1941 Paris synagogue attacks

Synagogue attack This may be a faithful translation of the fr-wiki article, but in en-wiki, much of the direct quotation in this article should be converted to prose summary form. Fewer, and briefer quotations may be kept. August 2021 November 2020 1941 Paris synagogue attacks World War II in France and The Holocaust in France File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S69265, Frankreich, Paris, zerstörte Synagoge.jpg 150px Montmartre Synagogue after the incident (photo from the Bundesarchiv). Paris, France 1941 10 03 yes 2:05 a.m. - 4:05 a.m. Bombings 0 Milice and Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire Hans Sommer (as an accessory) On the night of October 2–3, 1941, six synagogues were attacked in Paris and damaged by explosive devices places by their doors between 2:05 and 4:05 am. The perpetrators were identified but not arrested. History On the night of October 2–3, 1941, explosive devices were placed in front of six synagogues causing damage to them.Kevin Passmore & Chris Millington, Political Violence and Democracy in Western Europe, 1918–1940, 2015, fr no qui citent, dans la note 35, le travail non-publié mais en cours de G. K. Brunelle et A. Finley-Crosswhite, Betrayal: Bombing Synagogues on the Streets of Paris: Igniting the French Holocaust/Shoah. Synagogues affected Synagogue des Tournelles (in the Jewish Marais district) Synagogue de la rue Copernic (16th arrondissement of Paris) Synagogue Nazareth (3rd arrondissement of Paris) Synagogue de la rue Pavée (4th arrondissement of Paris) Montmartre Synagogue (18th arrondissement of Paris) Grand Synagogue of Paris (9th arrondissement of Paris) The attacks Helmut Knochen, Chief Commandant of the Sicherheitspolizei (Nazi Occupying Security Services)http://www.ciera.fr/de/node/2047. LA POLICE DE SÉCURITÉ ALLEMANDE ET SES AUXILIAIRES EN EUROPE DE L'OUEST OCCUPÉE (1940–1945). www.ciera.fr. October 29, 2020 November 2, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201102005601/http://www.ciera.fr/de/node/2047. dead ordered the attacks on the Paris synagogues. Members of the Milice placed the bombs. At the Synagogue de la rue Copernic, there was partial destruction of the building (the window jamb and the sill were destroyed and the windows were blown out)Jean Laloum. Du culte libéral au travail social : la rue Copernic au temps des années noires. Archives Juives 2009/1 (Vol. 42), pages 118 à 132, voir note 5. that the community rebuilt in 1946. In a journal entry dated September 11, 1942, writer Hélène Berr, wrote: After wandering all afternoon (Boulevard Saint-Germain, the Sorbonne, Condorcet), I went to the Temple for Rosh Hashana. The service was celebrated in the oratory and the marriage hall, as the main temple had been destroyed by the Doriotists. It was lamentable. No young people. Nothing but old people, the only representative of the "olden times" was Madame Baur.Odette Baur was the spouse of André Baur (1904–1943), President of the Union Libérale Israélite de France and Vice-President of the Union générale des israélites de France. He was the nephew of Chief Rabbi of Paris Julien Weill, voir Michel Laffitte. L'UGIF face aux mesures antisémites de 1942. Les Cahiers de la Shoah 2007/1 (9), pages 123 à 180.. André Baur (39), Odette Baur (33) and their children: Antoine Baur (6), Francine Baur (3), Myriam Baur (9) and Pierre Baur (10) were deported by Convoy Number 63 on December 17, 1943, first to Drancy internment camp then to Auschwitz. Hélène Berr MÉMOIRE. L'attentat du 3 octobre 1941. sauvegardecopernic.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20181006234922/https://www.sauvegardecopernic.org/histoire--meacutemoire.html October 6, 2018 Voir, des photos après l'attentat à la Synagogue de la rue Copernic. The Revolutionary Social Movement (MSR), a far-right political party was also implicated in the attacks.Paris Promeneurs – La synagogue de la rue Pavée http://www.paris-promeneurs.com/Architecture-moderne/La-synagogue-de-la-rue-Pavee October 29, 2020 www.paris-promeneurs.com From research by Patrick Fournie (2016): The Revolutionary Social Movement of Eugène Deloncle, former leader of the Cagoule, also recruited several thousand members and was known above all as the executor on behalf of the SIPO-SD in the attacks on the Parisian synagogues on the night of October 2–3, 1941. Deloncle nevertheless lost the support of his protectors and was executed by the Gestapo in November 1943. Patrick Fournie According to Frédéric Monier (2011): After the fall of France and the creation of the Vichy Regime, a majority of former "Cagoulards" became engaged in collaborationist activity, often under the guise of the Revolutionary Social Movement – the MSR – created by Eugène Deloncle in Autumn 1940. The small group, later integrated into the National Popular Rally of Marcel Deat, ceased to exist by 1942. It was this group that was responsible "without a doubt, among others, for the attacks against synagogues in Paris and the assassination of former government minister Marx Dormoy. Frédéric Monier Hans Sommer, agent with the Nazi intelligence services in charge of France, contacted Eugène Deloncle in 1941. Sommer provided the materials that Deloncle used in the attacks against the synagogues. After the war, Sommer was sentenced to two years in prison by a French military court.Monier Frédéric https://books.google.com/books?id=vc00BwAAQBAJ&q=Eugene+Deloncle+et+les+attentats+contre+les+synagogues+de+Paris&pg=PT52 Corruption et politique : rien de nouveau ? January 12, 2011 Armand Colin 978-2-200-27100-8 fr Reporting According to the Vichy correspondent of the Swiss newspaper Feuille d'Avis de Neuchâtel et du Vignoble neuchâtelois, on Saturday October 4, 1941:On the night of Thursday and Friday in Paris between 1 am and 5 am, attacks took place against seven synagogues. The Synagogue de la rue de Tournelle [sic], Synagogue de la rue Montespan [sic], Synagogue de la rue Copernic, Synagogue de Notre-Dame de Lazaret [sic], Synagogue de Notre-Dame des victoires and a sixth located on a road of which we don't yet know the name were attacked. The damage is considerable, as just the walls remain. The bomb at the Synagogue de la rue Pavée, near City Hall, was removed in time. Two people were injured. Admiral Dard, Prefect of Police, arrived on the scene and is leading the investigation. The attacks took places the day after the Day of Atonement.LE TERRORISME EN FRANCE OCCUPÉE. Attentats contre les synagogues de Paris. Des explosifs ont détruit ainsi sept des lieux de culte Israélite les plus connus de la capitale. Feuille d'Avis de Neuchâtel et du Vignoble neuchâtelois, samedi 4 octobre 1941, p. 1.The article continued: What they say in Vichy Our Correspondent in Vichy called us and said: Since last July, this is the third time that such attacks have taken place. The first was in Marseille in mid-July, the second in Vichy last August 9. It is noted that the third attack against the Israelite Temples took place on the night following Yom Kippur. Neither surprise nor emotion A police report by the Renseignements généraux dated October 4, 1941, said: Generally, the Parisian public don't like the Jews, but they are tolerated. Traders often wished to be rid of the Israelites because they were in great competition with them. In fact, the severe measures taken against the Jews by the German authorities and the French government have not raised any protests among the general population but many people find the violent anti-semitism of the Parisian press excessive, exceeding even their own antipathy towards Jews. The opinion of most people – particularly in Catholic circles – is that adversaries of the Jews generalize too much and that such anti-semitism will lead to regrettable excesses. Therefore, the announcement of the attacks on local synagogues caused neither surprise nor emotion among the public. "It was bound to happen," we heard with a certain air of indifference. Silence from the Church Following the attacks on the Paris synagogues, the Archbishop of Paris Emmanuel Suhard, remained silent. In the Free zone, the Association of French Rabbis expressed surprise at this silence. Several bishops reached out to the rabbis with support, following the example of Cardinal Jules-Géraud Saliège of Toulouse, who wrote a letter of support to Rabbi Moïse Cassorla.July 2022 Bibliography Bourdrel Philippe Les Cagoulards dans la guerre Albin Michel 2009 978-2-226-19325-4 Paris 282 fr. Finley-Croswhite Annette Brunelle Gayle K. 2019 Creating a Holocaust Landscape on the Streets of Paris Holocaust and Genocide Studies en 33 1 60–89 10.1093/hgs/dcz009 182038936. Patrick Fournier. La délation des Juifs à Paris pendant l’Occupation, 1940-1944. Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.Université d’Ottawa. Thèse en cotutelle internationale pour obtenir les grades de Docteur de l’Université d’Ottawa. Discipline : Histoire. Docteur de l’Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense. Discipline : Science Politique. Ottawa, Canada, 2016 Millington Chris Political violence and democracy in Western Europe, 1918–1940 Passmore Kevin Palgrave Macmillan 2015 978-1-137-51594-0 Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire 208 en Monier Frédéric Corruption et politique : rien de nouveau Armand Colin 2011 978-2-200-24860-4 Éléments de réponse Paris 184 fr. See also Judaism Paris in World War II Antisemitism in France References Category:October 1941 in Europe Category:Synagogues in Paris Category:Antisemitism in France Category:The Holocaust in France Category:20th-century attacks on Jewish institutions Category:Paris in World War II Category:Vichy French war crimes Category:1941 in Paris Category:Building bombings in Paris Category:Synagogue bombings Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures in France Category:Antisemitic attacks and incidents in Europe Category:1940s crimes in Paris Category:Right-wing terrorist incidents in France Category:Terrorist incidents against Jews Category:Right-wing terrorist incidents in the 1940s