Rico due to Zika concerns http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/06/health/mlb-puerto-rico-zika/ June 1, 2016 CNN May 6, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160507120211/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/06/health/mlb-puerto-rico-zika/ May 7, 2016 live By mid-August at least 37 people had contracted the virus in neighborhoods near the city of Miami, Florida, though officials estimated that the actual number of infections was much higher due to under-reporting of mild illness.Doucleff Michaeleen How Big, Really, Is The Zika Outbreak In Florida? https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/08/22/490941346/how-big-really-is-the-zika-outbreak-in-florida NPR August 23, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160823171934/http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/08/22/490941346/how-big-really-is-the-zika-outbreak-in-florida August 23, 2016 live It was determined in June that travelers to Dominican Republic lead New York City in positive Zika tests.Travelers to Dominican Republic Lead New York City in Positive Zika Tests https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/nyregion/dominicans-lead-among-those-testing-positive-for-zika-in-new-york-city.html New York Times June 29, 2016 Santora, Mark March 1, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20161124224016/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/nyregion/dominicans-lead-among-those-testing-positive-for-zika-in-new-york-city.html November 24, 2016 live The first-affected area in the continental United States, the Wynwood neighborhood of Miami, was declared Zika-free in September, 2016.https://www.npr.org/2016/09/19/494619451/miami-neighborhood-declared-zika-free-as-cdc-lifts-warning Miami Neighborhood Declared Zika Free As CDC Lifts Warning NPR May 4, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225415/https://www.npr.org/2016/09/19/494619451/miami-neighborhood-declared-zika-free-as-cdc-lifts-warning May 4, 2018 live After the virus stopped circulating in South Beach, all of Florida was declared Zika-free in December, 2016.http://fortune.com/2016/12/12/florida-zika-free-cdc/ Florida Has Officially Been Declared Zika-Free May 4, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065811/http://fortune.com/2016/12/12/florida-zika-free-cdc/ May 5, 2018 live One case of local transmission was reported in Texas up until September, 2017.https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/is-zika-gone-for-good Is Zika Gone for Good? The New Yorker September 2, 2017 May 4, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155438/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/is-zika-gone-for-good May 4, 2018 live As of 2018, Zika remains endemic in Puerto Rico,https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/zika-lyme-drive-big-increase-bug-borne-disease-u-s-n870496 Zika, Lyme drive big increase in bug-borne disease in U.S. NBC News May 2, 2018 May 4, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010159/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/zika-lyme-drive-big-increase-bug-borne-disease-u-s-n870496 May 4, 2018 live but the number of cases was reduced from about 8,000 reported per month at the peak in August 2016 to about 10 reported per month in April 2017.https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-06-05/puerto-rico-declares-zika-outbreak-over-cdc-maintains-travel-warning Puerto Rico Declares Zika Outbreak Over, CDC Maintains Travel Warning May 4, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180504162339/https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2017-06-05/puerto-rico-declares-zika-outbreak-over-cdc-maintains-travel-warning May 4, 2018 live Asia Following the spread of Zika infection into Southeast Asia in June 2016, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam become the most heavily affected.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37548723 Zika virus: The outbreak in Asia BBC News October 11, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021142618/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37548723 October 21, 2016 live Singapore has planned to release an army of mosquitoes that contain the Wolbachia bacteria to fight the Aedes aegypti mosquito population.http://m.thenational.ae/world/southeast-asia/in-fight-against-zika-singapore-releases-more-mosquitoes https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20161020223638/http://www.thenational.ae/world/southeast-asia/in-fight-against-zika-singapore-releases-more-mosquitoes dead October 20, 2016 In fight against Zika, Singapore releases more mosquitoes Tan, Joanna The National (UAE) October 16, 2016 October 21, 2016 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members have increased information sharing and joint research on the virus.http://asean.org/asean-health-ministers-respond-to-zika-virus/ ASEAN Health Ministers respond to Zika virus ASEAN September 20, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021140958/http://asean.org/asean-health-ministers-respond-to-zika-virus/ October 21, 2016 livehttp://m.todayonline.com/world/asia/asean-pledges-boost-data-sharing-zika Asean pledges to boost data-sharing on Zika Bangkok Post Today Online September 24, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021081257/http://m.todayonline.com/world/asia/asean-pledges-boost-data-sharing-zika October 21, 2016 live On September 30, Thailand confirmed that two babies have been born with microcephaly.http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/zika-virus-thai-babies-diagnosed-microcephaly-160930152653089.html Zika virus: Thailand babies diagnosed with microcephaly Al Jazeera October 1, 2016 November 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102110/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/zika-virus-thai-babies-diagnosed-microcephaly-160930152653089.html November 1, 2016 live Prior to the case, Thailand has allowed abortion for pregnant women that have been affected by birth defects.http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/abortion-legal-in-thai-birth-defect-cases-linked-to-zika-officials-say/54714732 Abortion legal in Thai birth defect cases linked to Zika, officials say Amy Sawitta Lefevre Reuters ETHealthworld October 6, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021074130/http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/abortion-legal-in-thai-birth-defect-cases-linked-to-zika-officials-say/54714732 October 21, 2016 dead Malaysia is still undecided on the issue,https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/09/malaysia-govt-muslim-clerics-split-abortion-zika-cases/ Malaysia: Govt, Muslim clerics split over abortion in Zika cases Asian Correspondent September 1, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021135343/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/09/malaysia-govt-muslim-clerics-split-abortion-zika-cases/ October 21, 2016 live with doctors there letting the mother make the decision whether or not to abort.http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/10/177315/let-mother-decide Let the mother decide Soorian, A. New Straits Times October 1, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021073556/http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/10/177315/let-mother-decide October 21, 2016 live Rentokil, a Malaysian pest company, has designed an Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) program to curb the spread of Aedes mosquito.https://www.rentokil.com/my/help-advice/pest-insights/mosquitoes/mosquito-control Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) Rentokil March 27, 2025 On October 17, Zika was declared as endemic in Vietnam by the country Health Ministry due to the number of local cases.http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/37590/zika-disease-becomes-endemic-in-vietnam-health-official Zika disease becomes endemic in Vietnam: health official Tuổi Trẻ October 17, 2016 October 17, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161018211536/http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/37590/zika-disease-becomes-endemic-in-vietnam-health-official October 18, 2016 live Vietnam confirmed that one baby has been born with microcephaly on October 31.http://vietnamnews.vn/society/345333/vn-confirms-first-zika-tied-birth-defect-case.html VN confirms first Zika-tied birth defect case Vietnam News Agency Việt Nam News October 31, 2016 November 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101044332/http://vietnamnews.vn/society/345333/vn-confirms-first-zika-tied-birth-defect-case.html November 1, 2016 live Following the rise of local Zika infection cases in the Philippines, the virus have also been declared as endemic by the country Health Department.https://www.rappler.com/philippines/148215-zika-virus-endemic-philippines/ DOH: Zika virus endemic in PH Jee Y. Geronimo Rappler October 4, 2016 November 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161120091445/http://www.rappler.com/nation/148215-zika-virus-endemic-philippines November 20, 2016 live The government of the republic hosting the "One Philippines against Zika" national summit on October 28 with church in the country has joint fight to curb the spread of the virus by issuing a pastoral guidance to help raise awareness about the mosquito-borne disease among local communities.http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/7552 DOH continues campaign against Zika as 3 new confirmed cases emerge Department of Health (Philippines) November 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041728/http://www.doh.gov.ph/node/7552 November 1, 2016 livehttp://reliefweb.int/report/world/zika-virus-microcephaly-and-guillain-barr-syndrome-situation-report-27-october-2016 Zika virus, Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome Situation Report, 27 October 2016 ReliefWeb October 27, 2016 November 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041651/http://reliefweb.int/report/world/zika-virus-microcephaly-and-guillain-barr-syndrome-situation-report-27-october-2016 November 1, 2016 livehttp://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/10/29/church_in_philippines_joins_fight_against_zika/1268660 Church in Philippines joins fight against Zika Vatican Radio October 29, 2016 November 1, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101044002/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/10/29/church_in_philippines_joins_fight_against_zika/1268660 November 1, 2016 live Taiwan has also seen an increase of infection, most of the cases are believed to be imported from other countries.https://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/info.aspx?treeid=BC2D4E89B154059B&nowtreeid=EE0A2987CFBA3222&tid=B457AF423C41CBDB As CECC for Zika Virus confirms 13th imported Zika case, travelers returning from Zika-affected areas advised to take precautions against mosquito bites, follow "1+6 Principle" and seek immediate medical attention when symptoms develop Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan) October 17, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132206/http://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/info.aspx?treeid=BC2D4E89B154059B&nowtreeid=EE0A2987CFBA3222&tid=B457AF423C41CBDB October 21, 2016 live On October 27, Myanmar reported its first imported case on a pregnant foreign woman. International thumb|Agent for endemic diseases of the city of Votuporanga, São Paulo, Brazil Governments or health agencies such as those of Australia,http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/ohp-zika-health-practitioners.htm Zika virus – information for clinicians and public health practitioners Australian Health Department October 21, 2016 Australia https://web.archive.org/web/20161020234459/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-zika-health-practitioners.htm October 20, 2016 live Canada,https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/travel-health-notices/152 Zika virus infection: Global Update Government of Canada October 21, 2016 Canada https://web.archive.org/web/20161021134737/https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/travel-health-notices/152 October 21, 2016 live China,http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-09/07/c_135669994.htm China alerts travellers against Zika Xinhua News Agency September 7, 2016 Huaxia China October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160908175837/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-09/07/c_135669994.htm September 8, 2016 dead Hong Kong,http://m.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2013029/hong-kong-issues-travel-warning-singapore-zika Hong Kong issues travel warning for Singapore on Zika virus fears South China Morning Post September 7, 2016 Chiu, Peace Elizabeth, Cheung Hong Kong Indonesia,http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-mulls-travel-advisory-for-singapore-over-zika-outbreak/3089376.html Indonesia mulls 'travel advisory' for Singapore over Zika outbreak Vatvani, Chandni Channel NewsAsia August 31, 2016 Jakarta October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021133846/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-mulls-travel-advisory-for-singapore-over-zika-outbreak/3089376.html October 21, 2016 live Ireland,http://www.rte.ie/news/2016/0122/762119-el-salvador-zika-virus/ Pregnant Irish women warned over Zika virus in central and South America RTÉ News January 22, 2016 January 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160124040309/http://www.rte.ie/news/2016/0122/762119-el-salvador-zika-virus/ January 24, 2016 live Japan,http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/02/02/national/science-health/japan-require-doctors-report-zika-fever-cases/ Japan to step up screening for Zika virus The Japan Times February 2, 2016 Kyodo, Associated Press February 2, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022331/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/02/02/national/science-health/japan-require-doctors-report-zika-fever-cases#.VrCOx9J96t9 February 5, 2016 live Malaysia,http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/03/zika-health-ministry-issues-travel-advisory/ Zika virus: Health Ministry issues travel advisory The Star February 3, 2016 Anis, Mazwin Nik Malaysia February 10, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160207062607/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/03/zika-health-ministry-issues-travel-advisory/ February 7, 2016 live New Zealand,http://www.3news.co.nz/nznews/zika-virus-prompts-travel-warning-for-kiwis-2016012416 Zika virus prompts travel warning for Kiwis 3News January 24, 2016 Burton, Nina New Zealand January 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160125091028/http://www.3news.co.nz/nznews/zika-virus-prompts-travel-warning-for-kiwis-2016012416 January 25, 2016 dead mdy-all Philippines,http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2016/01/31/doh-cautions-public-zika-virus-454679 DOH cautions public on Zika virus Sun Star January 31, 2016 Manila February 2, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160202003501/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2016/01/31/doh-cautions-public-zika-virus-454679 February 2, 2016 live Singapore,http://www.prischew.com/sports/running/singapores-zika-outbreak-precautions-for-runners-comments-by-running-doctor-derek-li/ Singapore's ZIKA outbreak & precautions for runners: Comments by Running Doctor Derek Li Priscilla PrisChew Dot Com September 3, 2016 September 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160917091336/http://www.prischew.com/sports/running/singapores-zika-outbreak-precautions-for-runners-comments-by-running-doctor-derek-li/ September 17, 2016 live South Korea,http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/02/02/0200000000AEN20160202002400320.html S. Korea holds emergency meeting on Zika virus threat Yonhap News Agency February 2, 2016 February 2, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160208025928/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/02/02/0200000000AEN20160202002400320.html February 8, 2016 live Taiwan,https://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/info.aspx?treeid=BC2D4E89B154059B&nowtreeid=EE0A2987CFBA3222&tid=B457AF423C41CBDB As first imported case of Zika virus infection identified in Taiwan, Taiwan CDC to list Zika virus infection as Category II Notifiable Infectious Disease and raises travel notice level for Central and South America and six countries in Southeast Asia Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan) January 19, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132206/http://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/info.aspx?treeid=BC2D4E89B154059B&nowtreeid=EE0A2987CFBA3222&tid=B457AF423C41CBDB October 21, 2016 live the United Kingdom,http://www.itv.com/news/2016-01-22/zika-virus-advice-for-those-planning-to-travel-to-outbreak-area/ Zika virus: Advice for those planning to travel to outbreak areas ITV News January 22, 2016 January 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160128111434/http://www.itv.com/news/2016-01-22/zika-virus-advice-for-those-planning-to-travel-to-outbreak-area/ January 28, 2016 live United Stateshttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/09/29/cdc-issues-zika-travel-notice-for-11-southeast-asian-countries/ CDC issues Zika travel notice for 11 Southeast Asian countries H. Sun, Lena The Washington Post September 29, 2016 October 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161021131956/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/09/29/cdc-issues-zika-travel-notice-for-11-southeast-asian-countries/ October 21, 2016 live as well the European Union issued travel warnings. The warnings are predicted to have an effect on the tourism industry in affected countries.https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35472864 Tourist industry on edge as Zika virus spreads BBC News February 3, 2016 June 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181205010214/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35472864 December 5, 2018 live Harpaz Beth J. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/45f6dfa46b984f329a7fc5c6569481ac/zika-affects-plans-destination-weddings-babymoons Zika affects plans for destination weddings, babymoons Associated Press Associated Press February 3, 2016 February 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160204094119/http://www.bigstory.ap.org/article/45f6dfa46b984f329a7fc5c6569481ac/zika-affects-plans-destination-weddings-babymoons February 4, 2016 live Dastin Jeffrey https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-poll-exclusive-idUSKCN0VG0L8 Zika virus discourages many Americans from Latin America travel Reuters February 8, 2016 July 2, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234335/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-poll-exclusive-idUSKCN0VG0L8 September 19, 2017 live To prevent the transmission of the Zika virus, WHO recommends using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved clothes to cover the body, and using screens and mosquito nets to exclude flying insects from dwellings or sleeping areas. It is also vital to eliminate any standing water near homes to minimize breeding areas for mosquitoes. Authorities can treat larger water containers with recommended larvicides.https://www.who.int/whopes/Mosquito_Larvicides_25_Oct_2013.pdf WHOPES-recommended compounds and formulations for control of mosquito larvae World Health Organization October 25, 2013 February 15, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20151203180043/http://www.who.int/whopes/Mosquito_Larvicides_25_Oct_2013.pdf December 3, 2015 dead mdy-all Furthermore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that containers holding water near homes either be sealed or scrubbed once per week, because mosquito eggs can stick to them. On February 1, 2016, WHO declared the cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, which may reduce the number of visitors to the Rio Olympics in 2016.http://www.promedmail.org/post/3985366 WHO Declares Public Health Emergency of International Concern International Society for Infectious Diseases Pro-MED-mail February 1, 2016 February 2, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160914004708/http://www.promedmail.org/post/3985366 September 14, 2016 live The designation has been applied in the past to the Ebola outbreak in 2014, the outbreak of polio in Syria in 2013, and the 2009 flu pandemic.Calamur Krishnadev https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/zika-virus/458682/ An Emergency Meeting on the Zika Virus The Atlantic February 1, 2016 March 4, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20161112065332/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/zika-virus/458682/ November 12, 2016 live South Korea held an emergency meeting in response to the WHO declaration on February 2, 2016. A second meeting of the WHO-convened emergency committee, held on March 8, 2016, reaffirmed the situation's status as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The committee reported that evidence was increasing for a causal relationship between Zika virus and microcephaly and other neurological conditions, and called for continued research, aggressive mosquito control, and improved surveillance and communication of risks to the public. The report stated that pregnant women should be advised not to travel to affected areas, and should use safe sex practices if their partners lived in or travelled to affected areas throughout their pregnancy.https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/2nd-emergency-committee-zika/en/ WHO statement on the 2nd meeting of IHR Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations WHO March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160312083659/http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/2nd-emergency-committee-zika/en/ March 12, 2016 live On March 9, 2016, WHO announced that research should prioritise prevention and diagnosis, not treatment, and in particular non-live vaccines suitable for pregnant women and those of childbearing age, novel mosquito control measures, and diagnostic tests that can detect dengue and chikungunya as well as Zika.https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2016/research-development-zika/en/ WHO and experts prioritize vaccines, diagnostics and innovative vector control tools for Zika R&D WHO March 9, 2016 March 13, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160313124100/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2016/research-development-zika/en/ March 13, 2016 live Responses Mosquito control thumb|right|The Brazilian Army has sent more than 200,000 troops to go "house to house" in the campaign against Zika-carrying mosquitoes. thumb|Brazilian Army soldier analyzes the water from a cistern. In January 2016, it was announced that, in response to the Zika virus outbreak, Brazil's National Biosafety Committee approved the releases of more genetically modified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes throughout their country. Previously, in July 2015, Oxitec had published results of a test in the Juazeiro region of Brazil, of so-called "self-limiting" mosquitoes, to fight dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. They concluded that mosquito populations were reduced by over 90% in the test region.Kim Meeri https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/01/29/heres-how-gm-mosquitos-with-self-destruct-genes-could-save-us-from-zika-virus/ How mosquitoes with 'self-destruct' genes could save us from Zika virus The Washington Post January 29, 2016 January 29, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160129163604/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/01/29/heres-how-gm-mosquitos-with-self-destruct-genes-could-save-us-from-zika-virus/ January 29, 2016 live http://www.oxitec.com/press-release-oxitec-mosquito-works-to-control-aedes-aegypti-in-dengue-hotspo/ Oxitec mosquito works to control Aedes aegypti in dengue hotspot Oxitec Press release July 2, 2015 January 29, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160203083908/http://www.oxitec.com/press-release-oxitec-mosquito-works-to-control-aedes-aegypti-in-dengue-hotspo/ February 3, 2016 dead 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003864 26135160 4489809 Suppression of a Field Population of Aedes aegypti in Brazil by Sustained Release of Transgenic Male Mosquitoes PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9 7 e0003864 2015 Carvalho Danilo O McKemey Andrew R Garziera Luiza Lacroix Renaud Donnelly Christl A Alphey Luke Malavasi Aldo Capurro Margareth L free Male genetically modified mosquitoes mate with females in the wild and transmit a self-limiting gene that causes the resulting offspring to die before reaching adulthood and thus diminishes the local mosquito population. In January 2016 the technique was being used to try to combat the Zika virus in the town of Piracicaba, São Paulo.Pollack Andrew New Weapon to Fight Zika: The Mosquito https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/business/new-weapon-to-fight-zika-the-mosquito.html March 16, 2016 New York Times January 30, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160203154347/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/business/new-weapon-to-fight-zika-the-mosquito.html?_r=0 February 3, 2016 live On February 1, 2016, the WHO declared the current Zika virus outbreak an international public health emergency,https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/health/zika-virus-world-health-organization.html W.H.O. Declares Zika Virus an International Health Emergency The New York Times February 1, 2016 Tavernise Sabrina McNeil Donald G. Jr. March 1, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20160208085615/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/health/zika-virus-world-health-organization.html February 8, 2016 live and the Brazilian President released a decree that increased local and federal pest control agents' access to private property required by mobilization actions for the prevention and elimination of Aedes mosquito outbreaks in the country.https://planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2016/decreto/d8662.htm Decreto Nº 8.662 Palácio do Planalto, Presidência da República February 1, 2016 February 4, 2016 pt Decree No. 8662 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160302044801/https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2016/decreto/d8662.htm March 2, 2016 mdy-all Some experts have proposed combatting the spread of the Zika virus by breeding and releasing mosquitoes that have either been genetically modified to prevent them from transmitting pathogens or that have been infected with the Wolbachia bacterium, thought to inhibit the spread of viruses.Kate Kelland https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/who-backs-trials-of-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-to-fight-zika/article29297605/ WHO backs trials of genetically modified mosquitoes to fight Zika The Globe and Mail March 18, 2016 March 19, 2016 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160318223119/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/who-backs-trials-of-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-to-fight-zika/article29297605/ March 18, 2016 mdy-all https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-04/as-zika-virus-goes-global-scientists-breed-infected-mosquitoes The Best Weapon for Fighting Zika? More Mosquitoes Bloomberg News February 4, 2016 Jason Gale March 4, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170406044831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-04/as-zika-virus-goes-global-scientists-breed-infected-mosquitoes April 6, 2017 live Another proposed technique consists of using radiation to sterilize male larvae so that when they mate, they produce no progeny.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-12/un-readies-nuclear-weapons-to-destroy-the-zika-virus UN Readies Nuclear Solution to Destroy the Zika Virus Bloomberg Business February 12, 2016 Tirone Jonathan March 4, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170511084034/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-12/un-readies-nuclear-weapons-to-destroy-the-zika-virus May 11, 2017 live Male mosquitoes do not bite or spread disease.http://www.mimosq.org/mosquitobiology/mosquitobiology.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20130330125526/http://www.mimosq.org/mosquitobiology/mosquitobiology.htm dead March 30, 2013 Mosquito Biology Michigan Mosquito Control Association February 23, 2016 In February, the Brazilian federal government mobilized 60% of the country's Armed Forces, or about 220,000 soldiers, to warn and educate the populations of 350 municipalities on how to reduce mosquito breeding grounds.Martín María http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2016/02/13/politica/1455383958_196275.html?id_externo_rsoc=FB_CM Brasil destina 60% das suas Forças Armadas na luta contra um mosquito pt Brazil deploys 60% of its armed forces in the fight against mosquitoes El Pais Río de Janeiro February 13, 2016 February 13, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160222194434/http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2016/02/13/politica/1455383958_196275.html?id_externo_rsoc=FB_CM February 22, 2016 live A joint statement on the sharing of data and results on the Zika outbreak in the Americas and future public health emergencies was issued on February 10, 2016, by a group of more than 30 global health bodies.http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/About-us/Policy/Spotlight-issues/Data-sharing/Public-health-emergencies/index.htm Data sharing in public health emergencies Wellcome Trust Blog February 10, 2016 February 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160301163530/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/About-us/Policy/Spotlight-issues/Data-sharing/Public-health-emergencies/index.htm March 1, 2016 live The statement reinforces a similar consensus statement issued by WHO in September 2015.https://www.who.int/medicines/ebola-treatment/blueprint_phe_data-share-results/en/ Developing global norms for sharing data and results during public health emergencies World Health Organization September 2015 February 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160220214453/http://www.who.int/medicines/ebola-treatment/blueprint_phe_data-share-results/en/ February 20, 2016 dead The statement calls for free access to all data as rapidly and widely as possible.http://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2016/02/10/sharing-data-during-zika-and-other-global-health-emergencies/ Sharing data during Zika and other global health emergencies Wellcome Trust Blog February 10, 2016 February 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160220204353/http://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2016/02/10/sharing-data-during-zika-and-other-global-health-emergencies/ February 20, 2016 dead In February 2016, Google announced that they were donating $1 million via UNICEF to fight the spread of the Zika virus and offering professional personnel to help to determine where it will hit next.https://www.baltimoresun.com/2016/03/03/google-donates-1m-to-help-fight-zika-virus-spread/ Google donates $1M to help fight Zika virus spread The Baltimore Sun March 3, 2016 March 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160328074224/http://www.baltimoresun.com/health/ct-google-zika-virus-20160303-story.html March 28, 2016 live Prevention and treatment While there are no known cures for Zika, there have been recent developments in Zika vaccination. Three vaccine designs are showing high confidence levels of protection against the Zika virus. Scientists have conducted tests on the rhesus monkey, and human trials began in late 2016.Hamzelou Jessica Zika vaccine trials begin – but fears remain over virus's impact https://www.newscientist.com/article/2104167-zika-vaccine-trials-begin-but-fears-remain-over-viruss-impact/ New Scientist 12 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161012160457/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2104167-zika-vaccine-trials-begin-but-fears-remain-over-viruss-impact/ October 12, 2016 live This preventative treatment is promising, but it will take years before it is available for widespread usage.Bednarczyk Robert Why a Zika vaccine is a long way off http://theconversation.com/why-a-zika-vaccine-is-a-long-way-off-63804 the conversation September 26, 2016 12 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153829/http://theconversation.com/why-a-zika-vaccine-is-a-long-way-off-63804 October 12, 2016 live British experts are clear that any of the vaccines would take considerable time to develop. Dr Ed Wright, a senior lecturer and virologist at the University of Westminster, said: "All of the vaccines currently under development are many years away from being licensed and available for widespread public use." Jonathan Ball, professor of molecular virology at the University of Nottingham, said: "We knew that these vaccines worked in mice and now the researchers have shown that they also protect non-human primates from Zika virus infection." "The next step will be to see if these vaccines are safe and the scientists hope to start early trials in humans to address this."August 8, 2016 https://www.bbc.com/news/health-36975088 Zika vaccines show early promise BBC News August 4, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160808141125/http://www.bbc.com/news/health-36975088 August 8, 2016 live Kineta, a Seattle-based biotech company, is actively working on treatments and has received an undisclosed amount of funding from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, one of the National Institutes of Health, to carry on the research. Kineta CEO Dr Shawn Iadonato said in a statement. "We are eager to expand testing of our broad spectrum antivirals in Zika virus as they have shown compelling efficacy across other flaviviruses such as Dengue and West Nile and have the potential for long-term development."August 8, 2016 http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/health-care-inc/2016/08/kineta-awarded-funding-to-test-zika-treatment.html Kineta awarded funding to test Zika treatment Puget Sound Business Journal August 5, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160817232505/http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/health-care-inc/2016/08/kineta-awarded-funding-to-test-zika-treatment.html August 17, 2016 live As of July 26, 2016, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dosed the first subject in its multi-center phase I trial to evaluate Inovio's Zika DNA vaccine (GLS-5700). In addition to the previously announced US FDA approval for the conduct of the study, Health Canada's Health Products and Food Branch has also approved this study, which will be conducted at clinical sites in Miami, Philadelphia, and Quebec City. The phase I, open-label, dose-ranging study of 40 healthy adult volunteers is evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of GLS-5700 administered with the CELLECTRA-3P device, Inovio's proprietary intradermal DNA delivery device. In preclinical testing, this synthetic vaccine induced robust antibody and T cell responses – the immune responses necessary to fight viral infections – in small and large animal models.August 8, 2016 https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/07/26/858976/0/en/Inovio-Pharmaceuticals-Doses-First-Subject-in-Zika-Vaccine-Clinical-Trial.html Inovio Pharmaceuticals Doses First Subject in Zika Vaccine Clinical Trial Inovio Pharmaceuticals July 26, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160730213134/https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/07/26/858976/0/en/Inovio-Pharmaceuticals-Doses-First-Subject-in-Zika-Vaccine-Clinical-Trial.html July 30, 2016 live Direct Relief, an emergency response organization, established a Zika Fund and fulfilled requests for supplies in 14 affected countries.https://www.directrelief.org/emergency/zika-virus-outbreak/ Zika Virus Outbreak 2019-01-10 Direct Relief en-US 2019-05-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20190509145712/https://www.directrelief.org/emergency/zika-virus-outbreak/ May 9, 2019 live Challenges to US response In May 2017, the Government Accountability Office published a report, "Emerging Infectious Diseases: Actions Needed to Address the Challenges of Responding to Zika Virus Disease Outbreak", to correspond with an associated House subcommittee hearing. The GAO said that even though scientific breakthroughs have increased in recent years, the United States remains unprepared to handle a Zika virus outbreak.https://homelandprepnews.com/featured/22565-challenges-hobble-u-s-public-health-response-zika-virus/ Challenges hobble U.S. public health response to Zika virus Riley Kim 2017-05-24 Homeland Preparedness News 2017-09-12 en-US https://web.archive.org/web/20190203034610/https://homelandprepnews.com/featured/22565-challenges-hobble-u-s-public-health-response-zika-virus/ February 3, 2019 live Timothy Persons, head scientist at the GAO, listed areas of limited research that damage the United States' ability to effectively respond to a Zika outbreak, including an accurate record of the number of cases in the United States, components associated with transmission from mothers to children (especially regarding pregnancy), risk of transmission through bodily fluid as related to the potential for sexual transmission of the virus, impact of prior exposure to Zika and other arboviruses, and both short-term and long-term outcomes. Recent outbreaks have been connected to an alarming a spike in microcephaly, a birth defect that inhibits the proper development of a baby's brain, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, which causes paralysis. Other challenges include the lack of a safe and effective vaccine, a complicated diagnostic process, and faltering support for research funding in the federal government. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), said "There aren't any federally licensed vaccines or specific therapeutics currently available to prevent or treat Zika." Zika is often difficult to distinguish from other illnesses that are spread by mosquitoes, like dengue, West Nile, and chikungunya, among others. President Trump's budget proposal for 2018 proposed stripping $800 billion from Medicaid over ten years. Democratic Representative Frank Pallone of New Jersey said that this decision "endangers our ability to manage public health emergencies like Zika." Controversies Some efforts to contain the spread of Zika virus have been controversial. Oxitec, the company behind the "self-limiting" mosquitoes, which pass on a fatal gene to their offspring, released in Brazil, has faced criticism from environmental groups, who fear that releasing a new mosquito strain into the wild will damage the ecosystem. In the short term, the concern is that a drop in the mosquito population could affect the populations of other species. Supporters claim that the environmental impact of the "self-limiting" mosquitoes will be minimal, since only one species of mosquito is being targeted and the genetically modified mosquitoes are still safe for predators to eat. Oxitec Product Development Manager Derric Nimmo likened the process to "going in with a scalpel and taking away Aedes aegypti, leaving everything untouched."March 20, 2016 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/01/29/heres-how-gm-mosquitos-with-self-destruct-genes-could-save-us-from-zika-virus/ How mosquitoes with 'self-destruct' genes could save us from Zika virus The Washington Post January 29, 2016 Kim Meeri 0190-8286 https://web.archive.org/web/20160319164356/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/01/29/heres-how-gm-mosquitos-with-self-destruct-genes-could-save-us-from-zika-virus/ March 19, 2016 live Since Aedes aegypti is an imported invasive species in Brazil, some experts expect that its eradication will have little impact on the environment. However, other environmentalists emphasize that the long-term consequences of eliminating an entire species cannot be predicted.March 20, 2016 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/genetically-modified-mosquitoes-zika-virus-fight/ Support grows for genetically modified mosquitoes in Zika fight CBS News February 16, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160319043545/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/genetically-modified-mosquitoes-zika-virus-fight/ March 19, 2016 live Government recommendations that women delay pregnancy have also proven to be controversial. Human and reproductive rights groups have deemed the recommendations irresponsible and difficult to follow, since women alone are tasked with avoiding pregnancy despite having little control to do so.March 20, 2016 https://time.com/4197318/zika-virus-latin-america-avoid-pregnancy/ Governments: Avoid Pregnancy Because of Zika. But How? Time January 29, 2016 Alter Charlotte https://web.archive.org/web/20160312160232/http://time.com/4197318/zika-virus-latin-america-avoid-pregnancy/ March 12, 2016 live A 2012 study suggests that 56% of pregnancies in Latin America and the Caribbean are unplanned (compared to an average unplanned pregnancy rate of 40% worldwide).10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x 25207494 4727534 Intended and Unintended Pregnancies Worldwide in 2012 and Recent Trends Studies in Family Planning 45 3 301–314 2014 Sedgh Gilda Singh Susheela Hussain Rubina Access to contraceptives might be limited in regions where the Roman Catholic Church is predominant, such as in El Salvador.March 20, 2016 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/as-zika-virus-spreads-el-salvador-asks-women-not-to-get-pregnant-until-2018/2016/01/22/1dc2dadc-c11f-11e5-98c8-7fab78677d51_story.html As Zika virus spreads, El Salvador asks women not to get pregnant until 2018 The Washington Post January 22, 2016 Partlow Joshua 0190-8286 https://web.archive.org/web/20160319211656/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/as-zika-virus-spreads-el-salvador-asks-women-not-to-get-pregnant-until-2018/2016/01/22/1dc2dadc-c11f-11e5-98c8-7fab78677d51_story.html March 19, 2016 live Anti-abortion laws in much of the region leave women with no recourse once they become pregnant. Aside from three countries where abortion is widely available (French Guiana, Guyana, and Uruguay) and three countries where abortion is allowed in cases of fetal malformation (Colombia, Mexico, and Panama), most of the region only permits abortion in the cases of rape, incest, or danger to the mother's health. In El Salvador, abortion is illegal under all circumstances. On February 5, 2016, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urged Latin American governments to consider repealing their policies regarding contraception and abortion, emphasizing that "upholding human rights is essential to an effective public health response".March 20, 2016 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17014&LangID=EN Upholding women's human rights essential to Zika response — Zeid United Nations News and Events February 5, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160409125842/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17014&LangID=EN April 9, 2016 live On February 16, 2016, the Vatican condemned the UN for its call to action, deeming it "an illegitimate response" to the Zika crisis and emphasizing that "a diagnosis of microcephaly in a child should not warrant a death sentence".March 20, 2016 https://zenit.org/articles/holy-see-on-zika-virus-international-community-should-exercise-due-diligence-but-not-panic/ Holy See on Zika Virus: International Community Should Exercise Due Diligence, But Not Panic Zenit February 17, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142432/https://zenit.org/articles/holy-see-on-zika-virus-international-community-should-exercise-due-diligence-but-not-panic/ April 4, 2016 live On February 18, 2016, after a trip to Latin America, Pope Francis stated that "avoiding pregnancy is not an absolute evil" in cases such as the Zika virus outbreak. His comments sparked speculation that the use of contraception may be morally permissible in the prevention of the Zika virus.March 20, 2016 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/02/17/mexico-confirms-zika-virus-cases-in-pregnant-women-as-pope-francis-exits-the-country/ Pope Francis suggests contraception could be permissible in Zika fight The Washington Post February 17, 2016 Bailey Sarah Pulliam Boorstein Michelle 0190-8286 https://web.archive.org/web/20160312214800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/02/17/mexico-confirms-zika-virus-cases-in-pregnant-women-as-pope-francis-exits-the-country/ March 12, 2016 live Scientific communication and concerns The 2015–2016 Zika virus outbreak became an important topic on many social media sites, especially on Twitter. An analysis of Twitter posts on February 2, 2016, showed that 50 tweets per minute were posted about Zika, many of which contained the hashtags #salud, which means health in Spanish as well as #who, which served as a reference to the World Health Organization.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-socialmedia/zika-virus-a-trending-topic-on-social-media-platforms-idUSKCN0VC2I0 Zika virus a trending topic on social media platforms 2016-02-03 Reuters 2017-12-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054906/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-zika-socialmedia/zika-virus-a-trending-topic-on-social-media-platforms-idUSKCN0VC2I0 December 11, 2017 live The epidemic also caused a rise in tweets from college students upset that their spring break trips and study abroad plans had been changed or cancelled due to the virus' spread. Many studies have been conducted on the connections and impact of social media mentions of Zika. One analysis found that the primary topics discussed on Twitter before the peak of the outbreak regarding Zika included Zika's impact, reactions to Zika, pregnancy and microcephaly, transmission routes of Zika, and case reports.10.1177/0894439317721985 Crisis Communications in the Age of Social Media Social Science Computer Review 36 5 523–541 2017 Hagen Loni Keller Thomas Neely Stephen Depaula Nic Robert-Cooperman Claudia 67362137 During the summer of 2016 when Zika was spreading at a much faster rate, this social media analysis determined that the major topics on Twitter regarding Zika had become concerns about the spread of Zika, criticism of Congress, news about Zika, and scientific information about Zika. The same study also found that tweets from reputable institutions and people holding scientific credentials demonstrated the ability of Twitter as a source to spread information quickly on the internet. Another study found that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as the general public showed similar concerns about Zika. The CDC's posts on Twitter during the outbreak focused on symptoms and education for Zika.10.1016/j.ajic.2016.08.019 27751615 Zika live Twitter chat American Journal of Infection Control 44 12 1756–1757 2016 Joob Beuy Wiwanitkit Viroj free However, the public had more of a tendency to focus concern on the consequences of Zika on women and infants, such as microcephaly. While there was concern for children on social media, this concern was lacking in countries largely impacted by Zika virus, such as Brazil. In Brazil, struggling mothers of infants with microcephaly caused by Zika have used support systems on social media on the cellphone chat app called WhatsApp or on Facebook pages that can help connect mothers in need of supplies and money to donors.https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2016/03/09/brazilmothers/ Poor Brazilian mothers join hands, turn to social media amid microcephaly crisis Phillips Dom 2016-03-09 Washington Post 2017-12-09 en-US 0190-8286 https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054825/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2016/03/09/brazilmothers/ December 11, 2017 live The heavy traditional news and social media coverage of the virus spreading did cause concern over lack of reliability. Research has found that between May and June 2016, four out of five social media posts about Zika provided accurate information, but inaccurate posts were much more popular. This led many researchers to worry about the quality of information being spread and shared on social media.https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/zika-virus-outbreak/study-finds-people-wrong-stuff-social-media-better-n677356 If you're reading this, you might not like it. Because it's accurate. NBC News 2017-12-09 en https://web.archive.org/web/20171210233439/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/zika-virus-outbreak/study-finds-people-wrong-stuff-social-media-better-n677356 December 10, 2017 live Google Trends showed that Zika did not become a trending topic for the media until January 2016.https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/02/14/the-zika-virus-and-how-algorithms-and-media-effects-impact-our-understanding-of-global-issues/#7e2d40dc766b The Zika Virus And How Algorithms And Media Effects Impact Our Understanding Of Global Issues Leetaru Kalev Forbes 2017-12-09 en https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232820/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/02/14/the-zika-virus-and-how-algorithms-and-media-effects-impact-our-understanding-of-global-issues/#7e2d40dc766b December 10, 2017 live A study done found that 81 percent of the most popular posts on Facebook about Zika did contain truthful information, but posts spreading false information were far more popular. Initial media reports on Zika in the United States focused on reassuring viewers and readers that Zika was not a threat in the United States. Studies have found that real-time social media updates are desirable methods for communication during the emergence of infectious diseases. However, misinformation is common and data control in the cyber world has become a growing necessity. Many people criticized the lack of governmental response from the U.S. Government in the wake of the crisis.https://theconversation.com/us-response-to-zika-fragmented-and-uneven-64039 US response to Zika: Fragmented and uneven Greer Scott L. The Conversation 2017-12-09 en https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232542/https://theconversation.com/us-response-to-zika-fragmented-and-uneven-64039 December 10, 2017 live The United States was criticized for a lack of preparedness in terms of an ability to contain a virus outbreak in the United States. The Obama Administration requested an emergency supplemental appropriation of $1.86 billion for both domestic and international response to the crisis.Phelan Alexandra Alexandra Phelan Gostin Lawrence O. Lawrence Gostin April 28, 2016 On Zika Preparedness And Response, The US Gets A Failing Grade https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20160428.054662/full/ Health Affairs 10.1377/forefront.20160428.054662 March 29, 2022 August 8, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220808120434/https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20160428.054662/full/ live subscription In response to this request, Congress redirected $589 million from funds previously dedicated to Ebola instead of allocating new funds. Another criticism regarding Zika funding had to do with the fact that Congress members still took vacation in July 2016 before allocating any of the funds requested in February 2016.https://www.vox.com/2016/9/8/12830642/congress-response-zika-public-health We're screwed on outbreaks like Zika as long as we have to rely on Congress for money Vox 2017-12-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232058/https://www.vox.com/2016/9/8/12830642/congress-response-zika-public-health December 10, 2017 live In August 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that they had spent $194 million of the initial $222 million allocation to fight Zika virus.https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/31/health/us-funding-for-fighting-zika-virus-is-nearly-spent-cdc-says.html U.S. Funding for Fighting Zika Virus Is Nearly Spent, C.D.C. Says Tavernise Sabrina 2016-08-30 The New York Times 2017-12-09 en-US 0362-4331 https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232105/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/31/health/us-funding-for-fighting-zika-virus-is-nearly-spent-cdc-says.html December 10, 2017 live Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases said that the NIAID was running out of funds, which would substantially slow down the development of vaccines.https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2016/09/05/zika-congress-funding-vaccine-niaid-fauci-mosquitos-sexual-transmission-babies-outbreak/89889250/ Q&A: Zika vaccine waits on Congress USA TODAY 2017-12-09 en https://web.archive.org/web/20171210235441/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2016/09/05/zika-congress-funding-vaccine-niaid-fauci-mosquitos-sexual-transmission-babies-outbreak/89889250/ December 10, 2017 live Although the government faced criticism for not responding strongly enough to the Zika outbreak, the government eventually provided funding of $1.1 billion for Zika in October 2016. It took congress nearly seven months to agree to this allocation, which left many prevention and education projects without funding for a substantial amount of time.https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/09/28/495806979/congress-ends-spat-over-zika-funding-approves-1-1-billion Congress Ends Spat, Agrees To Fund $1.1 Billion To Combat Zika NPR.org 2017-12-09 en https://web.archive.org/web/20171210133321/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/09/28/495806979/congress-ends-spat-over-zika-funding-approves-1-1-billion December 10, 2017 live Senate Democrats urged Republicans to approve the full amount of funding more quickly rather than waiting for major transmission of Zika virus to begin in the United States.https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/09/us/politics/zika-congress-mitch-mcconnell.html Congress Will Work on $1.1 Billion Measure to Fight Zika, McConnell Says Herszenhorn David M. 2016-06-08 The New York Times 2017-12-09 en-US 0362-4331 https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232548/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/09/us/politics/zika-congress-mitch-mcconnell.html December 10, 2017 live In 2017, public health experts are still concerned about the failure of the Zika response in the United States.https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/health/zika-virus-response.html How the Response to Zika Failed Millions McNeil Donald G. Jr. 2017 The New York Times 2017-12-09 en-US 0362-4331 https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232620/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/health/zika-virus-response.html December 10, 2017 live Many officials failed to provide information about Zika's sexual transmission. New York City subway systems had posters about mosquitos while all local cases reported had been picked up elsewhere or transmitted sexually. Many experts believe that the United States lacked severely in providing the public with information to prevent sexual transmission of the virus. See also Viruses Zika virus outbreak timeline Health crisis References 30em Feather references 10.7554/eLife.15272 27090089 4889326 Mapping global environmental suitability for Zika virus eLife 5 2016 Messina Jane P Kraemer Moritz UG Brady Oliver J Pigott David M Shearer Freya M Weiss Daniel J Golding Nick Ruktanonchai Corrine W Gething Peter W Cohn Emily Brownstein John S Khan Kamran Tatem Andrew J Jaenisch Thomas Murray Christopher JL Marinho Fatima Scott Thomas W Hay Simon I free 10.1186/s13742-016-0146-1 27716414 5053076 Analyzing climate variations at multiple timescales can guide Zika virus response measures GigaScience 5 1 1–6 2016 Muñoz Ángel G Thomson Madeleine C Goddard Lisa Aldighieri Sylvain free 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00256-7 26850984 El Niño and climate change—contributing factors in the dispersal of Zika virus in the Americas? The Lancet 387 10020 745 2016 Paz Shlomit Semenza Jan C 205980586 free 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.07.011 27617189 5007542 Zika virus: A call to action for physicians in the era of climate change Preventive Medicine Reports 4 444–446 2016 Yang Y. Tony Sarfaty Mona 10.1073/pnas.1700746114 28137863 5321037 Correction for Caminade et al., Global risk model for vector-borne transmission of Zika virus reveals the role of el Niño 2015 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 7 E1301–E1302 2017 2017PNAS..114E1301. free 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005255 28095405 5319773 Defining the Risk of Zika and Chikungunya Virus Transmission in Human Population Centers of the Eastern United States PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11 1 e0005255 2017 Manore Carrie A Ostfeld Richard S Agusto Folashade B Gaff Holly Ladeau Shannon L free McSweeny, R. (2016, December 20). Zika outbreak fuelled by El Nino and climate change. Retrieved March 29, 2018, from https://www.carbonbrief.org/zika-virus-outbreak-fuelled-by-el-nino-and-climate-change External links Zika virus outbreak in the Americas (2015-2016) Zika virus infection at the Pan American Health Organization Zika Virus at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Zika outbreak in the Americas and the Pacific at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Short Answers to Hard Questions (New York Times) Risk map for the spread of Zika to 100 cities worldwide (UNSW Australia) All the reported cases of Zika in the United States (Washington Post) Zika Response Funding: In Brief Congressional Research Service Zika virus 1947 to 2016 – interactive maps (esri UK) Official Map of Zika-transmitting Mosquitoes in the US Category:2015 disasters in Asia Category:2016 disasters in Asia Category:2015 disasters in South America Category:2016 disasters in South America Category:2015 disease outbreaks Category:2016 disease outbreaks Category:2015 in Brazil Category:2016 in Brazil Category:2016 in Singapore Category:Disease outbreaks in Brazil Category:2015 disasters in Brazil Category:2016 disasters in Brazil Category:Health disasters in Brazil Category:Health disasters in Singapore Category:Disease outbreaks in Singapore Category:Zika virus Category:2010s epidemics Category:Public health emergencies of international concern Category:2016 disasters in Singapore