1946 British Embassy bombing

Terrorist attack by Zionist militia Irgun yes May 2018 April 2024 1946 British Embassy bombing spillover of the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine Porta Pia, Rome British Embassy; Ambassador Noel Charles 31 October 1946 Bombing Timed explosives encased in suitcases 15px Irgun Italian police, Carabinieri and the Allied Police Force The bombing of the British Embassy at Porta Pia in Rome was a terrorist actionBiagini 2004 83 perpetrated by the Irgun that occurred on 31 October 1946. Two suitcases containing timed explosives were planted near the embassy's front entrance; the resulting blast injured two people and damaged the building's residential section beyond repair. The Irgun targeted the embassy because they considered it an obstacle to illegal Jewish immigration into Mandatory Palestine.Liebreich 2004 56–57 One of the Irgun's intended targets, ambassador Noel Charles, was away on leave during the attack. It was quickly determined that foreign militants from Mandatory Palestine were behind the attack and under pressure from Great Britain, the Italian police, Carabinieri and the Allied Police Force rounded up numerous members of the Betar organization, which had recruited militants from among the displaced refugees.Biagini 2004 78,88 Confirming fears of the expansion of Zionist political violence beyond Mandatory Palestine, the bombing of the embassy was the first attack against British personnel by the Irgun on European soil. The British and Italian governments commenced an extensive investigation and concluded that Irgun operatives from Mandatory Palestine organized the attack. The attack was condemned by the leaders of Jewish agencies superintending their refugees. Italy subsequently enacted strict immigration reform and antisemitic sentiment heightened in the United Kingdom. The Italian government rounded up nine suspects, one of whom was shot and killed by the police during an escape attempt. However, the remaining eight suspects were later released from custody. During the early 1950s, Israel lobbied the British to pressure the Italian government not to pursue the militants. In 1952, the eight suspects–including ringleader Moishe Deitel–were tried in absentia and received light sentences ranging from 8 to 16 months. Background The British government anticipated the threat of Jewish terrorism emanating outside Mandatory Palestine in the aftermath of the Second World War.Walton 2008 435 The Irgun had been founded before the Holocaust out of discontent with the Haganah's policy of havlagah, or self-restraint.Medoff Waxman 2013 91–92 It became the armed wing of Revisionist Zionism in 1936, a turn related to the Arab recourse to insurrectionary violence in that year, itself a protest against British policy regarding Jewish immigration. Terrorism, the Irgun reasoned, was a winning tactic for it had enabled the Arabs to alter Great Britain's policy on Jewish migration into Palestine.Hoffman 2015 474 The consequent White Paper of 1939 severely curtailed further Jewish immigration by imposing quotas and ignited a brief military response by the Irgun as well as its later offshoot Lehi, with both concluding that only campaigns of political violence targeting British personnel and installations could shift the British.Walton 2008 436 The Irgun suspended these operations when the Second World War broke out some months later. News from occupied Europe of the Holocaust led them to undertake an insurrection in 1944 under the leadership of Menachem Begin.Hoffman 2015 474–475 The Irgun also played a key role in organizing Aliyah Bet to enable clandestine Jewish immigration into Palestine,Medoff Waxman 2013 91–93 and is said to have singled out the embassy convinced that it was a centre of "anti Jewish intrigue" curbing illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.Liebreich 2004 57 Before he retired as MI5's wartime Director General in May 1946, David Petrie offered an assessment of the threat of Jewish terrorism in Europe and a warning: "the red light is definitely showing".Walton 2008 439 The alert was confirmed by his successor Sir Percy Sillitoe in August and September, when he designated the Irgun and Lehi as the possibly planning to assassinate prominent English figures outside the Middle East.Walton 2011 143–144 MI5 considered Mandatory Palestine a priority within the British Empire and had Defence Security Officers (DSO) stationed within the Mandate, working with local criminal investigation departments (CID) as well as MI5"s sister agency the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), to collect intel on Jewish terrorist threats to Britain.Walton 2008 438–439 Their sources warned that the Irgun and Lehi were targeting British personnel outside Mandatory Palestine.Walton 2008 438–439 MI5 were obliged to take these threats seriously: on 22 July 1946, the Irgun bombed the King David Hotel, housing British government offices, in Jerusalem, killing 91.Walton 2008 438–439 A low intensity guerilla war was being waged in Palestine, with sabotage of communication lines and attacks on British soldiers and mandatory policemen, 99 being killed for the period 1 October through to 18 November. While the Haganah decided at this time to suspend its role in sabotage operations, the Irgun and the Lehi extended their operations to Europe to strike at British diplomatic representatives.Laurens 2002 567 Bombing thumb|right|Remains of the British Embassy in Rome in 1946 right|thumb|British Embassy in Rome in 2011 By November 1945 alone, it was calculated that some 15,000 Jewish refugees had managed to enter Italy over the preceding six months since the termination of hostilities;Biagini 2004 81–82 the country's geographical location was favorable for the traffic of refugees to Palestine.Kokkonen 2008 In September 1945, already engaged for several years in an insurgency against the British Mandatory authorities and army in Palestine, the Irgun high command dispatched a mission to Europe whose aim was to organize the flow of displaced Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to Palestine, recruit soldiers, engage in sabotage against Great Britain and coordinate activities among Zionist organizations sympathetic to the cause.Biagini 2004 177–178 Eli Tavin, nicknamed Pesach, was appointed head of operations in the diaspora and set up the first logistical base for the group in Italy. Tavin found strong support there among Italian antifascist resistance groups, and, recruiting many members of the Betar organization among the refugees, many of the latter of whom, residing in camps run by UNRRA were also eager to participate,Biagini 2004 78 set up cells through the country, while establishing two schools to train commandos for operations at Tricase and Ladispoli.Bell 1976 178–181Biagini 2004 178 Already in March 1946, several refugees, Dov Gurwitz(Roumenian), Aba Churman (Polish), assisted by several others – Natan Rzepkowicz (Polish), Tiburzio Deitel (Fiume), Chono Steingarten (Polish) and Girsh Guta (Polish), had established an office of Jewish correspondence in via Sicilia 135, near the Allied Intelligenced offices, and this was chosen to become the central office for Irgun operations in Italy.ANPI 1987 55"It was stated that two members of the Irgun Zvai Leumi were instructed last March to start a propaganda campaign in Rome and to establish a news exchange office, whereas it was the headquarters of the organisation in Italy." CT 1946a 1 The British Embassy in Italy was considered by the Irgun to be a centre of operations hindering Jewish migration to Palestine, and thus was singled out as a target.Bagon 2003 93"that the Irgum Svai Leumi was responsible for the bombing of the British Embassy in Rome. It was stated that the building was selected as it was the centre of operations hindering the repatriation of Jews." CT 1946b 2 Planning for the operation was completed by early October.Biagini 2004 82 Before the war Zeev Jabotinsky's Betar movement had obtained permission from Mussolini to have militants train at a Naval College established in Civitavecchia under the auspices of the Italian fascist authorities. According to the historian of fascism Giuseppe Parlato, the Irgun had purchased from the post-war neofascist terrorist group FAR the explosives used for the attempt via the offices of its co-founder Pino Romualdi a fascist who had set up a secret repository of army munitions and explosives after war's end.Parlato 2015 156Parlato 2006 220 Furio Biagini states that the material was taken from deposits located in a centre administered by UNRRA.Biagini 2004 82, n.19Toscano 2010 81 On the night of 31 October 1946, Irgun operatives divided into two squads: one daubed a large swastika on the front wall of the British Consulate, and the other planted two explosives, amounting to 40 kilos of TNTPannullo 2016 encased in suitcases and rigged to a timer on the steps of the embassy's front entrance in Via XX Settembre.Biagini 2004 82 A driver, working for the embassy, noticed the suitcases and entered the rear of the building to report them. A few moments later, at 02:43, the explosives detonated.Biagini 2004 82 The report of the explosion echoed throughout the entire city and was sufficiently powerful to shatter all the windows of the houses and apartments within a distance of one kilometre.Biagini 2004 82 The 350-children school of the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart was "badly damaged."The Southern Cross 1946 The embassy's residential section was destroyed by the blast which created a gaping hole in the entranceway. Noel Charles–the British ambassador and main target of the attack–was away on leave though his quarters were heavily damaged. No British personnel were harmed, but two Italians, one a soldierPannullo 2016 who happened to be passing by and the other the embassy's concierge, suffered severe wounds that left them in a critical condition.Biagini 2004 83 Aftermath The bombing was the first terrorist operation by the Irgun against British personnel in Europe;Walton 2008 440 it resulted in both a setback for illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine, and a major public relations disaster for the mainstream Zionist movement.Liebreich 2004 57 The chief of the Italian police declared the following day that no Italian nationals were involved, that the incident bore the hallmarks of similar operations against the British in Palestine, and that those responsible were JewsThe Argus 1946 from Palestine, dismissing rumours that Italian fascists might have been responsible.Parlato 2015 156Biagini 2004 83–84According to Paolo Mieli the archives of the Italian police and the carabinieri in 1948 indicate that the Italian Communist Party was also suspected of being responsible at the time Mieli 2017. An investigation was conducted by the it Polizia di Stato with British and American assistance.The Daily Telegraph 1946 On the 4 November the Irgun plastered streets in many Italian cities with notices proclaiming it was behind the explosionBiagini 2004 84 and released to an American journalist a communiqué claiming responsibility, which was duly reported in The Times on 6 November. The Irgun also threatened more coordinated attacks against Britain,Bagon 2003 93–94The Border Watch 1947 and justified its actions by charging that the British were engaged in a "war of extermination" against Jews throughout the world.Biagini 2004 84 Soon three refugees were quickly arrested on suspicion, and another two detained on 4 November. The Irgun Zvai Leumi sabotage school was discovered in Rome,The Canberra Times 1946 where pistols, ammunition, hand grenades, and training literature were found.The Newcastle Herald 1946 Four other suspects were caught in Genova, and Tavin arrested in December.Bell 1976 180 Among those arrested were Dow Gurwitz, Tiburzio Deitel, Michael Braun and David Viten.Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1947 Many were members of Betar. British authorities requested that those rounded up be handed over, for transfer to prison camps in British-occupied Eritrea. One of the arrested, Israel (Ze'ev) Epstein, a childhood friend of the Irgun leader Menachem Begin, attempted to flee from his imprisonment on 27 December 1946. He had been receiving assistance from the American League for a Free Palestine, which provided blankets, food and cash, but which denied sending him the rope with which he escaped.The West Australian 1946a He was shot in the stomach after an Italian officer on the scene fired a warning shot and called on him to stop. He died of his wounds later that day.Biagini 2004 88–89The Age 1946 Eventually after reported pressure from the Allied Command, the suspects were released.Pannullo 2016 The distinguished Italian criminal lawyer Giovanni Persico, who was a friend of Jabotinsky's from their days at university, took on the suspects' defence.Biagini 2004 89 In November, the British media began to sensationalize the idea that Jewish terrorism was a threat to Britain itself, creating unsubstantiated accounts of other putative terrorist plots and activities.Bagon 2003 94–95The West Australian 1946bThe Recorder 1946 However, the American League for Free Palestine on behalf of Irgun and Irgun itself made the same threats as what the media was reporting.The West Australian 1947The Age 1947a As a consequence, antisemitism in the United Kingdom increased.Bagon 2003 98 Though the Jewish leadership of displacement camps condemned the bombing, the attack had an adverse effect on refugees in Italy. Encouraged by Britain, the Italian government enacted several pieces of legislation, reforming their immigration policy. The government set a registry deadline for 31 March 1947 and imposed strict travel visa requirements.Kokkonen 2008 The Irgun bases of operations in Italy were closed down and shifted to other European capitals where operatives continued to strike at British targets: the Hotel Sacher in Vienna, which at the time was headquarters of the British Army in the area, to name just one.Biagini 2004 90 In order not to be outdone by the Irgun, the Lehi undertook similar operations against the Colonial Office in London, which the Scotland Yard unit investigating Jewish terrorist activities linked to the Embassy bombing,The Age 1947bThe Argus 1947 and only desisted from a plan to release a strain of cholera bacteria into London's underground water supply system by news that the British government had decided to leave Palestine.Heller 2012 168"Yaakov Eliav, capo delle operazioni del Lehi in Europa, rivelerà nelle sue memorie che, all'epoca, l'organizzazzione aveva progettato addirittura da disseminare dei bacilli di colera nelle condotte dell'acquedotto di Londra. I germi dovevano essere prelevati dalle colture dei laboratori dell'Instituto Pasteur, grazie alla complicità dei medici e degli impiegati che simpatizzavano per la causa ebraica. Secondo Eliav i preparativi per mettere in esecuzione questo spaventoso piano furono arrestati unicamente dalla decisione britannica di lasciare la Palestina."(Yaakov Eliav, head of Lehi operations in Europe, was later to reveal in his memoirs that, at this time, the organization had worked on nothing less than a plan to disseminate cholera bacteria in London's waterworks. The germs were to be obtained from cultures in the laboratories of the Pasteur Institute, thanks to the connivance of doctors and employees who were sympathetic to the Jewish cause. According to Eliav, preparations to execute this frightful plan were stopped only because of the British decision to withdraw from Palestine.) Biagini 2004 90–91,91 According to Italian historian Furio Biagini, there was widespread international admiration for the perceived effectiveness of the Irgun and Lehi attacks in forcing the British to withdraw from Palestine. Biagini argued that the attacks were just as important as the activities of the Haganah and the diplomacy of the Jewish Agency in effecting the British withdrawal.Biagini 2004 91–92 Five years following the bombing, the Israeli government urged Britain to pressure Italy not to pursue eight suspected perpetrators of the bombing who resided in Israel. Five of them had been arrested in Rome but had jumped bail and escaped, while three others had never been arrested. On 17 April 1952, the Italian government tried Moshe Deitel in absentia for his leading part in the bombing. Deitel was found guilty and sentenced to 16 months imprisonment.Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1952 The seven other suspects were also convicted for taking part in the bombing and received eight-month sentences. The sentences, however, were immediately annulled by amnesties.Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1952 See also List of Irgun attacks Notes Citations 20em Sources 30em M.Phil The Impact of the Jewish Underground on Anglo Jewry Bagon Paul 2003 University of Oxford http://users.ox.ac.uk/~metheses/Bagon.pdf Terror Out of Zion: Fight for Israeli Independence Bell J. Bowyer 1976 J. Bowyer Bell Transaction Publishers https://books.google.com/books?id=8JcuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT279 178–181 978-1-351-48660-6 L'Irgun e la resistenza ebraica in Palestina. L'attentato all'ambasciata britannica di Roma (ottobre 1946) The Irgun and the Jewish Resistance in Palestine. The Bombing of the British Embassy in Rome (October 1946) Biagini Furio Nuova Storia Contemporanea 2004 8 5 75–92 it https://www.academia.edu/5016743 Eight Irgunists Convicted in Italy for Bombing of British Embassy Jewish Telegraphic Agency https://www.jta.org/1952/04/21/archive/eight-irgunists-convicted-in-italy-for-bombing-british-embassy 21 April 1952 7 May 2018 Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1952 EMBASSY BOMBING. AID FOR PRISONERS. An American's Admission The West Australian I am paying retainers to two lawyers to defend and care for all those held in connection with the Embassy bombing. I write regular cheques for £25 to £30 with which the prisoners are supplied with blankets and food and what cash they need, but I do not touch parcels. I disbelieve the policy story of a rope having been smuggled to Epstein in an U.N.R.R.A. parcel, but Epstein probably bribed a guard for the rope, using money I sent through a lawyer. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46252077 Trove 31 December 1946a 26 May 2018 The West Australian 1946a Europe-Wide Search for Man Who Made Bomb A.A.P The Argus The bomb was of the same type as that used in the explosion at the British Embassy in Rome last year and in several other outrages by Jewish terrorists. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22421445 Trove 19 April 1947 26 May 2018 The Argus 1947 L'ebraismo armato. L'"Irgun Zvai Leumi" e gli attentati antibritannici in Italia (1946-1948) Armed Jewry: The "Irgun Zvai Leumi" and the Anti-British Attacks in Italy (1946–1948) Gremmo Roberto 2009 Storia Ribelle Biella it The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940-1949 Heller Joseph 2012 Joseph Heller (historian) Routledge https://books.google.com/books?id=qfIrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 978-1-136-29887-5 Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917-1947 Hoffman Bruce 2015 Bruce Hoffman Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group https://books.google.com/books?id=X5NoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT622 978-1-101-87466-0 Irgun Leaflet Bombs Explode in Rome, Venice, Threaten British Forces Jewish Telegraphic Agency https://www.jta.org/1947/01/12/archive/irgun-leaflet-bombs-explode-in-rome-venice-threaten-british-forces 12 January 1947 10 May 2018 Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1947 Italians and British Envoy in Charge The Daily Telegraph 2 November 1946 The Daily Telegraph 1946 Jew Terrorism. War Against Britain The West Australian leaflet bombs were exploded on Friday by Irgun Zvai Leumi (the Jewish terrorist organisation) in Rome, Venice, Bari, Florence and Turin. "The vanguard of the clandestine Jewish army of liberation, with headquarters in Italy, means to destroy the British forces until the Jewish State is restored," the leaflets read https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46255247 Trove 13 January 1947 26 May 2018 The West Australian 1947 Jew Terrorists. War on Britain. "Into the Heart." The West Australian Jewish terrorists are planning to carry their underground war into the heart of Britain, according to the diplomatic correspondent of the "Evening News," who says that this was decided on at a secret conference of their "general staff" held in Palestine during the Paris Conference. The time bombs which exploded at the British Embassy in Rome early on Thursday morning, causing the front of the building to collapse, constituted the first blow in this war. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46181764 Trove 4 November 1946b 26 May 2018 The West Australian 1946b Jewish Terrorists Blamed for Attack on British Embassy The Canberra Times https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2703720 Trove 25 December 1946a 31 May 2018 CT 1946a Jewish Threat to Britain. Extensive Underground War Planned The Recorder the bomb outrage at the British Embassy in Rome was the first blow of this war. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/96162161 Trove 4 November 1946 26 May 2018 The Recorder 1946 Jews Arrested for Bombing Of British Embassy The Canberra Times police discovered that the Palestine terrorist organisation, Irgun Zvai Leumi, had established a sabotage school in Rome https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2703695 Trove 25 December 1946 26 May 2018 The Canberra Times 1946 Jews Behind Rome Plot, Police Think The Argus suitcases containing explosives deposited on the doorstep of the main entrance, and two cards fixed to a near by wall. These read: "Attenzione-Miny." "Miny" is the Jewish spelling for mine. An Italian would have written "mine." https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22383958 Trove 2 November 1946 26 May 2018 The Argus 1946 Jewish Displaced Persons in Postwar Italy, 1945-1951 Kokkonen Susanna Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs http://jcpa.org/article/jewish-displaced-persons-in-postwar-italy-1945-1951/ 25 April 2008 La Question de Palestine, tome 2: Une mission sacrée de civilisation (1922-1947) The Question of Palestine, Volume 2: A Sacred Mission of Civilization (1922-1947) Laurens Henry 2002 Henry Laurens (scholar) Fayard fr 978-2-213-70358-9 Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945-1949 Liebreich F. 2004 Taylor & Francis https://books.google.com/books?id=2pCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 978-1-135-76694-8 Historical Dictionary of Zionism Medoff Rafael Waxman Chaim I. Rafael Medoff Chaim I. Waxman 2013 Routledge https://books.google.com/books?id=JVm0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 978-1-135-96649-2 Il caos italiano: Alle radici del nostro dissesto The Italian Chaos: The Roots of Our Disaster Mieli Paolo 2017 Paolo Mieli Rizzoli it https://books.google.com/books?id=JlY3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 978-88-586-9122-9 40 chili di tritolo nel cuore di Roma: così nel 1946 l'Irgun distrusse l'ambasciata inglese 40 kilos of TNT in the heart of Rome: this is how the Irgun destroyed the British Embassy in 1946. Pannullo Antonio Secolo d'Italia it http://www.secoloditalia.it/2016/10/settantanni-fa-quei-40-chili-tritolo-contro-lambasciata-inglese-roma/ 31 October 2016 Fascisti senza Mussolini: le origini del neofascismo in Italia, 1943-1948 Fascists without Mussolini: The Origins of Neo-Fascism in Italy, 1943–1948 Parlato Giuseppe 2006 Il Mulino Bologna it Neofascismo italiano e questione razziale Italian neo-fascism and the racial question Parlato Giuseppe 2015 Le leggi razziali: Passato/Presente The Racial Laws: Past/Present Resta Giorgio Zeno-Zencovich Vincenzo RomaTrE-Press it https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ22CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 147–180 978-88-97524-35-9June 2023 InternetArchiveBot yes Police Say Woman Bomb "Planter" Now in Custody The Age Officers of the special branch of Scotland Yard who have been investigating Jewish terrorist activities are satisfied the man who made the bomb is also under arrest [...] New facts brought to light link it with the bomb incident at the British Embassy in Rome on October 31, 1946. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/206021320 Trove 13 June 1947b 26 May 2018 The Age 1947b Princess Elizabeth Threatened The Border Watch Jewish terrorist chief known as "Big Brother" says Reuter's correspondent in Rome. This chief claimed recently that the Irgun Zvai Leumi terrorist organisation planned to assassinate Princess Elizabeth. He added that his organisation would attack the centre of London and Buckingham Palace itself. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/78609365 Trove 7 June 1947 26 May 2018 The Border Watch 1947 Quaderni della FIAP Federazione italiana delle associazioni partigiane, Bastogi 1987 50 it ANPI 1987 Responsibility for Bomb Outrage The Canberra Times https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2699507 Trove 5 November 1946b CT 1946b Rome School Damaged in Bomb Outrage The Southern Cross The school conducted by the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart, opposite to the British Embassy here which was badly damaged in the recent bomb outrage http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/167713315 Trove 29 November 1946 26 May 2018 The Southern Cross 1946 TERRORISM EXTENDS - Defiant Interview The Age The Irgun Zvai Leumi will attack military objectives from England to Palestine. Jewish military resistance will reach into the heart of the British Empire https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/205308307 Trove 13 January 1947a 26 May 2018 The Age 1947a Terrorist Shot The Age Z. E. W. Epstein, a Polish Jewish professor, who was arrested in connection with the bombing of the British embassy in Rome, and wno was shot while trying to escape, died last night. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/204951340 Trove 30 December 1946 26 May 2018 The Age 1946 Terrorists had H.Q. in Rome The Newcastle Herald Police found at the headquarters pistols, ammunition, hand grenades, a German treatise on sabotage, and hand-written messages from the Irgun commander. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/133172028 Trove 25 December 1946 26 May 2018 The Newcastle Herald 1946 L'Italia e l'Aliyà Bet Italy and the Aliyah Bet Toscano Mario 2010 Per ricostruire e ricostruirsi. Astorre Mayer e la rinascita ebraica tra Italia e Israele To Rebuild and Rebuild Oneself. Astorre Mayer and the Jewish Rebirth between Italy and Israel Paganoni Marco Franco Angeli it https://books.google.com/books?id=S0cnStqIKx0C&pg=PA81 75–88 978-88-568-2783-5 British Intelligence and the Mandate of Palestine: Threats to British National Security Immediately After the Second World War Walton Calder Intelligence and National Security 2008 23 4 435–462 10.1080/02684520802293049 154775965 British Intelligence and Threats to British National Security After the Second World War Walton Calder 2011 The British Way in Cold Warfare: Intelligence, Diplomacy and the Bomb 1945-1975 Grant Matthew A&C Black https://books.google.com/books?id=86YOyupJFN4C&pg=PA144 141–158 978-1-4411-0627-8 External links Newsreel at the time of the bombing source:wikidata title Category:1940s in Rome Category:1946 in international relations Category:1946 in Italy Category:October 1946 in Europe Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1946 Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Italy Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom Category:Building bombings in Italy Category:Crime in Rome Category:Irgun attacks Category:Israel–Italy relations Category:Italy–United Kingdom relations Category:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine Category:Military history of Rome Category:Nationalist terrorism in Europe Category:Nationalist terrorist incidents in the 1940s Category:Terrorist incidents in 1946 Category:Terrorist incidents in Lazio