1947 Jammu massacres

Genocidal massacres in Jammu yes September 2016 April 2019 October 1947 – November 1947 Jammu province, Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir Genocide,Copland, The Abdullah Factor p. 254 (citation 119): "... the census reveals that the Muslim population of Jammu dropped (as a result of emigration, genocide and other factors) from 61 per cent to 38 per cent between 1941 and 1961." ethnic cleansingChattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 179, 183Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016 150 Rioting, pogrom, arson, mass rape * Rashtriya Swayamsevak SanghVed Bhasin Ved Bhasin Jammu 1947 Kashmir Life 17 November 2015 http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 182, 183; Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016 149 AkalisPuri, Across the Line of Control 2012 25–26 Jammu Hindus * Jammu Muslims 20,000–100,000 MuslimsSnedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 A large number of Hindus and Sikhs in Rajouri, and in Mirpur.Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 thumb|right|305px|The Jammu province of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1946) consisted of the Poonch, Mirpur, Riasi, Jammu, Kathua, and Udhampur districts After the Partition of India, during October–November 1947 in the Jammu region of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, many Muslims were massacred and others driven away to West Punjab. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, aided and abetted by the forces of Maharaja Hari Singh.Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001 The activists of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) played a key role in planning and executing the riots.Ved Bhasin Ved Bhasin Jammu 1947 Kashmir Life 17 November 2015 http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/ An estimated 20,000–100,000 Muslims were massacred.Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 Subsequently, many non-Muslims were massacred by Pakistani tribesmen, in the Mirpur region of today's Pakistani administered Kashmir,Christopher Snedden writes of unverifiable allegations of 20,000 non-Muslims killed in Mirpur.Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 56Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012 97 and also in the Rajouri area of Jammu division. Background 1947 Poonch Rebellion thumb|219x219px|Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir At the time of the Partition of India in 1947, the British abandoned their suzerainty over the princely states, which were left with the options of joining India or Pakistan or remaining independent. Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, indicated his preference to remain independent of the new dominions. All the major political groups of the state supported the Maharaja's decision, except for the Muslim Conference, which declared in favour of accession to Pakistan on 19 July 1947.Balraj Puri Balraj Puri The Question of Accession Epilogue 4 11 4–6 November 2010 https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA4 "Eventually they agreed on a modified resolution which 'respectfully and fervently appealed to the Maharaja Bahadur to declare internal autonomy of the State... and accede to the Dominion of Pakistan... However, the General Council did not challenge the maharaja's right to take a decision on accession, and it acknowledged that his rights should be protected even after acceding to Pakistan." The Muslim Conference was popular among Muslims in the Jammu province of the state. It was closely allied with the All-India Muslim League, which was set to inherit Pakistan. Sardar Ibrahim, the Muslim Conference leader from Poonch used a raising head of unrest fuelled by economic grievances, turning it into a rebellion against the Maharaja and demanding accession to Pakistan. Soon Pakistan got involved. On 12 September 1947, the Pakistani prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan called a meeting in Lahore where it was decided to support the rebels and to launch an invasion from Pakistan. A 'GHQ Azad' was established under Major General Zaman Kiani (formerly of the Indian National Army) in Gujrat, which started conducting raids against the Jammu border. Communal situation in the State Maharaja Hari Singh was seen by informed observers as liberal and non-sectarian, even though, in the run-up to the Partition, he was believed to have come under the influence of the Arya Samaj.Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015 64: "Hari Singh, it may be said to his credit, was a liberal-minded ruler when he ascended the throne and remained so till 1931 when to his great misfortune, the political awakening among Muslims touched great heights and led to the demand for responsible government... Hari Singh was prepared to be liberal; he was prepared to give better treatment to his Muslim subjects than they had received before, but he was not prepared for radical political reforms."Abdullah, Flames of Chinar 1993 91: "The Maharaja had always appeared to be free from religious prejudices. He was close to his Muslim courtiers especially Nawab Khusro Jung, Abdul Rahman Afandi and Sahibzada Noor Mohammad. But things took a drastic turn at the time when the shuddhi and tabligh movements gathered force.... the Maharaja moved closer to the Arya Samaj camp." At least a third of the state army and over half of its police force was Muslim. Both the army and police were headed by British officers until 3 October (Major General Henry Lawrence Scott, Chief of Staff, and Richard Powell, Inspector General of Police).Jha, Rival Versions of History 1996 54–55: "Two-fifths of his state forces and the majority of his police were Muslims. The Chief of Staff--the second in command--of the state forces was a Muslim, as was the chief of police in Jammu."Ankit, Henry Scott 2010 After they stepped down, they were replaced by 'Hindu officers', according to British reports.Ankit, October 1947 2010 9 The Jammu Brigade and the Jammu police were still headed by Muslim officers (Brigadier Khuda Baksh, commanding the Jammu Brigade,Parkash Dewan Ram Fight for Kashmir https://books.google.com/books?id=0kc_AAAAMAAJ 1948 Tagore Memorial Publications New Delhi 32: A State government press release dated 16 October 1947 stated, "The State has already exposed the canard that the army in Jammu consisted only of Sikhs and Dogras by pointing out that the force is mixed in composition and commanded by Brigadier Khuda Baksh." and Mian Abdul Rashid, Senior Superintendent of Police).Amanullah Khan, Free Kashmir 1970 92: "One day when I came back from my morning prayers, I was told at home that Mian Aziz, brother of Mian Abdul Rashid, Senior Superintendent of Police, Jammu had come to my house and left a message for me to see him."Lok Sabha Lok Sabha Debates, Volume 12, Issues 27–31 https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl5PAQAAMAAJ January 1963 Lok Sabha Secretariat 5965: Shri Kirit Bikram Deb Burman: Will the Minister of HOME AFFAIRS be pleased to state: (a) whether it is a fact that Ex-Inspector General of Police of Jammu and Kashmir State has migrated to Pakistan and his name is Mian Abdul Rashid; and (b) whether the said Ex-Inspector General has been appointed intelligence Chief of Azad Kashmir? The Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs (Shri Datar): (a) Yes. (b) The Government of India have no information. The Pakistan press has, however, denied this report. From June 1946 onwards, the Muslim Conference is reported to have tightened its connections with Pakistan's Muslim League, importing its leaders into the state and starting to train 'National Guards'. Its new leaders (Agha Shaukat Ali for general secretary and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas for president) were "working up anti-Hindu sentiments under the guise of uniting all Muslims", according to the British Resident in Kashmir.Jha, Rival Versions of History 1996 14 The Resident also reported that, in March 1947, Pir of Manki Sharif (from the North-West Frontier Province) sent his agents to prepare the people for a 'holy crusade' to be carried out by frontier tribes soon after the departure of the British.Jha, Rival Versions of History 1996 15–16 Also in March 1947, following the massacres in Rawalpindi, large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs from Rawalpindi and Sialkot started arriving in Jammu, bringing "harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities in West Punjab". According to scholar Ilyas Chattha, this eventually provoked counter-violence on Jammu Muslims, which had "many parallels with that in Sialkot".Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 179http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm Horrors of Partition Noorani A.G. 25 February 2012 4 29 A. G. Noorani Frontline Scholar Prem Shankar Jha states that, though the arrival of refugees caused considerable unease in Jammu, the city remained free of communal disturbances till the end of September 1947.Jha, Rival Versions of History 1996 10; Jha, The Origins of a Dispute 2003 11 During August–September 1947, roughly 100,000 Muslims from East Punjab and an equal number of non-Muslims from West Punjab were safely escorted through Jammu by Jammu and Kashmir State Forces.Ankit, Henry Scott 2010 44Jha, The Origins of a Dispute 2003 p. 19: "[Henry Lawrence] Scott, in fact, pointed out in his report to London that Kashmir had remained free of communal trouble despite the fact that the state troops had escorted 100,000 Muslims through Jammu territory on their way to Pakistan, an equal number of Sikhs and Hindus going the other way and that Poonch had become a temporary place of refuge for around 60,000 refugees, mainly Hindus and Sikhs from west Punjab." Violence against Jammu Muslims According to scholar Ian Copland, the Jammu and Kashmir administration carried out a pogrom against its Muslim subjects in Jammu partly out of revenge for the Poonch rebellion that started earlier.Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood 2005 143 Some observers state that a main aim of Hari Singh and his administration was to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating the Muslim population, in order to ensure a Hindu majority in the region.Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 179, 183 Scholar Ilyas Chattha and Jammu journalist Ved Bhasin blame the mishandling of law and order by Maharaja Hari Singh and his armed forces in Jammu, for the large scale communal violence in the region. Massacres On 14 October, the RSS activists and the Akalis attacked various villages of Jammu district—Amrey, Cheak, Atmapur and Kochpura—and after killing some Muslims, looted their possessions and set their houses on fire.Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012 25–26Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History 1998 115-116, note 90 There was mass killing of Muslims in and around Jammu city. The state troops led the attacks. The state officials provided arms and ammunition to the rioters. The administration had demobilised many Muslim soldiers in the state army and had discharged Muslim police officers.Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 180, 182According to the accounts of refugees, the Maharaja was "in person commanding all the forces which were ethnically cleansing the Muslims".Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 183Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood 2005 156 Most of the Muslims outside the Muslim dominated areas were killed by the communal rioters who moved in vehicles with arms and ammunition, though the city was officially put under curfew.Bhasin Ved Ved Bhasin Jammu 1947 Kashmir Life 17 November 2015 http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/ The curfew, it appeared, was meant only to check the movement of Muslims. Many Gujjar men and women who used to supply milk to the city from the surrounding villages were reportedly massacred en route. It is said that the Ramnagar reserve in Jammu was littered with the dead bodies of Gujjar men, women and children. In the Muslim localities of Jammu city, Talab Khatikan and Mohalla Ustad, Muslims were surrounded and were denied water supply and food. The Muslims in Talab Khatikan area had joined to defend themselves with the arms they could gather, who later received support from the Muslim Conference. They were eventually asked to surrender and the administration asked them to go to Pakistan for their safety. These Muslims and others who wanted to go to Sialkot, in thousands, were loaded in numerous trucks and were escorted by the troops in the first week of November. When they reached the outskirts of the city, they were pulled out and killed by armed Sikhs and RSS men, while abducting the women.Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012 25–26Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 183 There were also reports of large-scale massacres of Muslims in Udhampur district, particularly in proper Udhampur, Chenani, Ramnagar, Bhaderwah and Reasi areas. Killing of numerous Muslims was reported from Chhamb, Deva Batala, Manawsar and other parts of Akhnoor with many people fleeing to Pakistan or moving to Jammu. In Kathua district and Billawar area, there was extensive killing of Muslims with women being raped and abducted.Ahmad Khalid Bashir circa 1947: A Long Story Kashmir Life 5 November 2014 http://www.kashmirlife.net/circa-1947-a-long-story-67652/ On 16 November 1947, Sheikh Abdullah arrived in Jammu and a refugee camp was set up in Mohalla Ustad. Observations "To recall those days of communal orgy my only objective is to point out that a communalist and killer has no religion. It was the humanity that was the victim of communal fanatics... we should better learn appropriate lessons from history and not allow the communal fanatics of one or the other community to vitiate the atmosphere and disturb communal peace and harmony." — Ved Bhasin, who witnessed the Jammu violence in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi commented on the situation in Jammu on 25 December 1947 in his speech at a prayer meeting in New Delhi: "The Hindus and Sikhs of Jammu and those who had gone there from outside killed Muslims. The Maharaja of Kashmir is responsible for what is happening there…A large number of Muslims have been killed there and Muslim women have been dishonoured."https://books.google.com/books?id=baIYX6OGINoC The second assassination of Gandhi? by Ram Puniyani Anamika Pub & Distributors 2003 9788174951489 91, 92 Document Twenty According to Ved Bhasin and scholar Ilyas Chattha, the Jammu riots were executed by members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) who were joined by the refugees from West Pakistan, and were supported strongly by Hari Singh and his administration with a main aim to change the demographic composition of Jammu region and ensure a non-Muslim majority. Bhasin states, the riots were "clearly" planned by the activists of RSS.Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 182, 183 Observers have noted that the Akali Sikhs and some former members of the Indian National Army (INA) also participated in this violence along with the RSS and state forces.Copland, The Abdullah Factor 244Impact of Partition: Refugees in Pakistan: Struggle for Empowerment and State's Response Hassan Amtul 2006 Regional Centre for Strategic Studies 9788173046988 58 https://books.google.com/books?id=MnHaAAAAMAAJThe Nation, the State, and Indian Identity Dutta Madhusree Flavia Adarkar Neera 1996 Popular Prakashan 9788185604091 145 https://books.google.com/books?id=clVkXbbcrhIC&pg=PA145Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition Hajari Nisid 2015 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 9780547669243 209 https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 Bhasin says that the massacres took place in the presence of the then Jammu and Kashmir's Prime Minister Mehr Chand Mahajan and the governor of Jammu, Lala Chet Ram Chopra, and that some of those who led these riots in Udhampur and Bhaderwah later joined the National Conference with some of them also serving as ministers.Ved Bhasin Jammu 1947 17 November 2015 http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/ Kashmir Life Ved Bhasin : "Another incident that I recall is about Mr Mehr Chand Mahajan who told a delegation of Hindus who met him in the palace when he arrived in Jammu that now when the power is being transferred to the people they should better demand parity. When one of them associated with National Conference asked how can they demand parity when there is so much difference in population ratio. Pointing to the Ramnagar rakh below, where some bodies of Muslims were still lying he said "the population ratio too can change". Estimates of people killed and displaced An early official calculation made in Pakistan, using headcount data, estimated 50,000 Muslims killed.Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood 2005 153–154 A team of two Englishmen jointly commissioned by the governments of India and Pakistan investigated seven major incidents of violence between 20 October – 9 November 1947, estimating 70,000 deaths.Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 52–53 Scholar Ian Copland estimated total deaths to be around 80,000,Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood 2005 153 while Ved Bhasin estimated them to be around 100,000. Scholar Christopher Snedden says, the number of Muslims killed were between 20,000 and 100,000.Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 Justice Yusuf Saraf estimates them to be between 20,000 and 30,000.Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015 133 Much higher figures were reported by newspapers at that time. A report by a special correspondent of The Times, published on 10 August 1948, stated that a total of 237,000 Muslims were either killed or migrated to Pakistan.Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001To quote 10 August 1948 report published in The Times: "237,000 Muslims were systematically exterminated – unless they escaped to Pakistan along the border – by the forces of the Dogra State headed by the Maharaja in person and aided by Hindus and Sikhs. This happened in October 1947, five days before the Pathan invasion and nine days before the Maharaja’s accession to India." The number of 237,000 was out of 411,000 Muslims said to have lived in the 'eastern Jammu' province. No calculations for the exact figure were given and the figure was not broken down into deaths and escapes. The 'Special Correspondent' that authored the report is later identified as Frederick Paul Mainprice, the former Assistant Political Agent of the Gilgit Agency, who worked as a Deputy Secretary for the Pakistan government during 1948–49 "specialising on the Kashmir problem".Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 55, 330http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/oldsite/brrrkg/archive/papers/handlist/Handlist_M.htm MAINPRICE PAPERS South Asian Studies Archive, University of Cambridge 31 March 2017 The editor of The Statesman Ian Stephens claimed that 500,000 Muslims, "the entire Muslim element of the population", was eliminated and 200,000 "just disappeared".Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001 121 Scholar Ian Copland finds these figures dubious.Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood 2005 153: "None of these figures, however, are authoritative.... And the Times man, too, seems to have harboured Pakistani sympathies and, more importantly, offers no clues as to the source of his information." The Pakistani newspaper Nawa-i-Waqt reported that more than 100,000 Jammu refugees had arrived in Sialkot by 20 November 1947.Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 185 Snedden, on the other hand, cites a "comprehensive report" in Dawn, which said that 200,000 Muslims went as refugees to Pakistan in October–November 1947.Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 56 An unidentified organisation in Pakistan counted refugees from Jammu and Kashmir during May–July 1949, and found 333,964 refugees from the Indian-held parts of the state.Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001 125 Of these, an estimated 100,000 refugees returned to their homes in 1949–1950, leaving an estimated 233,964 refugees in Pakistan. Based on the electoral rolls of Pakistan-administered Kashmir in 1970, the number that remained in Pakistan is estimated to be in the range 219,718 – 259,047.Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015 133: "In the 1970 elections for A.K. President as well as the Legislative Assembly, the number of voters from Jammu province, residing in Pakistan, was 2,29,152. The population percentage of voters for Pakistan elections which were held in the same year was about 50%. It would take the population figures of Jammu refugees in Pakistan in 1970 to about five lakhs." [Based on the population growth rates of Pakistan given (1941–1951: 17.9%, 1951–1961: 26.9%, 1961–1972: 52.1%), this corresponds to a population level of 219,718 in 1941 and 259,047 in 1951.] Violence against Hindus and Sikhs in Rajouri and Mirpur Muslims in the western districts of Poonch jagir began an agitation against taxes in mid-1947, which escalated into an armed rebellion against Hari Singh's government, and expanded to Mirpur district.Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 164–167 In October 1947, a force of Pathan tribesman crossed into Kashmir from Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province and the adjoining princely states and tribal areas.Bhatia 2020 80–82 The rebels took control of most of the countryside in these districts by the end of the month, driving non-Muslims to seek shelter in towns where the State troops were garrisoned. Beginning on 24 October, the towns themselves fell to the rebels: Bhimber (24 October), Rajauri (7 November), and Mirpur (25 November).Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012 97 Rajouri Rajouri was held by the "Azad Kashmir forces", or rebels from Poonch, and the raiders, until April 1948, when the town was taken by the Indian armed forces.Bhatia 2020 80–82 The Hindus facing this persecution included the town's residents as well as those displaced from the surrounding countryside.Bhatia 2020 80–82 Some Hindus were able to escape, while others were sheltered by sympathetic Muslims.Bhatia 2020 80–82 Mass suicides and killings, including by beheading or poisoning, occurred among women, sometimes at the hands of men in their family. These were the result of fears that they would be sexually abused by the raiders.Bhatia 2020 80–82 The capture of Rajouri from the raiders is commemorated on 13 April,The day Rajouri was recaptured Maini K.D. 12 April 2015 dailyexcelsior.com Daily Excelsior 19 October 2020 https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/the-day-rajouri-was-recaptured/ and a monument was erected to honour the incident in the town.Bhatia 2020 80–82 Mirpur After the Indian army repelled the Pashtun raiders from near Srinagar on 25 November, the raiders turned to Mirpur, in present-day Azad Kashmir.Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012 28 Political scientist Christopher Snedden writes of unverifiable allegations that 20,000 non-Muslims were killed on and shortly after 25 November in Mirpur, and a further 2500 were abducted.Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 56Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 In the district of Mirpur and nearby regions of Poonch, Hindu and Sikh women were also raped and abducted.Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 November 25 is now commemorated as "Mirpur Day" in Indian-administered Kashmir.Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012 30 Population figures The table below compares the 1941 percentage of Muslim population with the present percentage for the Indian-administered part of the Jammu province and gives figures for estimated 'loss' of Muslims, due to deaths as well as migration. Region 1941 PopulationSnedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 28 1947 Population (est)Obtained by extrapolating the 1931–1941 growth rate. 1941 Muslim proportionSnedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 28 2011 Muslim proportionhttp://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India C-1 Population by religious community (2011 Census) 8 May 2018 Loss of Muslims (est)These figures are notional. They represent the number of Muslims lost to the state, due to either deaths or out-migration, so that the 2011 demographic percentage could have been obtained. It is derived by multiplying the 1947 population figure by the factor (1941 percentage – 2011 percentage)/(100 – 2011 percentage). If there was in-migration of Muslims or if the Muslim population grew at faster rate than the rest, these figures would be underestimates. If there was in-migration of non-Muslims, these figures would be overestimates.These figures would also include any further out-migration of Muslims after 1947, for example during and after the 1965 war. Jammu DistrictThe 1947 Jammu district is now divided into Jammu and Samba districts 431,362 468,988 39.6% 7.1% 164,182 Kathua District 177,672 188,330 25.3% 10.4% 31.341 Udhampur District (inc. Chenani)The 1947 Udhampur district is now divided into Ramban, Udhampur, Doda and Kishtwar districts 306,013 319,631 42.7% 41.5% 6,241 Reasi DistrictThe 1947 Reasi district is now divided into Reasi and Rajouri districts 257,903 272,532 68.1% 58.4% 63.196 Jammu province(exc. Poonch and Mirpur) 1,172,950 1,249,029 44.5% 27.9% 264,960 Poonch jagir 421,828 443,948 90.0% 90.4% – thumb|right|Present day district map of Jammu and Kashmir Scholar Ian Copland tries to estimate how many Muslims might have been killed in the Jammu violence based on demographic data. If the headcount figure of 333,964 refugees from the Indian-administered parts of the stateSnedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001 125 is used to calculate an estimate, one ends up with a surplus rather than a deficit.Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood 2005 153An even higher figure of 500,000 Muslim refugees was reported in Dawn on 2 January 1951.Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001 125 Scholar Ilyas Chattha has claimed that over 1 million Muslims were uprooted owing to the violence.Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016 145 Evidently, such high figures are not supported by the demographic data. However, Justice Yusuf Saraf estimates that 100,000 Jammu refugees returned to their homes in 1949–1950.Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015 481: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."Jammu and Kashmir government has claimed that 200,000 refugees returned.Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government https://books.google.com/books?id=jjHHO3z_1_wC 1951 Printed at the Ranbir Government Press 90 If we deduct this 100,000 from the original headcount figure, the estimate of Muslims killed would be a few tens of thousands.Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015 133Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 The table below compares the 1941 percentage of 'Hindu & Sikh' population (H/S population) with that in 1951 for the areas of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir (comprising 89 per cent of the Mirpur District, 60 per cent of the Poonch Jagir and 87 per cent of the Muzaffarabad District).Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 167 Region 1941 PopulationSnedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 28 1947 Population (est)Obtained by extrapolating the 1931–1941 growth rate. 1941 H/S proportionSnedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 28 1951 PopulationSnedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 161Figures from the 1951 census of Pakistan. They only cover the areas that came under Pakistani control. 1951 H/S proportionSnedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015: "By 1951, of the former approximately 114,000 non-Muslims who in 1941 had lived in areas that later came to comprise Azad Kashmir... only a paltry 790 non-Muslims remained." Loss of Hindus/Sikhs (est) Mirpur District 386,655 414,207 19.6% 371,459 – – Poonch Jagir 421,828 443,948 10.0% 293,723 – – Muzaffarabad District 264,671 282,482 7.1% 220,971 – – Azad Kashmir DistrictsMirpur and Poonch were part of the Jammu province in the princely state whereas Muzaffarabad was part of the Kashmir province. 1,073,154 1,140,637 12.7% 886,153 0.09% 128,988 The Government of Jammu and Kashmir rehabilitated 36,384 refugee families from Azad Kashmir territories.Naseer Ganai, The Forgotten Refugees From West Pakistan In Jammu, Outlook, 18 January 2024. With an average household size of 4.95,In the 1941 census, the Mirpur district had a population of 547,917 people living in 124,133 households; the Poonch district had a population of 421,828 people in 78,523 households; and the Muzaffarabad district had a population of 264,671 in 46,783 households.Wreford R.G. Jammu and Kashmir, Part III 1941 Census of India 1941 that gives an estimated population of 180,100 people that were killed or displaced from these territories.This figure is higher than the figure from the 1941 census, possibly because it would have included the Hindu and Sikh populations displaced from Hazara District and Rawalpindi Division who had been given refuge by the Maharaja's administration prior to the Pakistani tribal invasion.Jha, Rival Versions of History 1996 56–57; Jha, The Origins of a Dispute 2003 61 It would not cover the families that might have been completely eliminated by the Azad rebels and tribal raiders. See also Persecution of Muslims Violence against Muslims in India Timeline of the Kashmir conflict Kashmir conflict Partition of India Notes References 30em Bibliography 2 Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah Flames of the Chinar: an autobiography https://books.google.com/books?id=dC1uAAAAMAAJ 1993 Viking 9780670853182 Abdullah, Flames of Chinar 1993 Ankit Rakesh Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir Epilogue 4 5 https://books.google.com/books?id=-yUy7QpJp7MC May 2010 44–49 issuu.com dead Ankit, Henry Scott 2010 Rakesh Ankit October 1947 Epilogue 4 11 November 2010 9– https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA9 Ankit, October 1947 2010 Bhatia Mohita Rethinking Conflict at the Margins: Dalits and Borderland Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir: Going Beyond the Dominant Discourse https://books.google.com/books?id=jxzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 2020 Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83602-9 Bhattacharya Brigadier Samir NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ 2013 Partridge Publishing 978-1-4828-1625-9 Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom 2013 PhD Chattha Ilyas Ahmad Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947–1961 September 2009 https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/ Centre for Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, School of Humanities, University of Southampton 16 February 2016 Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 Since republished as Chattha Ilyas Partition and Locality: Violence, Migration and Development in Gujranwala and Sialkot 1947–1961 Oxford University Press 2011 9780199061723 Chattha Ilyas The Long Shadow of 1947: Partition, Violence and Displacement in Jammu & Kashmir Amritjit Singh Nalini Iyer Rahul K. Gairola Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 2016 Lexington Books 978-1-4985-3105-4 143–156 Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947 2016 Copland Ian The Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947 D. A. Low Political Inheritance of Pakistan 1991 Springer 9781349115563 https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254 Copland, The Abdullah Factor Copland Ian State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900-1950 https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 2005 Palgrave Macmillan UK 978-0-230-00598-3 153– Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood 2005 Das Gupta Jyoti Bhusan Jammu and Kashmir https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ 2012 first published 1968 Springer 978-94-011-9231-6 Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir 2012 Jha Prem Shankar Prem Shankar Jha Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History https://books.google.com/books?id=fBORQgAACAAJ 1996 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-563766-3 Jha, Rival Versions of History 1996 Jha Prem Shankar The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ 2003 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-566486-7 Jha, The Origins of a Dispute 2003 Khan Amanullah Amanullah Khan (JKLF) Free Kashmir https://books.google.com/books?id=sY4l0rB0Ut0C 1970 Karachi Central Printing Press Amanullah Khan, Free Kashmir 1970 Nawaz Shuja The First Kashmir War Revisited India Review 7 2 115–154 10.1080/14736480802055455 May 2008 155030407 Puri Luv Across the Line of Control: Inside Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir Hurst 2012 9781849041737 https://books.google.com/books?id=kYVcuqYr5FIC&pg=PA25 Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012 Raghavan Srinath War and Peace in Modern India: A Strategic History of the Nehru Years https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC 2010 Palgrave Macmillan 978-1-137-00737-7 Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010 Saraf Muhammad Yusuf Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015 1979 National Institute Kashmir Studies Mirpur https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3541 archive.org Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015 Snedden Christopher Christopher Snedden What happened to Muslims in Jammu? Local identity, '"the massacre" of 1947' and the roots of the 'Kashmir problem' South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 24 2 2001 111–134 10.1080/00856400108723454 143991832 Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu? 2001 Snedden Christopher 2013 Christopher Snedden Kashmir: The Unwritten History HarperCollins India 978-9350298985 first published as The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir, 2012 https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013 Snedden Christopher Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 Oxford University Press 978-1-84904-342-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 Talbot Ian Pakistan: A Modern History https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC 1998 St. Martin's Press 978-0-312-21606-1 Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History 1998 External links Khalid Bashir Ahmad, Jammu 1947: Tales of Bloodshed, Greater Kashmir, 5 November 2014. Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Massacres in Pakistan-administered Kashmir Category:Massacres in 1947 Category:India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948 Category:Partition of India Category:20th century in Jammu and Kashmir Category:20th century in Azad Kashmir Category:Riots and civil disorder in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Category:October 1947 in Asia Category:November 1947 in Asia Category:1947 murders in India Category:Massacres of Muslims in India Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir Category:Crime in Azad Kashmir Category:Sexual violence in the Kashmir conflict Category:Mass kidnappings Category:Kidnapping in the 1940s Category:Kidnappings in India Category:Kidnappings in Pakistan