1955 Tour de France

April 2019 May 2019 1955 Tour de France Route of the 1955 Tour de France.png Route of the 1955 Tour de France followed clockwise, starting in Le Havre and finishing in Paris 360px 7–30 July 1955 22 4495 km 130h 29' 26" Louison Bobet FRA yellow France Jean Brankart BEL Belgium Charly Gaul LUX Luxembourg/Mixed France Charly Gaul LUX Luxembourg/Mixed Stan Ockers BEL green Belgium Charly Gaul LUX Luxembourg/Mixed 1954 1956 The 1955 Tour de France was the 42nd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 7 to 30 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 4495 km 0 on. The race was won by Louison Bobet, the last of his three consecutive wins. Teams List of teams and cyclists in the 1955 Tour de France As was the custom since the 1930 Tour de France, the 1955 Tour de France was contested by national and regional teams. Eight national teams were sent, with 10 cyclists each from France, Belgium, Spain, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, and a mixed team consisting of Luxembourgian, Austrian, West German and Australian cyclists. France additionally sent five regional teams from 10 cyclists each, divided into Île-de-France, North-East/Centre, West, South-East and South-West. In total, 120 cyclists started the race.The history of the Tour de France – Year 1955 – The starters http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1955/partants.html Tour de France Amaury Sport Organisation 2 April 2020 3 April 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200403084118/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1955/partants.html dead The mixed team included cyclists from West-Germany, which was the first time since the Second World War that German cyclists rode the Tour.Augendre 2016 46 The Great Britain team was the first British team in Tour history.McGann McGann 2006 207–212 The teams entering the race were: 20em France Belgium Spain Great Britain Netherlands Italy Luxembourg/Mixed Switzerland Île-de-France North-East/Centre West South-East South-West Pre-race favourites Louison Bobet, the winner of the 1953 Tour de France and the 1954 Tour de France, had done an aggressive preparation in the early season before the Tour de France, aiming for his third victory.http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/timeline/Race%20Snippets/TdF/TdF1955.htm Bobet Times Three Barry Boyce Cyclingrevealed 2004 2 March 2010 Bobet was the main favourite, also because he was the world champion.McGann McGann 2006 207–212 Route and stages The 1955 Tour de France started on 7 July, and had two rest days, in Monaco and Ax-les-Thermes.Augendre 2016 46 The 1955 Tour saw the introduction of the photo finish. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2556 m ft on at the summit tunnel of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 8.Augendre 2016 177–178Franse monster-race vangt morgen aan Drie en twintig dagen razen renners langs de wegen French monster race starts tomorrow Twenty-three days riders race along the roads https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010884347:mpeg21:p006 Nieuwsblad van het Noorden 6 July 1955 6 nl Delpher + Stage characteristics and winnershttp://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955.php Mémoire du cyclisme 42ème Tour de France 1955 fr https://web.archive.org/web/20120301033105/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955.php 1 March 2012 26 September 2016 deadAugendre 2016 46http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1955 Tour de France GC top ten Arian Zwegers CVCCBike.com 10 December 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071832/http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html 16 May 2008 liveThe history of the Tour de France – Year 1955 – The stage winners http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1955/vainqueurs.html Tour de France Amaury Sport Organisation 2 April 2020 3 April 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200403002843/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1955/vainqueurs.html dead Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner 1a 7 July Le Havre to Dieppe 102 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Miguel Poblet ESP 1945 1b Dieppe 12.5 km 0 on alt=|link=Team time trial|20px Team time trial NED Netherlands 2 8 July Dieppe to Roubaix 204 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Antonin Rolland FRA 3 9 July Roubaix to Namur (Belgium) 210 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Louison Bobet FRA 4 10 July Namur (Belgium) to Metz 225 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Willy Kemp LUX 5 11 July Metz to Colmar 229 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Roger Hassenforder FRA 6 12 July Colmar to Zürich (Switzerland) 195 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage André Darrigade FRA 7 13 July Zürich (Switzerland) to Thonon-les-Bains 267 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Jos Hinsen NED 8 14 July Thonon-les-Bains to Briançon 253 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Charly Gaul LUX 9 15 July Briançon to Monaco 275 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Raphaël Géminiani FRA 16 July Monaco Rest day 10 17 July Monaco to Marseille 240 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Lucien Lazaridès FRA 11 18 July Marseille to Avignon 198 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Louison Bobet FRA 12 19 July Avignon to Millau 240 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Alessandro Fantini ITA 13 20 July Millau to Albi 205 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Daan de Groot NED 14 21 July Albi to Narbonne 156 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Louis Caput FRA 15 22 July Narbonne to Ax-les-Thermes 151 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Luciano Pezzi ITA 23 July Ax-les-Thermes Rest day 16 24 July Ax-les-Thermes to Toulouse 123 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Rik Van Steenbergen BEL 17 25 July Toulouse to Saint-Gaudens 250 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Charly Gaul LUX 18 26 July Saint-Gaudens to Pau 205 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Stage with mountain(s) Jean Brankart BEL 19 27 July Pau to Bordeaux 195 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Wout Wagtmans NED 20 28 July Bordeaux to Poitiers 243 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Jean Forestier FRA 21 29 July Châtellerault to Tours 68.6 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Individual time trial Jean Brankart BEL 22 30 July Tours to Paris 229 km 0 on 20px|alt=|link= Plain stage Miguel Poblet ESP 1945 Total 4495 km 0 onAugendre 2016 109 Race overview thumb|upright|Louison Bobet (pictured in 1951), winner of the general classification The first part of the first stage was won by Miguel Poblet, who became the first Spanish cyclist to wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification.McGann McGann 2006 207–212 The second and third stage saw small groups escaping from the peloton. In both stages, Wout Wagtmans and Antonin Rolland, one of Bobet's teammates, were present. Wagtmans became leader of the general classification, with Rolland in second place.McGann McGann 2006 207–212 The first attack that was important for the general classification was in the fourth stage. Rolland was part of a group of nine cyclists that finished seven minutes before the rest. Rolland was the best-placed cyclist of those nine, and took the lead. In the seventh stage, Rolland briefly lost that lead, because a group including Wim van Est escaped and gained more than seventeen minutes, which was just enough for Van Est to take over the lead. Van Est was sure to lose it in the next stage, which included high mountains.McGann McGann 2006 207–212 In that eighth stage, Charly Gaul attacked early in the stage. Gaul was more than 23 minutes behind in the general classification, but got over the mountains quickly and won with 13 minutes, which put him in third place.http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955_8.php Mémoire du cyclisme 42ème Tour de France 1955 - 8ème étape fr https://web.archive.org/web/20120320164704/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955_8.php 20 March 2012 26 September 2016 dead In the ninth stage, Gaul tried to do the same again, and got over the first three mountains alone. But because of a crash on the second mountain he lost time, and did not win the stage; instead he even lost a few minutes.McGann McGann 2006 207–212 During the eleventh stage, French cyclist Jean Malléjac collapsed and remained unconscious for 15 minutes. The Tour doctor who helped recognised that Malléjac's symptoms were identical to an amphetamine overdose, and told the team doctors to be more careful with doping.Dimeo 2007 59 In that stage, Bobet got away on Mont Ventoux and nobody was able to follow him. He reached the top alone, and from there descended to the finish, 6 minutes ahead of Rolland, who was still the race leader. Bobet jumped to second place in the general classification. The next challenge for the general classification were the Pyrénees mountains. In stage 17, Gaul made the pace, and most cyclists could not follow. Bobet could hold on for a long time, but at the finish lost 84 seconds to Gaul. Because Rolland lost more than seven minutes, Bobet took the lead. In the eighteenth stage, it was again Gaul who attacked. This time, a small group including Bobet could follow him all the way. Rolland finished two minutes later, but was still in second place in the general classification.http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955_17.php Mémoire du cyclisme 42ème Tour de France 1955 - 17ème étape fr https://web.archive.org/web/20120320164750/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955_17.php 20 March 2012 26 September 2016 dead The time trial in the 21st stage was won by Jean Brankart, who jumped to second place in the general classification. Rolland lost more than nine minutes, and dropped to the fifth place in the general classification.http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955_21.php Mémoire du cyclisme 42ème Tour de France 1955 - 21ème étape fr https://web.archive.org/web/20120320164800/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1947_1977/tdf1955_21.php 20 March 2012 26 September 2016 dead Bobet remained the leader, and his lead was not challenged in the last stage. Bobet became the first person in the Tour de France to win three Tours in a row. Classification leadership and minor prizes The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.Nauright Parrish 2012 452–453 The points classification was calculated in the same way as in 1954, following the calculation method from the Tours de France from 1905 to 1912. Points were given according to the ranking of the stage: the winner received one point, the next cyclist two points, and so on. These points were added, and the cyclist with the fewest points was the leader of the points classification. In 1955, this was won by Stan Ockers. Points for the mountains classification were earned by reaching the mountain tops first.Nauright Parrish 2012 454 The system was almost the same as in 1954: there were two types of mountain tops: the hardest ones, in category 1, gave 10 points to the first cyclist, the easier ones, in category 2, gave 6 points to the first cyclist, and the easiest ones, in category 3, gave 3 points. Charly Gaul won this classification. The team classification was calculated as the sum of the daily team classifications, and the daily team classification was calculated by adding the times in the stage result of the best three cyclists per team.Nauright Parrish 2012 455 It was won by the French team. The British team and the regional South West team finished with only two cyclists, so they were not eligible for the team classification. In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The split stages each had a combined winner. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.van den Akker 2018 211–216 Gaul won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.Augendre 2016 46 The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass a point by his final residence, the "Villa Mia" in Beauvallon, Grimaud, on the French Riviera on stage 10. This prize was won by André Darrigade.Temperatuur hoger dan in broeikast Temperature higher than in greenhouse https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/stm/1955-07-18/edition/null/page/5 De Stem 18 July 1969 5 nl Krantenbank ZeelandSeray Lablaine 2006 84 +Classification leadership by stagehttp://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550801&id=GVA-19550801-01008010 Ronde panorama 1955 Tour panorama 1955 nl Gazet van Antwerpen 1 August 1955 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20190216023532/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550801&id=GVA-19550801-01008010 16 February 2019 livevan den Akker Pieter Informatie over de Tour de France van 1955 Information about the Tour de France from 1955 http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1955 https://web.archive.org/web/20190302050124/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1955 2 March 2019 nl TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl 2 March 2019 live Stage Winner General classification25px|alt=|link= Points classification25px|alt=|link= Mountains classificationmountains-jersey No jersey was awarded to the leader of the mountains classification until a white jersey with red polka dots was introduced in 1975.Nauright Parrish 2012 454 Team classification Combativity Award Classification 1a Miguel Poblet Miguel Poblet Miguel Poblet no award Île-de-France Claude Le Ber Claude Le Ber 1b Netherlands Italy 2 Antonin Rolland Wout Wagtmans Wout Wagtmans Île-de-France Roger Hassenforder 3 Louison Bobet France Louison Bobet Roger Hassenforder 4 Willy Kemp Antonin Rolland Francisco Alomar 5 Roger Hassenforder Vincent Vitetta Vincent Vitetta 6 André Darrigade Ferdinand Kübler 7 Jos Hinsen Wim van Est Jean Stablinski 8 Charly Gaul Antonin Rolland Charly Gaul Charly Gaul 9 Raphaël Géminiani Miguel Poblet Charly Gaul Charly Gaul 10 Lucien Lazaridès Wout Wagtmans Francisco Alomar 11 Louison Bobet Louison Bobet 12 Alessandro Fantini Nello Lauredi 13 Daan de Groot Wim van Est Daan de Groot 14 Louis Caput Max Cohen 15 Luciano Pezzi Stan Ockers Jan Nolten 16 Rik Van Steenbergen Lucien Teisseire 17 Charly Gaul Louison Bobet Charly Gaul 18 Jean Brankart Louison Bobet 19 Wout Wagtmans Henri Sitek 20 Jean Forestier Rino Benedetti 21 Jean Brankart Jean Brankart 22 Miguel Poblet Miguel Poblet FinalLouison BobetStan Ockers Charly Gaul France Charly Gaul Final standings General classification + Final general classification (1–10)The history of the Tour de France – Year 1955 – Stage 22 Tours > Paris http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1955/2200/etape.html Tour de France Amaury Sport Organisation 2 April 2020 2 April 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200402220328/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1955/2200/etape.html dead Rank Rider Team Time1 Louison Bobet FRA France 130h 29' 26"2 Jean Brankart BEL Belgium + 4' 53"3 Charly Gaul LUX Luxembourg/Mixed + 11' 30"4 Pasquale Fornara ITA Italy + 12' 44"5 Antonin Rolland FRA France + 13' 18"6 Raphaël Géminiani FRA France + 15' 01"7 Giancarlo Astrua ITA Italy + 18' 13"8 Stan Ockers BEL Belgium + 27' 13"9 Alex Close BEL Belgium + 31' 10"10 François Mahé FRA France + 36' 27" Final general classification (11–69) Rank Rider Team Time11 Maurice Quentin FRA West + 36' 52"12 Agostino Coletto ITA Italy + 39' 14"13 Raymond Impanis BEL Belgium + 46' 03"14 Jean Bobet FRA France + 1h 00' 05"15 Wim van Est NED Netherlands + 1h 04' 50"16 Vincent Vitetta FRA South-East + 1h 05' 18"17 Alfred De Bruyne BEL Belgium + 1h 05' 29"18 Gilbert Bauvin FRA North-East/Centre + 1h 09' 58"19 Wout Wagtmans NED Netherlands + 1h 10' 16"20 Jesús Loroño ESP 1945 Spain + 1h 19' 25"21 Jan Nolten NED Netherlands + 1h 21' 45"22 Bernardo Ruiz ESP 1945 Spain + 1h 25' 48"23 Bruno Monti ITA Italy + 1h 36' 21"24 Claude Colette FRA West + 1h 40' 01"25 Alessandro Fantini ITA Italy + 1h 44' 45"26 Miguel Poblet ESP 1945 Spain + 1h 45' 30"27 Hein van Breenen NED Netherlands + 1h 49' 49"28 Jan Adriaensens BEL Belgium + 1h 57' 09"29 Brian Robinson GBR Great Britain + 1h 57' 10"30 Pietro Giudici ITA Italy + 1h 58' 18"31 Raymond Hoorelbeke FRA Île-de-France + 2h 00' 46"32 Jean Forestier FRA France + 2h 09' 20"33 Ugo Anzile FRA North-East/Centre + 2h 10' 40"34 Luciano Pezzi ITA Italy + 2h 13' 30"35 Jean Stablinski FRA North-East/Centre + 2h 23' 47"36 Daan de Groot NED Netherlands + 2h 24' 58"37 Günther Pankoke FRG Luxembourg/Mixed + 2h 28' 15"38 Jean Dacquay FRA Île-de-France + 2h 28' 43"39 Apo Lazaridès FRA South-East + 2h 30' 52"40 Danilo Barozzi ITA Italy + 2h 31' 36"41 Jos Hinsen NED Netherlands + 2h 31' 16"42 Rino Benedetti ITA Italy + 2h 36' 25"43 Georges Gay FRA South West + 2h 36' 33"44 Francis Siguenza FRA Île-de-France + 2h 38' 46"45 Lucien Teisseire FRA South-East + 2h 41' 07"46 Bernard Gauthier FRA France + 2h 52' 43"47 Jean-Marie Cieleska FRA North-East/Centre + 2h 54' 29"48 Hans Hollenstein SUI Switzerland + 2h 55' 39"49 André Darrigade FRA France + 2h 57' 33"50 Kurt Schneider AUT Luxembourg/Mixed + 3h 02' 51"51 Roger Buchonnet FRA North-East/Centre + 3h 03' 06"52 Philippe Agut FRA South West + 3h 05' 57"53 Jacky Bovay SUI Switzerland + 3h 07' 41"54 Louis Caput FRA Île-de-France + 3h 07' 54"55 Rik Van Steenbergen BEL Belgium + 3h 10' 51"56 Nicolas Barone FRA Île-de-France + 3h 12' 24"57 Gabriel Company ESP 1945 Spain + 3h 18' 34"58 Lucien Lazaridès FRA South-East + 3h 22' 29"59 René Genin FRA South-East + 3h 39' 07"60 Willy Kemp LUX Luxembourg/Mixed + 3h 49' 23"61 Max Schellenberg SUI Switzerland + 3h 54' 11"62 Pierre Ruby FRA West + 4h 02' 52"63 Max Cohen FRA North-East/Centre + 4h 05' 40"64 Russell Mockridge AUS Luxembourg/Mixed + 4h 14' 46"65 José Mateo ESP 1945 Spain + 4h 26' 34"66 Armand Di Caro FRA South-East + 4h 32' 23"67 Ernst Rudolf SUI Switzerland + 4h 34' 05"68 Henri Sitek FRA West + 5h 06' 56"69 Tony Hoar GBR Great Britain + 6h 06' 01" Points classification + Final points classification (1–10)http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550801&id=GVA-19550801-01008005 Puntenrangschikking Points ranking nl Gazet van Antwerpen 1 August 1955 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223436/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550801&id=GVA-19550801-01008005 3 October 2019 live Rank Rider Team Points1 Stan Ockers BEL Belgium 3222 Wout Wagtmans NED Netherlands 3993 Miguel Poblet ESP 1945 Spain 4094 Wim van Est NED Netherlands 4155 Gilbert Bauvin FRA North-East/Centre 4836 Antonin Rolland FRA France 5037 Alfred De Bruyne BEL Belgium 5638 Alessandro Fantini ITA Italy 573.59 Bruno Monti ITA Italy 638.510 Raymond Impanis BEL Belgium 652.5 Mountains classification + Final mountains classification (1–10)http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550727&id=GVA-19550727-01008008 Charly Gaul: bergkoning 1955 Charly Gaul: mountain king 1955 nl Gazet van Antwerpen 27 July 1955 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20191003225618/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550727&id=GVA-19550727-01008008 3 October 2019 livehttp://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1955/07/27/MD19550727-005.pdf Clasificacions Classifications Mundo Deportivo 5 27 July 1955 es https://web.archive.org/web/20191003224039/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1955/07/27/MD19550727-005.pdf 3 October 2019 live Rank Rider Team Points1 Charly Gaul LUX Luxembourg/Mixed 842 Louison Bobet FRA France 703 Jean Brankart BEL Belgium 444 Antonio Gelabert ESP 1945 Spain 315 Giancarlo Astrua ITA Italy 306 Jesús Loroño ESP 1945 Spain 287 Jan Nolten NED Netherlands 24 Pasquale Fornara ITA Italy9 Raphaël Géminiani FRA France 2310 Gilbert Scodeller FRA North-East/Centre 18 Team classification + Final team classificationhttp://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1955/07/31/MD19550731-003.pdf Pobet en un golpe de genio Pobet in a stroke of genius Mundo Deportivo 3 31 July 1955 3 October 2019 es https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223952/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1955/07/31/MD19550731-003.pdf 3 October 2019 live Rank Team Time1 France 389h 10' 14"2 Italy + 47' 33"3 Belgium + 1h 54' 07"4 Netherlands + 3h 11' 42"5 North-East/Centre + 3h 46' 48"6 Spain + 4h 35' 38"7 South-East + 5h 57' 07"8 West + 6h 06' 55"9 Switzerland + 6h 45' 13"10 Luxembourg/Mixed + 6h 49' 08"11 Île-de-France + 7h 09' 08" Combativity classification + Final combativity classification (1–10)http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550801&id=GVA-19550801-01008002 Gaul Nr 1 op de lijst der strijdlustigsten Gaul No. 1 on the list of combatants nl Gazet van Antwerpen 1 August 1955 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20190923210703/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19550801&id=GVA-19550801-01008002 23 September 2019 live Rank Rider Team Points1 Charly Gaul LUX Luxembourg/Mixed 2562 Louison Bobet FRA France 2203 Roger Hassenforder FRA North-East/Centre 1144 Jean Brankart BEL Belgium 1125 Jean Stablinski FRA North-East/Centre 1076 Francisco Alomar ESP 1945 Spain 1067 Jan Nolten NED Netherlands 968 Miguel Poblet ESP 1945 Spain 759 Ferdinand Kübler SUI Switzerland 74 Claude Le Ber FRA West Notes References 30em Bibliography Jacques Augendre Jacques Augendre http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf Guide historique Historical guide 2016 fr 27 October 2016 Tour de France Paris Amaury Sport Organisation https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf 17 August 2016 live Paul Dimeo https://books.google.com/books?id=VZafM5Vc_pQC A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876–1976: Beyond Good and Evil London Routledge 2007 978-0-415-35772-2 McGann Bill McGann Carol The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=jxq20JskqMUC Dog Ear Publishing Indianapolis, IN 2006 978-1-59858-180-5 Nauright John Parrish Charles Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC 2012 ABC-CLIO Santa Barbara, CA 978-1-59884-300-2 Seray Jacques Lablaine Jacques :fr:Jacques Seray Henri Desgrange, l'homme qui créa le Tour de France Henri Desgrange, the man who created the Tour de France fr https://books.google.com/books?id=EKgTAQAAIAAJ Editions Cristel Saint-Malo, France 2006 978-2-84421-042-5 van den Akker Pieter Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018 https://books.google.com/books?id=09sxwQEACAAJ 2018 Self-published 978-1-79398-080-9 Further reading Mapping Le Tour Ellis Bacon HarperCollins Publishers Glasgow 2014 112–113 9780007543991 872700415 External links 1955 Tour de France 1a 11 12 22 Category:1955 in French sport 1955 Category:1955 in road cycling Category:July 1955 sports events in Europe Category:1955 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo