1998 United States embassy bombings

Attacks on US embassies in Africa January 2017 August 2018 1998 United States embassy bombings infobox 300 1/2/2 1998_United_States_embassy_in_Nairobi_bombings_IDF_relief_VII.jpg The U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in the aftermath of the August 7, 1998, al-Qaida suicide bombing.jpg center From top, left to right: U.S. embassy in Nairobi after the explosion, with the collapsed Ufundi Building. The U.S. embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in the aftermath of the explosion. 200px Nairobi, Kenya Dar es Salaam, Tanzania United States embassies 01 17 21 S 36 49 36 E type:event_region:KE and 06 47 21 S 39 16 46 E type:event_region:TZ 1998 08 07 10:30 a.m.10:40 a.m. EAT UTC+3 Suicide bombings truck bombings mass murder 224213 in Nairobi, 11 in Dar es Salaam 4,000+4,000+ in Nairobi, 85 in Dar es Salaam Al-QaedaEgyptian Islamic Jihad Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-OwhaliJihad Mohammed AliThe Trail Of Evidence - Fbi Executive Summary - Hunting for bin Laden http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/bombings/summary.html 2025-12-13 FRONTLINE enHamden Khalif Allah AwadMohammed Odeh Truck bombs filled with TNT and ammonium nitrate Handgun Stun grenade Revenge for the extradition and alleged torture of Egyptian Islamic Jihad members The 1998 United States embassy bombings were a series of terrorist attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998. More than 220 people were killed in two nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African capital cities, one at the United States embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and the other at the United States embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.Lifting the Veil — Understanding the Roots of Islamic Militancy Harvard International Review http://hir.harvard.edu/religion/lifting-the-veil?page=0,1 live https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085258/http://hir.harvard.edu/religion/lifting-the-veil?page=0%2C1 2011-09-28 2021-11-15 hir.harvard.edu Fazul Abdullah Mohammed and Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah were deemed responsible with planning and orchestrating the bombings.https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-jun-12-la-fg-embassy-bombings-20110612-story.html Los Angeles Times Brian Bennett Al Qaeda operative key to 1998 U.S. embassy bombings killed in Somalia June 12, 2011 live http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110613004037/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/12/world/la-fg-embassy-bombings-20110612 June 13, 2011 mdy-all https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4677978 Al-Qaida timeline: Plots and attacks – World news – Hunt for Al-Qaeda April 23, 2004 NBC News January 21, 2013 September 24, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200924002756/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4677978 live http://www.rulit.net/books/the-black-banners-read-249656-83.html Читать онлайн 'The Black Banners' автора Soufan Ali H. - RuLit - Страница 83 live https://web.archive.org/web/20140115154325/http://www.rulit.net/books/the-black-banners-read-249656-83.html January 15, 2014 In retaliation for the bombings, U.S. president Bill Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach on August 20, 1998. Motivation and preparation Many American sources concluded that the bombings were intended as revenge for United States involvement in the extradition and alleged torture of four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) who had been arrested in Albania in the two months prior to the attacks for a series of murders in Egypt.Jane Mayer The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How The War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals New York Doubleday 2008 978-0-385-52639-5 114 https://archive.org/details/darksideinsidest00maye/page/114 Between June and July, Ahmad Isma'il 'Uthman Saleh, Ahmad Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Naggar, Shawqi Salama Mustafa Atiya, and Mohamed Hassan Tita were all renditioned from Albania to Egypt with the co-operation of the U.S.; the four men were accused of participating in the assassination of Rifaat el-Mahgoub, as well as a later plot against the Khan el-Khalili market in Cairo.Victoria Advocate Victoria Advocate https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3TIKAAAAIBAJ&pg=6853,2521016&dq=khan+el+khalili+market&hl=en Bombings connect to mysterious arrests August 13, 1998 March 2023 InternetArchiveBot yes The following month, a communique was issued warning the United States that a "response" was being prepared to "repay" them for their interference.Higgins Andrew The Wall Street Journal A CIA-Backed Team Used Brutal Means to Crack Terror Cell November 20, 2001 https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1006205820963585440 live https://web.archive.org/web/20171023101709/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1006205820963585440 October 23, 2017 However, the 9/11 Commission Report claims that preparations began shortly after Osama bin Laden issued his February 1998 fatwa.9/11 Commission Report https://web.archive.org/web/20151123013421/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf November 23, 2015 p. 69 thumb|A Nissan Atlas truck, similar to that used in Dar es Salaam|280x280px According to journalist Lawrence Wright, the Nairobi operation was named after the Kaaba in Mecca; the Dar es Salaam bombing was called Operation al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, but "neither had an obvious connection to the American embassies in Africa. Bin Laden initially said that the sites had been targeted because of the 'invasion' of Somalia; then he described an American plan to partition Sudan, which he said was hatched in the embassy in Nairobi. He also told his followers that the genocide in Rwanda had been planned inside the two American embassies." Wright concludes that bin Laden's actual goal was "to lure the United States into Afghanistan, which had long been called 'The Graveyard of Empires.'"Wright Lawrence Lawrence Wright 2006 The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/272 New York Alfred A. Knopf 0-375-41486-X 272 In the second half of 1999, bin Laden spoke to a crowd of graduates from a training camp in Afghanistan about the attacks and explained the reasons for targeting the Nairobi embassy. Bin Laden said Operation Restore Hope in Somalia was directed from the Nairobi embassy and claimed the lives of 30,000 Muslims, the Southern Sudanese rebel leader John Garang was supported from there and it was the largest American Intelligence center in East Africa.Soufan Ali Ali Soufan Freedman Daniel 2020 The Black Banners (Declassified): How Torture Derailed the War on Terror after 9/11 https://books.google.com/books?id=1tTXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 New York W.W. Norton & Company 978-0-393-54072-7 96 In May 1998, a villa in Nairobi was purchased by one of the bombers to enable a bomb to be built in the garage. Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan purchased a beige Toyota Dyna truck in Nairobi and a 1987 Nissan Atlas refrigeration truck in Dar es Salaam. Six metal bars were used to form a "cage" on the back of the Atlas to accommodate the bomb.Benjamin Daniel Steven Simon The Age of Sacred Terror 2002 New York Random House 0-375-50859-7 https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj In June 1998, KK Mohamed rented House 213 in the Illala district of Dar es Salaam, about 4 miles km 1 on off us from the U.S. embassy. A white Suzuki Samurai was used to haul bomb components, hidden in rice sacks, to House 213.Hamm Mark Terrorism As Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond 2007 NYU Press 65 https://books.google.com/books?id=VkAdEJZou64C June 23, 2016 9780814737453 In both Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, Mohammed Odeh supervised construction of two very large 900 kg lb on flip us destructive devices. The Nairobi bomb was made of 400 to 500 cylinders of TNT (about the size of drink cans), ammonium nitrate, aluminum powder, and detonating cord. The explosives were packed into twenty specially designed wooden crates that were sealed and then placed in the bed of the trucks. Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah ran a wire from the bomb to a set of batteries in the back of the truck cab and then to a detonator switch beneath the dashboard. The Dar es Salaam bomb was of slightly different construction: the TNT was attached to fifteen oxygen tanks and gas canisters and was surrounded with four bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and some sandbags to tamp and direct the blast.https://books.google.com/books?id=VkAdEJZou64C Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond Mark S. Hamm NYU Press 2007 978-0-8147-3696-8 66 September 13, 2011 The bombings were scheduled for August 7, the eighth anniversary of the arrival of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia during the early stages of the Persian Gulf War, likely a choice by bin Laden.Rohan Gunaratna 2002 Inside Al Qaeda New York Columbia University Press 0-231-12692-1 46 https://archive.org/details/insidealqaedaglo00guna/page/46 When bin Laden's bodyguard asked him after the attacks whether so many victims were really necessary, he replied referring to al-Qaeda's 1996 and 1998 fatwas declaring war on America and Israel: "We warned the whole world what would happen to the friends of America. We weren't responsible for any victims from the minute we warned those countries."Bergen Peter Peter Bergen 2021 The Rise and Fall of Osama bin Laden https://books.google.com/books?id=mWI7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 New York Simon & Schuster 978-1-9821-7052-3 114 Attacks and casualties thumb|Wreckage and debris from the Nairobi bombing|280x280px On August 7 between 10:30 a.m. and 10:40 a.m. local time (3:30–3:40 a.m. EDT), suicide bombers in trucks loaded with explosives parked outside the embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, and almost simultaneously detonated.http://usinfo.state.gov/is/international_security/terrorism/embassy_bombings.html U.S. Embassy Bombings U.S. Department of State website August 4, 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070805035833/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/international_security/terrorism/embassy_bombings.html August 5, 2007 dead A total of 213 people were killed in the Nairobi blast, while 11 were killed in Dar es Salaam.https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/bombings/summary.html Frontline: The trail of evidence - FBI executive summary PBS.org May 2, 2014 live http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150121103806/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/bombings/summary.html January 21, 2015 mdy-all An estimated 4,000 in Nairobi were wounded, and another 85 in Dar es Salaam.Accountability Board Report: Nairobi-Tanzania Bombings -- Anti-US Mass Casualty Incidents https://fas.org/irp/threat/arb/board_casualties.html fas.org 2020-05-27 September 1, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200901032723/https://fas.org/irp/threat/arb/board_casualties.html live Seismological readings analyzed after the bombs indicated energy of between 3 and 17 ST MT 0 on off us of high-explosive material.http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge342/Forensic%20Seismology-revised.pdf Some Practical Applications of Forensic Seismology November 3, 2010 live https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190716/http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge342/Forensic%20Seismology-revised.pdf October 29, 2013 Although the attacks were directed at U.S. facilities, the vast majority of casualties were local citizens of the two African countries. Twelve Americans were killed, Profiles of Americans killed in Kenya embassy bombing CNN.com August 13, 1998 http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/13/bomb.victims.profile/ November 18, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20061216220021/http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/13/bomb.victims.profile/ December 16, 2006 including two Central Intelligence Agency employees in the Nairobi embassy, Tom Shah (aka Uttamlal Thomas Shah) and Molly Huckaby Hardy.Associated Press, "Bin Laden raid avenged secret CIA deaths", Japan Times, May 30, 2011, p. 1. U.S. Marine Sergeant Jesse "Nathan" Aliganga, a Marine Security Guard at the Nairobi embassy,http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jnaligana.htm/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205848/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jnaligana.htm dead Jesse Nathanael Aliganga March 3, 2016http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-21934489.html/ Fil-Am hero guard killed in Nairobi usurped https://web.archive.org/web/20121102101701/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-21934489.html November 2, 2012 December 24, 2011 HighBeam Research subscription Filipino Reporter August 20, 1998 mdy-all and U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Kenneth Ray Hobson II were also killed in the attack.https://www.dia.mil/News-Features/Articles/Article-View/Article/612565/we-remember-staff-sergeant-kenneth-r-hobson-ii/ We Remember: Staff Sergeant Kenneth R. Hobson II Defense Intelligence Agency 2015-08-07 2026-06-05 While Jihad Mohammed Ali, 24, alias 'Azzam' drove the Toyota Dyna quickly toward the Nairobi embassy along with Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali,Ressa Maria Seeds of Terror 2003 New York Free Press 0-7432-5133-4 https://archive.org/details/seedsofterroreye00ress 168, 169 local security guard Benson Okuku Bwaku was warned to open the gate immediately and fired upon when he refused to comply. Al-Owhali threw a stun grenade at embassy guards before exiting the vehicle and running off.Katz Samuel M. Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists New York Forge/Tom Doherty 2002 0-7653-0402-3 August 2020 Osama bin Laden later offered the explanation that it had been Al-Owhali's intention to leap out and shoot the guards to clear a path for the truck, but that he had left his pistol in the truck and subsequently ran off. As Bwaku radioed to Marine Post One for backup, the truck detonated.August 2020 The explosion damaged the embassy building and collapsed the neighboring Ufundi Building where most victims were killed, mainly students and staff of a secretarial college housed there. The heat from the blast was channeled between the buildings towards Haile Selassie Avenue where a packed commuter bus was burned. Windows were shattered in a radius of nearly 1/2 mi m in us. A large number of eye injuries occurred because people in buildings nearby who had heard the first explosion of the hand grenade and the shooting went to their office windows to have a look when the main blast occurred and shattered the windows.https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/stories/main080898.htm www.washingtonpost.com: E. Africa Bombings Report www.washingtonpost.com 2020-04-28 November 21, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191121051035/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/stories/main080898.htm livehttps://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-30-mn-17966-story.html Kenya's Blinded, Near-Blind Wait, Pray 1998-08-30 Los Angeles Times en-US 2020-04-28 September 1, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200901032842/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-30-mn-17966-story.html live Meanwhile, the Atlas truck that attacked the U.S. Embassy at 36 Laibon Road, Dar es Salaam was being driven by Hamden Khalif Allah Awad, known as "Ahmed the German" due to his blond hair, a former camp trainer who had arrived in the country only a few days earlier. The death toll was less than in Nairobi as the U.S. embassy was located outside the city center in the upscale Oysterbay neighborhood, and a water truck prevented the suicide bombers from getting closer to the structure.https://irp.fas.org/threat/arb/board_daressalaam.html Accountability Board Report: Nairobi-Tanzania Bombings -- Dar es Salaam irp.fas.org September 13, 2021 September 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210913000607/https://irp.fas.org/threat/arb/board_daressalaam.html live Following the attacks, a group calling itself the "Liberation Army for Holy Sites" took credit for the bombings. U.S. investigators believe the term was a cover used by Egyptian Islamic Jihad, who had actually perpetrated the bombing.Global Briefings, Issue 27, "Osama bin Laden tied to other Fundamentalists", September 1998. Aftermath and international response thumb|Servicemen unload a casket at Andrews Air Force Base containing the remains of an American killed in Nairobi thumb|Memorial park at the site of the embassy in Nairobi, 2007 In response to the bombings, President Bill Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach, a series of cruise missile strikes on targets in Sudan and Afghanistan on August 20, 1998, announcing the planned strike in a prime-time address on U.S. television.1998-08-21 U.S. FURY ON 2 CONTINENTS; Clinton's Words: 'There Will Be No Sanctuary for Terrorists' en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/21/world/us-fury-2-continents-clinton-s-words-there-will-be-no-sanctuary-for-terrorists.html 2020-05-27 0362-4331 July 11, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200711225321/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/21/world/us-fury-2-continents-clinton-s-words-there-will-be-no-sanctuary-for-terrorists.html live The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1189 condemning the attacks on the embassies.Security Council strongly condemns terrorist bomb attacks in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam on August 7 https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19980813.sc6559.html United Nations August 13, 1998 live https://web.archive.org/web/20140920153531/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19980813.sc6559.html September 20, 2014 Both embassies were heavily damaged and the Nairobi embassy had to be rebuilt. It is now located across the road from the United Nations Office at Nairobi for security purposes. A memorial park was constructed on the former embassy site, dedicated on the third anniversary of the attack.8 August 2001 Fee for Kenya memorial raises ire https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24648261/1998_united_states_embassy_bombings/ The Arizona Republic Phoenix, Arizona 13 The Washington Post Newspapers.com 22 October 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181105223022/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24648261/1998_united_states_embassy_bombings/ November 5, 2018 live Public protest marred the opening ceremony after it was announced that the park, including its wall inscribed with the names of the dead, would not be free to the public. Within months following the bombings, the United States Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security added Kenya to its Antiterrorism Assistance Program (ATA), which was originally created in 1983. While the addition was largely a formality to reaffirm U.S. commitment to fighting terrorism in Kenya, it nonetheless sparked the beginning of an active bilateral antiterrorism campaign by the United States and Kenya. The U.S. government also rapidly and permanently increased the monetary aid to Kenya. Immediate changes included a $42 million grant targeted specifically towards Kenyan victims.United States Aid to Kenya: Regional Security and Counterterrorism http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/393/united-states-aid-to-kenya-regional-security-and-counterterrorism-assistance-before-and-after-911- June 1, 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110309083551/http://studentpulse.com/articles/393/united-states-aid-to-kenya-regional-security-and-counterterrorism-assistance-before-and-after-911- March 9, 2011 Opati v. Republic of Sudan Opati v. Republic of Sudan In 2001, James Owens and others filed a civil lawsuit against Sudan for its role in the attack under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act with the recently added 1996 amendments for state-sponsored terrorism. They argued that Sudan was at fault for providing sanctuary to the bombers prior to the attack. The lawsuit was prolonged over a decade, hampered in part by the lack of Sudan sending counsel at times, but further struggled when the legal system ruled that foreign nations had sovereign immunity from causes of action in civil lawsuits based on the current language of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in a 2004 case. Congress amended the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in 2008 to correct this and to allow its provisions to retroactively apply to existing lawsuits, including Owens' case. With that, hundreds more plaintiffs joined the suit, eventually with more than 700 parties listed. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-sudan/u-s-supreme-court-to-mull-punitive-damages-against-sudan-over-embassy-bombings-idUSKCN1TT20W U.S. Supreme Court to mull punitive damages against Sudan over embassy bombings Andrew Chung June 28, 2019 May 18, 2020 Reuters September 1, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200901151707/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-sudan/u-s-supreme-court-to-mull-punitive-damages-against-sudan-over-embassy-bombings-idUSKCN1TT20W live By 2014, the district court awarded the plaintiffs over $10 billion. Sudan, which had not appeared during the initial lawsuit, appealed the judgment, arguing it did not understand the US civil suit system and did not understand the consequences of not appearing, but also challenged the retroactive nature of the 2008 change to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. The appeals court discounted Sudan's argument regarding its lack of understanding, and upheld the lower court's finding that Sudan was liable for the bombings, but ruled that the $4.3 billion of punitive damages could not be applied retroactively. The plaintiffs petitioned to the Supreme Court to appeal, and in May 2020, the Court ruled in Opati v. Republic of Sudan that the punitive damages could be retroactively applied, restoring the $4.3 billion that had been awarded at the District Court. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/supreme-court-revives-4-3-billion-terror-award-against-sudan Supreme Court Revives $4.3 Billion Terror Award Against Sudan Kimberly Strawbridge Robinson May 18, 2020 May 18, 2020 Bloomberg News May 21, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200521122729/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/supreme-court-revives-4-3-billion-terror-award-against-sudan live In October 2020, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would remove Sudan from the State Sponsors of Terrorism list, after they had agreed to pay $335million in compensation to the families of victims of the embassy bombings.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54609375 Trump set to remove Sudan from state sponsors of terrorism list BBC News 20 October 2020 October 20, 2020 February 25, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230225075029/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54609375 live Indictment thumb|Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery Following the investigation, an indictment was issued. It charges the following 21 people for various alleged roles in the bombings.http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf United States v. Osama bin Laden, et al. (indictment). Provided by the Monterey Institute of International Studies dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120906010435/http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf September 6, 2012 All of the cases have been resolved. Name Disposition Osama bin Laden Osama bin Laden Bin Laden, Osama Killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan on 2011 May 2 Muhammad Atef Mohammed Atef Killed in Kabul, Afghanistan on 2001 November 14 Ayman al Zawahiri Ayman al-Zawahiri Zawahiri, Ayman Killed in Kabul, Afghanistan on 2022 July 31 Saif al Adel Saif al-Adel Adel, Saif Fugitive, the de facto leader of Al Qaeda Mamdouh Mahmud Salim Serving a life sentence without parole in the United StatesHoffman Tod 2014 Al Qaeda Declares War: The African Embassy Bombings and America’s Search for Justice https://books.google.com/books?id=9widAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 University Press of New England 978-1-61168-546-6 219 Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Killed in Tehran, Iran on August 7, 2020Axelrod Tal 2020-11-13 Israeli agents killed Al Qaeda's No. 2 official on street in Iran: report https://thehill.com/policy/international/middle-east-north-africa/525965-israeli-agents-killed-al-qaedas-no-2-official live https://web.archive.org/web/20201114052011/https://thehill.com/policy/international/middle-east-north-africa/525965-israeli-agents-killed-al-qaedas-no-2-official 2020-11-14 2020-11-14 The Hill enJakes Lara Schmitt Eric Barnes Julian E. 2021-01-12 Pompeo Says Iran Is New Base for Al Qaeda, but Offers Little Proof en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/us/politics/pompeo-iran-qaeda-terror.html 2021-01-12 0362-4331 January 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210124162943/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/us/politics/pompeo-iran-qaeda-terror.html live2021-01-12 Pompeo Confirms Death of Al-Qaeda's No. 2 in Tehran Last August en Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-12/pompeo-confirms-death-of-al-qaeda-s-no-2-in-tehran-last-august 2021-01-12 January 21, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210121230233/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-12/pompeo-confirms-death-of-al-qaeda-s-no-2-in-tehran-last-august live Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Killed in Naghar Kalai, Pakistan on 2006 April 12 Khalid al Fawwaz Khalid al-Fawwaz Fawwaz, Khalid Serving a life sentence without parole in the United Stateshttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32757609 Ex-Bin Laden aide sentenced to life in embassy bombings BBC News May 15, 2015 January 25, 2016 live https://web.archive.org/web/20160131023131/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-32757609 January 31, 2016 Wadih el Hage Wadih el-Hage Hage, Wadih Serving a life sentence without parole in the United Stateshttp://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=42393-054&x=60&y=13 Inmate Locator search for register number '42393-054' Federal Bureau of Prisons December 8, 2012 live https://web.archive.org/web/20120310080914/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=42393-054&x=60&y=13 March 10, 2012 Anas al Libi Abu Anas al Libi Libi, Anas Died in 2015 while awaiting trial in the United States Ibrahim Eidarous Died in 2008 while under house arrest in the United Kingdom Adel Abdel Bari Served a sentence of 25 years imprisonment in the United Stateshttps://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/nyregion/egyptian-sentenced-to-25-years-for-bombings-at-us-embassies-in-africa.html?_r=0 Egyptian Gets 25-Year Term in 1998 Embassy Bombings; Judge Calls Plea Deal Generous The New York Times February 7, 2015 February 14, 2015 live https://web.archive.org/web/20150210073824/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/07/nyregion/egyptian-sentenced-to-25-years-for-bombings-at-us-embassies-in-africa.html?_r=0 February 10, 2015 Weiser Benjamin Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Killed in Mogadishu, Somalia by Somali government troops on 2011 June 7https://ctc.westpoint.edu/beware-of-imitators-al-qaida-through-the-lens-of-its-confidential-secretary/ Beware of Imitators: Al-Qa`ida through the Lens of its Confidential Secretary 4 June 2012 Lahoud Nelly Combating Terrorism Center Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali Killed in Pakistan in 2010Greg Miller https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/20/AR2011022002975.html Increased U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan killing few high-value militants The Washington Post February 21, 2010 December 8, 2012 live https://web.archive.org/web/20120928000802/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/20/AR2011022002975.html September 28, 2012 Mohammed Sadeek Odeh Mohammed Odeh Serving a life sentence without parole in the United Stateshttp://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=42375-054&x=91&y=17 Inmate Locator search for register number '42375-054' Federal Bureau of Prisons December 8, 2012 live https://web.archive.org/web/20120919120412/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=42375-054&x=91&y=17 September 19, 2012 Mohamed Rashed Daoud al-'Owhali Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali Owhali, Mohamed Rashed Daoud Serving a life sentence without parole in the United Stateshttp://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=42371-054&x=74&y=13 Inmate Locator search for register number '42371-054' Federal Bureau of Prisons December 8, 2012 live https://web.archive.org/web/20120919120426/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=42371-054&x=74&y=13 September 19, 2012 Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil Killed in Afghanistan in March 2002https://davidsbundler.typepad.com/makingsense/2010/12/martyrs-in-a-time-of-alienation-complete.html "Martyrs in a Time of Alienation" - Complete Blogger's Cut Making Sense of Jihad April 25, 2019 November 17, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201117053900/https://davidsbundler.typepad.com/makingsense/2010/12/martyrs-in-a-time-of-alienation-complete.html deadhttp://americanjihadists.com/2008-12-Ghailani-Interrogation-all.pdf INTELWIRE.com -- Open-source intelligence, primary source documents, analysis by J.M. Berger, co-author of ISIS: The State of Terror, author of Jihad Joe: Americans Who Got to War in the Name of Islam dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140716000326/http://americanjihadists.com/2008-12-Ghailani-Interrogation-all.pdf July 16, 2014 July 14, 2014Recommendation for Continued Detention Under DoD Control http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2011/04/28/05/us9ym-000041dp.source.prod_affiliate.91.pdf Department of Defense January 25, 2013 February 5, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160205115431/http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2011/04/28/05/us9ym-000041dp.source.prod_affiliate.91.pdf dead Khalfan Khamis Mohamed Serving a life sentence without parole in the United Stateshttp://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=44623-054&x=89&y=21 Inmate Locator search for register number '44623-054' Federal Bureau of Prisons December 8, 2012 live https://web.archive.org/web/20120919120419/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=44623-054&x=89&y=21 September 19, 2012 Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani Ahmed Ghailani Serving a life sentence without parole in the United Stateshttp://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=02476-748&x=35&y=9 Inmate Locator search for register number '02476-748' Federal Bureau of Prisons December 8, 2012 live https://web.archive.org/web/20120920175024/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=02476-748&x=35&y=9 September 20, 2012 Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam Killed in Pakistan on 2009 January 1 Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan See also Kenya Tanzania United States Politics 1990s List of terrorist incidents in 1998 List of Islamist terrorist attacks Terrorism in Kenya 1998 World Cup terror plot Attacks on the United States Notes References https://www.courthousenews.com/sudan-on-the-hook-for-terrorism-judgments/ Sudan On the Hook for Terrorism Judgments Courthouse News Nick Divito March 25, 2016 Washington DC July 29, 2017 Between March and October 2014, the D.C. District Court entered judgments of more than $10 billion on behalf of relatives and victims who had filed seven complaints after the attacks. live https://web.archive.org/web/20170731171538/https://www.courthousenews.com/sudan-on-the-hook-for-terrorism-judgments/ July 31, 2017 mdy-all https://www.courthousenews.com/d-c-circuit-lightens-sudans-load-terrorism-judgments/ D.C. Circuit Lightens Sudan's Load on Terrorism Judgments Courthouse News Adam Klasfeld July 28, 2017 Washington DC July 29, 2017 On appeal, Sudan advanced several arguments for its district court no-show. The county had to grapple with natural disasters and civil wars, and argued it did not understand the U.S. legal process enough to appreciate the consequences of its absence. live https://web.archive.org/web/20170729015033/http://www.courthousenews.com/d-c-circuit-lightens-sudans-load-terrorism-judgments/ July 29, 2017 mdy-all https://www.law360.com/articles/776043?_ga=2.27539386.701500170.1501415151-1384552593.1501415151 D.C. Judge Upholds $10B Against Sudan In Embassy Bombings Law360 Patrick Boyle March 24, 2016 Washington DC July 29, 2017 A D.C. federal judge Wednesday upheld $10 billion in damages to victims of the 1998 U.S. embassy terrorist bombings who had accused Sudan of supporting the attacks, declaring the country had no grounds to overturn the award after failing to respond to the lawsuits for four years. live https://web.archive.org/web/20170731063956/https://www.law360.com/articles/776043?_ga=2.27539386.701500170.1501415151-1384552593.1501415151 July 31, 2017 mdy-all Further reading Bushnell Prudence Prudence Bushnell 2018 Terrorism, Betrayal, and Resilience: My Story of the 1998 U.S. Embassy Bombings https://books.google.com/books?id=N91qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 Lincoln University of Nebraska Press 978-1-64012-483-7 Hoffman Tod 2014 Al Qaeda Declares War: The African Embassy Bombings and America’s Search for Justice https://books.google.com/books?id=9widAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 Lebanon University Press of New England 978-1-61168-546-6 External links Rewards for Justice – Most Wanted Terrorists Transcripts of Sentencing Phase of Embassy Bombers Trial Primer on the attacks U.S. District Court for DC finds "direct assistance" from Tehran, Sudan and Hezbollah in bombing Oral History with Ambassador Prudence Bushnell to the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training on the embassy bombings U.S. Embassy Kenya Bombing Memorial Names of the Nairobi Victims at the Historical Marker Database Category:1990s in Nairobi Category:1990s murders in Tanzania Category:1998 crimes in Tanzania Embassy bombings Category:1998 in international relations Category:1998 murders in Kenya Category:20th-century mass murders in Kenya 1998 United States embassy bombings Category:Anti-Americanism Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Kenya Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Tanzania 1998 Category:August 1998 crimes Category:August 1998 in Africa Category:Building bombings in Africa Category:Car and truck bombings in 1998 Category:Car and truck bombings in Kenya Category:Explosions in Nairobi Category:History of Dar es Salaam 1998 Category:Islamic terrorism in Kenya Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 1998 Embassy bombings Category:1998 mass murders Category:Mass murders in Nairobi Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton 1998 Category:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1998 Category:Terrorist incidents in Kenya in the 1990s Category:Terrorist incidents in Nairobi 1998