1991

yes November 2024 1991 1991 border:none;b 3/3/3 USAF F-16A F-15C F-15E Desert Storm edit2.jpg Boris Yeltsin 22 August 1991-1.jpg Serb T-55 Battle of the Barracks.JPG Pinatubo91eruption plume.jpg Flooded village after 1991 cyclone.jpg George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign the START 1991.jpg Sebastião Gomes grave.jpg Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - IDF OFFICER HELPING ETHIOPIAN IMMIGRANTS.jpg Statue of Freddie Mercury in Montreux 2005-07-15.jpg 350 From top to bottom, left to right: the Gulf War air campaign begins, as coalition forces launch an assault leading to victory over Iraq; the 1991 Soviet coup attempt and Dissolution of the Soviet Union bring an end to the Soviet Union and the Cold War; the Yugoslav Wars begin, including the Ten-Day War in Slovenia and the Croatian War of Independence; the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo becomes one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century; the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone kills over 100,000; START I is signed to reduce strategic nuclear weapons; the Santa Cruz massacre sees Indonesian forces kill protesters in East Timor; Operation Solomon evacuates thousands of Ethiopian Jews to Israel; and Freddie Mercury dies of AIDS. 1991 1991 It was the final year of the Cold War, which had begun in 1947. Towards the end of the year, the Soviet Union collapsed, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of dirigisme, license raj and autarky and began extensive liberalisation to its economy. This increased GDP but also increased income inequality over the next two decades.July 21, 2011 India's economy: One more push https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/07/21/one-more-push live https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111625/http://www.economist.com/node/18988536 October 6, 2014 October 4, 2014 The Economist A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade. In the context of the apartheid, the year after the liberation of political prisoner Nelson Mandela, the Parliament of South Africa repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950, overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid.Scott Kraft June 18, 1991 S. Africa Repeals Apartheid Basis Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-18-mn-929-story.html August 2, 2020 December 14, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211214112117/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-18-mn-929-story.html live The year 1991 saw the rise of a ten-year-long boost of the US domestic economy with the Dow Jones Industrial Average remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time.Scot J. Paltrow April 18, 1991 Dow's Close Tops 3,000 Barrier for First Time : Stocks: The index had passed the mark on other days, but retreated before the end of tradings Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-18-mn-177-story.html December 14, 2021 December 14, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211214105833/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-18-mn-177-story.html live This situation would only be cut short by the Dot-com bubble of 2000–2002. In August, the World Wide Web, originally conceived during the previous year, was released outside CERN to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that led to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoing globalization around the globe. In terms of popular culture, during this year alternative rock saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of the virtually unknown grunge sound were released, including the influential Nevermind album by Seattle-based band Nirvana in September 1991.Cameron Keith June 11, 2011 Nirvana kill hair metal http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/12/nirvana-kill-hair-metal June 19, 2020 The Guardian June 21, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200621153223/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/12/nirvana-kill-hair-metal live It was also in 1991 that hip-hop music reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success.Thompson Derek May 8, 2015 1991: The Most Important Year in Pop-Music History The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2015/05/1991-the-most-important-year-in-music/392642 December 14, 2021 December 14, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211214120206/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2015/05/1991-the-most-important-year-in-music/392642/ live Electronic music derivative forms were also starting to gain momentum and would define, along with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade. 2 Events January January 1 – Czechoslovakia becomes the second Eastern European country to abandon its command economy.Greenhouse Steven January 1, 1991 Czechs Begin Shift to a Free Market The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/01/world/czechs-begin-shift-to-a-free-market.html August 18, 2020 0362-4331 November 5, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201105063345/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/01/world/czechs-begin-shift-to-a-free-market.html live January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, starting the 1991–92 South Ossetia War.http://www.caucasus.dk/chapter4.htm The Georgian – South Ossetian Conflict Cvetkovski Nikola Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus April 11, 2021 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090430213436/http://www.caucasus.dk/chapter4.htm April 30, 2009 January 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: An attempted coup by the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary force under former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, is thwarted in Haiti.The Lantern 8 January 1991 – Ohio State University Newspaper Archives https://osupublicationarchives.osu.edu/?a=d&d=LTN19910108-01.2.43&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- 2021-06-12 osupublicationarchives.osu.edu October 5, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231005155035/https://osupublicationarchives.osu.edu/?a=d&d=LTN19910108-01.2.43&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- live On July 30, Roger Lafontant, the leader of the coup attempt, is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first democratically elected government.Otis John LaFontant convicted of coup attempt UPI Archives 30 July 1991 https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/07/30/LaFontant-convicted-of-coup-attempt/2071680846400/ 28 January 2026 January 9 Gulf War: U.S. Secretary of State James Baker meets with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait.Friedman Thomas L. January 9, 1991 Confrontation in the Gulf; Iraqi, in Geneva, Says Pressure Won't Work The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/09/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-iraqi-in-geneva-says-pressure-won-t-work.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/09/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-iraqi-in-geneva-says-pressure-won-t-work.html liveDrozdiak William Hoffman David January 9, 1991 Baker and Aziz Arrive in Geneva https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/01/09/baker-and-aziz-arrive-in-geneva/585e554f-ffb9-4576-9bb7-86ec42640575/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post December 29, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201229222527/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/01/09/baker-and-aziz-arrive-in-geneva/585e554f-ffb9-4576-9bb7-86ec42640575/ live In Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an African National Congress leader, killing 45 people.South African major mass killings timeline 1900–2012 South African History Online https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-major-mass-killings-timeline-1900-2012 2021-06-12 sahistory.org.za May 8, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210508083518/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-major-mass-killings-timeline-1900-2012 live January 12 – Gulf War: The 102nd U.S. Congress passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.Fritz Sarah Eaton William J. January 13, 1991 Congress Authorizes Gulf War : Historic act: The vote in both houses, supporting Bush and freeing troops to attack Iraq, is decisive and bipartisan. It is the strongest move since Tonkin Gulf. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-13-mn-374-story.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20210207050820/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-13-mn-374-story.html February 7, 2021 February 2, 2021 Los Angeles Times January 13 – Singing Revolution: Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence, killing 14 civilians and injuring 702 more. In Latvia, a series of confrontations between the Latvian government and the Soviet government take place in Riga.On This Day 13 January, 1991: Bloodshed at Lithuanian TV station http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4059000/4059959.stm September 13, 2011 BBC News January 13, 1991 November 9, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171109010731/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4059000/4059959.stm liveAdoption of the Declaration of Independence, the Barricades (1990–1991) Aizsardzības ministrija http://www.mod.gov.lv/en/about-us/history/adoption-declaration-independence-barricades-1990-1991 2021-06-12 mod.gov.lv July 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210727192552/https://www.mod.gov.lv/en/about-us/history/adoption-declaration-independence-barricades-1990-1991 live Lithuania formally declares independence on February 16, and voters in Estonia and Latvia vote for independence on March 3.Anatol Lieven The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence https://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&pg=PA410 1994 Yale University Press 978-0-300-06078-2 410 October 8, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101429/https://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&pg=PA410#v=onepage&q&f=false liveParks Michael March 4, 1991 Estonia, Latvia Vote Overwhelmingly for Independence : Baltics: Secession from the Soviet Union passes by wide margins in both republics. The next test is a countrywide referendum on Gorbachev's plan. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-04-mn-92-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times August 4, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210804170803/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-04-mn-92-story.html liveClines Francis X. March 4, 1991 Latvia and Estonia Vote for Sovereignty The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/latvia-and-estonia-vote-for-sovereignty.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 March 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210303074429/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/latvia-and-estonia-vote-for-sovereignty.html live January 15 Gulf War: The UN deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.Goldman John J. Kempster Norman November 30, 1990 U.N. Gives Iraq Until Jan. 15 to Leave Kuwait or Face War : Gulf crisis: Historic measure passes 12 to 2, with China abstaining. It is only the second time the Security Council has voted to use military force. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-30-mn-5769-story.html February 2, 2021 Los Angeles Times February 1, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154339/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-30-mn-5769-story.html live Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his party's loss in the Cape Verdean parliamentary election. Later on February 17, António Mascarenhas Monteiro wins the country's first multiparty presidential election since 1975.Baker Bruce December 2006 Cape Verde: The Most Democratic Nation in Africa? https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/div-classtitlecape-verde-the-most-democratic-nation-in-africadiv/0CB09558A9EAFBE92F718ADF6BE9D0C2 The Journal of Modern African Studies 44 4 495 10.1017/S0022278X06002060 144361839 April 2, 2019 April 2, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190402202637/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/div-classtitlecape-verde-the-most-democratic-nation-in-africadiv/0CB09558A9EAFBE92F718ADF6BE9D0C2 live 0022-278X subscription January 16 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.Edwin E. Moïse Limited War : The Stereotypes http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/limit1.html July 2, 2010 Clemson University August 6, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150806173418/http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/limit1.html deadValentine Janet G. American Military History: A Survey From Colonial Times to the Present May 23, 2016 Routledge 978-1-315-51100-9 358 https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ03DAAAQBAJ September 10, 2023 October 5, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160246/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ03DAAAQBAJ live January 17 Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel. Iraqi attacks continue with 15 people injured in Tel Aviv on January 19 and 96 people injured in Ramat Gan on January 22.Rostker Bernard 2000 Information Paper: Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm May 21, 2009 Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control from 2000 to 2006 May 14, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110514212635/http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm deadFetter Steve Lewis George N. Gronlund Lisbeth Lisbeth Gronlund January 28, 1993 Why were Casualties so low? https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4738f048-bb00-4f30-8097-2ff88be6a792/content https://web.archive.org/web/20240817070947/https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4738f048-bb00-4f30-8097-2ff88be6a792/content August 17, 2024 live Nature London 361 6410 293–296 10.1038/361293a0 1903/4282 4343235 freeKifner John January 23, 1991 War in the Gulf: Tel Aviv; 3 Die, 96 are Hurt in Israeli Suburb The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/23/world/war-in-the-gulf-tel-aviv-3-die-96-are-hurt-in-israeli-suburb.html August 18, 2020 June 30, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170630062830/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/23/world/war-in-the-gulf-tel-aviv-3-die-96-are-hurt-in-israeli-suburb.html liveAtkinson Rick Balz Dan January 23, 1991 Scud Hits Tel Aviv, Leaving 3 Dead, 96 Hurt The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post012291.htm June 2, 2013 October 6, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145653/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post012291.htm live Harald V becomes king of Norway after the death of his father, Olav V.Harald V Biography & Facts https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harald-V 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica September 10, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180910205016/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harald-V live January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4, Pan American World Airways ceases its operations.Bearak Barry January 20, 1991 The Day After Eastern Folds: Many Passengers Are Left Up in the Air : Travel: Some connect with other carriers, several are left on standby status. The 62-year-old airline finally succumbed to a number of infirmities. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-895-story.html August 18, 2020 Los Angeles Times August 30, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200830184945/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-895-story.html liveAirways December 4, 2016 December 4, 1991: The Last "Clipper" Flight https://airwaysmag.com/airchive/the-last-clipper-flight/ August 18, 2020 Airways Magazine August 30, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200830192338/https://airwaysmag.com/airchive/the-last-clipper-flight/ dead January 22 – Gulf War: The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq.The SAS Operations Gulf-war Britain's Small Wars https://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulf-war/page.php?art_url=gulf-sas November 20, 2024 britains-smallwars.com live https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141527/https://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulf-war/page.php?art_url=gulf-sas July 22, 2024 January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988.Woodbury Jo The Bougainville Independence Referendum: Assessing the Risks and Challenges Before, During and After the Referendum http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Woodbury%20paper%20(IPSD%20version).pdf Indo-Pacific Strategy Papers January 2015 Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS), Australian Defence College Canberra 7 March 13, 2021 October 29, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20151029183001/http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Woodbury%20paper%20%28IPSD%20version%29.pdf live January 26 – President Siad Barre is overthrown, and Somalia enters a civil war. Three days later, Ali Mahdi Muhammad is inaugurated as the next president.Mohamed Siad Barre president of Somalia https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohamed-Siad-Barre 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica December 26, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191226092942/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohamed-Siad-Barre liveJanuary 29, 1991 New President of Somalia Is Sworn In https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-29-mn-417-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002027/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-29-mn-417-story.html live January 29 In South Africa, Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party agree to end violence between the two organizations.https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/cis/omalley/OMalleyWeb/03lv02039/04lv02040/05lv02042.htm 1991 February 2, 2021 omalley.nelsonmandela.org June 14, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210614095018/https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/cis/omalley/OMalleyWeb/03lv02039/04lv02040/05lv02042.htm liveNoble Kenneth B. September 15, 1991 Two Black Groups and Pretoria Sign Peace Agreement The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/two-black-groups-and-pretoria-sign-peace-agreement.html February 2, 2021 0362-4331 February 6, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210206223956/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/two-black-groups-and-pretoria-sign-peace-agreement.html live Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the Battle of Khafji, begins. The battle lasts until February 1.http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2014/February%202014/0214reversal.aspx AirLand Reversal Lambeth Benjamin S. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219160549/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2014/February%202014/0214reversal.aspx February 19, 2014 live Airforcemag.com February 1, 2014 February February 1 USAir Flight 1493 collides with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34 people.United States. National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Report https://books.google.com/books?id=YfY5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA107 1995 U.S. Government 107 October 8, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207103558/https://books.google.com/books?id=YfY5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false live A 6.4 b y Hindu Kush earthquake causes severe damage in northeast Afghanistan, leaving 848 dead and 200 injured.Afghanistan/Pakistan Earthquake Feb 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1 – 6 – Afghanistan https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistanpakistan-earthquake-feb-1991-undro-situation-reports-1-6 2021-06-12 ReliefWeb June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistanpakistan-earthquake-feb-1991-undro-situation-reports-1-6 live66 Significant Earthquakes where Country = AFGHANISTAN https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-data?country=AFGHANISTAN National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 10.7289/V5TD9V7K February 6 – A Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker is involved in an accident over Saudi Arabia when two engines on the left wing detach from the aircraft. The pilots manage to execute an emergency landing saving all four crew members on board. The aircraft is later repaired and returned to service. February 7 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.Joseph Whitaker An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ8wAAAAMAAJ 1994 J. Whitaker 900 October 8, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207103715/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ8wAAAAMAAJ live He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29. The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London during a cabinet meeting.Whitney Craig R. February 8, 1991 I.R.A. Attacks 10 Downing Street With Mortar Fire as Cabinet Meets The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/08/world/ira-attacks-10-downing-street-with-mortar-fire-as-cabinet-meets.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 May 11, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220511123919/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/08/world/ira-attacks-10-downing-street-with-mortar-fire-as-cabinet-meets.html liveFebruary 7, 1991 Terror at 10 Downing St. : Prime Minister, War Cabinet Unhurt in IRA Mortar Attack https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-07-mn-1272-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015202231/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-07-mn-1272-story.html live February 11 – The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed in The Hague, Netherlands.Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook https://books.google.com/books?id=7GhbDxIUkIIC&pg=PA4 1997 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 90-411-0439-9 4 October 8, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101359/https://books.google.com/books?id=7GhbDxIUkIIC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false live February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. US military intelligence claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.Stanley Alessandra February 14, 1991 War in the Gulf: The Overview; Iraq says U.S. killed hundreds of civilians at shelter, but alies call it military post The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/14/world/war-gulf-overview-iraq-says-us-killed-hundreds-civilians-shelter-but-allies-call.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 August 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210803160347/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/14/world/war-gulf-overview-iraq-says-us-killed-hundreds-civilians-shelter-but-allies-call.html live February 15 – The Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is established by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.RFE/RL Research Report https://books.google.com/books?id=a35pAAAAMAAJ 1993 RFE/RL, Incorporated 19 October 8, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101319/https://books.google.com/books?id=a35pAAAAMAAJ live February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station, in London.Schmidt William E. February 19, 1991 2 Rail Terminals In Central London Hit By I.R.A. Bombs The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/19/world/2-rail-terminals-in-central-london-hit-by-ira-bombs.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/19/world/2-rail-terminals-in-central-london-hit-by-ira-bombs.html live February 20 President of Albania Ramiz Alia dismisses the government of Prime Minister Adil Çarçani and appoints Fatos Nano as the next prime minister in an effort to stem pro-democracy protests.13. Albania (1913–present) https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/albania-1913-present/ 2021-06-12 uca.edu December 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211203005307/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/albania-1913-present/ liveAdil Carcani, prime minister of Albania' https://apnews.com/article/0527b66ce4005c2d7cafcb2dc11203e6 October 15, 1997 June 12, 2021 Associated Press News Associated Press June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://apnews.com/article/0527b66ce4005c2d7cafcb2dc11203e6 deadBinder David February 23, 1991 Albanian Names Cabinet Amid Unrest The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/23/world/albanian-names-cabinet-amid-unrest.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/23/world/albanian-names-cabinet-amid-unrest.html live Python, a programming language created by Guido van Rossum, Is released.https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html Python 0.9.1 part 01/21 alt.sources archives 2021-08-11 11 August 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171015/https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html live February 22 – Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, instead saying that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours. February 23 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état.Wallace Charles P. February 25, 1991 Thai Coup Leaders Plan Elections in Six Months : Takeover: The military junta also says it wants to amend the constitution. The whereabouts of the deposed prime minister are unknown. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-25-mn-1472-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times July 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210723144402/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-25-mn-1472-story.html livePace Eric August 7, 1999 Sunthorn Kongsompong, 68; Thai General Led 1991 Coup The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/07/world/sunthorn-kongsompong-68-thai-general-led-1991-coup.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029192801/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/07/world/sunthorn-kongsompong-68-thai-general-led-1991-coup.html live February 24 – Gulf War: At 4 a.m. local time ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.Taylor Alan Operation Desert Storm: 25 Years Since the First Gulf War – The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2016/01/operation-desert-storm-25-years-since-the-first-gulf-war/424191/ February 2, 2021 The Atlantic June 6, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210606114115/https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2016/01/operation-desert-storm-25-years-since-the-first-gulf-war/424191/ live February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.DOD: Information Paper- Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm March 18, 2010 Iraqwatch.org May 14, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110514212635/http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm deadTimeline of the Persian Gulf War https://www.britannica.com/list/persian-gulf-war-timeline 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica May 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210527140803/https://www.britannica.com/list/persian-gulf-war-timeline live February 26 – Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7.Boustany Nora February 27, 1991 Saddam Tells Iraqis of Pullout But Claims "Dignified" Victory https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/02/27/saddam-tells-iraqis-of-pullout-but-claims-dignified-victory/76eedd4f-50a2-48f7-860a-43388a08e5d3/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post March 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230307013405/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/02/27/saddam-tells-iraqis-of-pullout-but-claims-dignified-victory/76eedd4f-50a2-48f7-860a-43388a08e5d3/ livePersian Gulf War Definition, Summary, History, Dates, Combatants, & Facts https://www.britannica.com/event/Persian-Gulf-War 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica June 2, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182044/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452778/Persian-Gulf-War live February 27 Gulf War: U.S. President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf on March 10. In the Bangladeshi general election, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party wins 139 of 300 seats in the Jatiyo Sangshad, leading BNP leader Khaleda Zia to become the prime minister of Bangladesh on March 19.BANGLADESH: parliamentary elections Jatiya Sangsad, 1991 http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2023_91.htm 2021-06-12 archive.ipu.org August 6, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180806213441/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2023_91.htm liveCrossette Barbara March 1, 1991 General's Widow Wins Bangladesh Vote The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/01/world/general-s-widow-wins-bangladesh-vote.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029101013/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/01/world/general-s-widow-wins-bangladesh-vote.html live March March 3 The first presidential election in the history of São Tomé and Príncipe is won by Miguel Trovoada.Sao Tome and Principe (10/24/11) https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/saotomeandprincipe/182234.htm 2021-06-12 U.S. Department of State August 1, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210801133600/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/saotomeandprincipe/182234.htm liveSão Tomé and Príncipe: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report https://freedomhouse.org/country/sao-tome-and-principe/freedom-world/2020 2021-06-12 Freedom House June 6, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210606122031/https://freedomhouse.org/country/sao-tome-and-principe/freedom-world/2020 live A video captures the beating of motorist Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers. Four Los Angeles police officers are indicted on March 15 for the beating.The Holliday Videotape, George Holliday Video of King Beating http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/kingvideo.html University of Missouri Kansas City Law School 2021-06-12 February 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210224184149/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/lapd/kingvideo.html liveMydans Seth March 6, 1992 Police Beating Trial Opens With Replay of Videotape The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/06/us/police-beating-trial-opens-with-replay-of-videotape.html April 20, 2010 July 17, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090717123022/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/06/us/police-beating-trial-opens-with-replay-of-videotape.html live March 6 – Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar resigns following a dispute with former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, whose support had kept him in power.March 7, 1991 India's Prime Minister Resigns The Christian Science Monitor https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0307/ofill07.html 2021-06-12 0882-7729 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0307/ofill07.html liveJoshi Vijay India's Prime Minister Resigns https://apnews.com/article/7466ecc67afb7635076ea9723ffb999f March 6, 1991 June 12, 2021 Associated Press News June 16, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043154/https://apnews.com/article/7466ecc67afb7635076ea9723ffb999f deadChandra Shekhar prime minister of India https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chandra-Shekhar 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica July 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210713012656/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chandra-Shekhar live March 9 – Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade; two people are killed, and tanks are deployed in the streets.https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR26 The "Yugoslav" Crisis in International Law: General Issues 1 D. Daniel L. Bethlehem Marc Weller Cambridge University Press 1997 9780521463041 XXVI March 9, 2013 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101319/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR26#v=onepage&q&f=false live March 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: In the Salvadoran legislative election, the Nationalist Republican Alliance wins 39 of the 48 seats in the legislative assembly.Reuters March 24, 1991 Governing Salvadoran Party Wins Legislative Vote The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/24/world/governing-salvadoran-party-wins-legislative-vote.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029101157/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/24/world/governing-salvadoran-party-wins-legislative-vote.html liveNohlen Dieter Dieter Nohlen Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I Oxford University Press 2005 978-0-19-928357-6 284 March 13 The U.S. Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.Rowley James Exxon Agrees to $1 Billion Settlement of Oil Spill https://apnews.com/article/e2ceb29859cbab2950defd40bdc0e772 March 14, 1991 June 12, 2021 Associated Press News June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://apnews.com/article/e2ceb29859cbab2950defd40bdc0e772 dead The Acid Rain Treaty of 1991 is signed between the American and Canadian governments.Canada Transboundary Air Pollution: Agreement Between the United States of America and Canada, Signed at Ottawa March 13, 1991 with Annexes https://books.google.com/books?id=om1RhTvdrVUC&pg=PA18 1993 Department of State 18 January 16, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101344/https://books.google.com/books?id=om1RhTvdrVUC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false live March 14 Gulf War: Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah returns to Kuwait after seven months of exile in Saudi Arabia.Sheikh Jābir al-Aḥmad al-Jābir al-Ṣabāḥ emir of Kuwait https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Jabir-al-Ahmad-al-Jabir-al-Sabah 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica May 23, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160523120102/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Jabir-al-Ahmad-al-Jabir-al-Sabah live The Troubles: After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing an English public house in a Provisional IRA attack, the "Birmingham Six" are freed when a court determines that their conviction was unsafe and unsatisfactory.Peirce Gareth March 12, 2011 The Birmingham Six: Have we learned from our disgraceful past? The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/mar/12/gareth-peirce-birmingham-six November 15, 2018 November 24, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181124141842/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/mar/12/gareth-peirce-birmingham-six liveR v McIlkenney (1991) 93 Cr.App.R. 287–318. Escondida in Chile's Atacama Desert –which is to become the world's most productive copper mine– is officially inaugurated.Escondida – BHP: Tres décadas de éxito y desarrollo en Chile 2021-03-26 https://www.nuevamineria.com/revista/escondida-bhp-tres-decadas-de-exito-y-desarrollo-en-chile/ 2025-05-28 Revista Nueva Minería y Energía es March 15 Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country. The U.S. and Albania resume diplomatic relations for the first time since 1939.History of the U.S. and Albania https://al.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/io/ February 2, 2021 U.S. Embassy in Albania March 19, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210319022854/https://al.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/io/ dead March 17 Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In a national referendum, 77% of voters in the Soviet Union vote in favor of keeping the 15 Soviet republics together; six Union Republics effectively boycott the referendum.Confused Soviet Referendum https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/03/15/confused-soviet-referendum/ 2021-06-12 The Baltimore Sun March 15, 1991 July 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210713020501/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-03-15-1991074066-story.html liveJune 29, 2015 March Referendum http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/march-referendum/ 2021-06-12 Seventeen Moments in Soviet History May 17, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210517052306/http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/march-referendum/ live In the Finnish parliamentary election, the Centre Party wins 55 of 200 seats in the parliament, ending 25 years of dominance by the Social Democratic Party of Finland.Associated Press March 20, 1991 Finnish Parliament: Average Age Under 40 The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/20/world/finnish-parliament-average-age-under-40.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029101127/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/20/world/finnish-parliament-average-age-under-40.html live March 23 – The Sierra Leone Civil War begins when the Revolutionary United Front attempts a coup against the Sierra Leone government.Varisco Andrea Edoardo Research in Security Sector Reform Policy: The Case of Sierra Leone July 19, 2017 Springer 978-1-137-58675-9 11 https://books.google.com/books?id=h4otDwAAQBAJ September 10, 2023 October 5, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160247/https://books.google.com/books?id=h4otDwAAQBAJ liveThe Sierra Leone War begins https://aaregistry.org/story/the-sierra-leone-war-begins/ February 2, 2021 African American Registry April 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002152/https://aaregistry.org/story/the-sierra-leone-war-begins/ live March 24 – The Beninese presidential election, Benin's first presidential election since 1970, is won by Nicéphore Soglo.Associated Press March 26, 1991 Official Result in Benin Vote Shows Big Loss for Kerekou (Published 1991) The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/26/world/official-result-in-benin-vote-shows-big-loss-for-kerekou.html February 2, 2021 0362-4331 June 1, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223719/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/26/world/official-result-in-benin-vote-shows-big-loss-for-kerekou.html live March 26 In Mali, military officers led by Amadou Toumani Touré arrest President Moussa Traoré and suspend the constitution.March 26, 1991 Military Leader of Mali Overthrown, Arrested https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/03/27/military-leader-of-mali-overthrown-arrested/4e046a11-622d-4149-8c81-3314a67d32e2/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post Associated Press live https://web.archive.org/web/20241125092455/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/03/27/military-leader-of-mali-overthrown-arrested/4e046a11-622d-4149-8c81-3314a67d32e2/ November 25, 2024 Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.Treaty of Asunción South America [1991] https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Asuncion 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica August 1, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210801174555/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Asuncion liveSICE: Trade Agreements: Treaty of Asuncion http://www.sice.oas.org/trade/mrcsr/mrcsrtoc.asp 2021-06-12 sice.oas.org April 25, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210425145807/http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/MRCSR/MRCSRTOC.ASP live March 30 – French woman and supercentenarian Jeanne Calment surpasses the final age achieved by Easter Wiggins (1874–1990) of 116 years, 36 days and becomes the oldest verified person in history. March 31 Albania holds its first multi-party elections since 1923. The socialist ruling Party of Labour of Albania won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the parliament.http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2001_91.htm Albania: Elections held in 1991 https://web.archive.org/web/20110612120711/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2001_91.htm 2011-06-12 live Inter-Parliamentary Union 1991Nohlen Dieter Stöver Philip Dieter Nohlen Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook Nomos Publishers 2010 978-3-8329-5609-7 137 Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union while on April 9, the Supreme Council declares the independent Republic of Georgia. April April 2 – Economy of the Soviet Union: Government-imposed price increases double or triple the cost of consumer goods in the Soviet Union.Filatochev Igor Bradshaw Roy 1992 The Soviet Hyperinflation: Its Origins and Impact throughout the Former Republics https://www.jstor.org/stable/152269 Soviet Studies 44 5 739–759 10.1080/09668139208412045 152269 0038-5859 June 13, 2021 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.jstor.org/stable/152269 liveThe Economic Collapse of the Soviet Union https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sovietcollapse.htm 2021-06-12 sjsu.edu July 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210724100857/https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sovietcollapse.htm dead April 3 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 687, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons and a complete ban of ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km. It also calls for an end to Iraq's support for international terrorism; it is accepted by Iraq three days later.United Nations Security Council Treaties & Regimes NTI https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/un-security-council/ 2021-06-12 nti.org May 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210513122735/https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/un-security-council/ liveSecurity Council Resolution 687 https://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution687.htm 2021-06-12 United Nations June 10, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170610103845/http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution687.htm live April 4 U.S. Senator John Heinz and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.Cushman John H. Jr. April 5, 1991 Senator Heinz and 6 Others Killed in Midair Crash Near Philadelphia The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/05/us/senator-heinz-and-6-others-killed-in-midair-crash-near-philadelphia.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 May 7, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210507171620/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/05/us/senator-heinz-and-6-others-killed-in-midair-crash-near-philadelphia.html liveKing Larry April 5, 1991 Sen. Heinz, 6 others die in Pa. plane-copter collision Two children killed as debris hits school https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/04/05/sen-heinz-6-others-die-in-pa-plane-copter-collision-two-children-killed-as-debris-hits-school/ June 12, 2021 The Baltimore Sun June 25, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210625062310/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-04-05-1991095117-story.html live Forty people are taken hostage in Sacramento, California; six gunmen and hostages are killed.Gross Jane April 6, 1991 6 Are Killed as 8-Hour Siege By Gang Ends in California The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/us/6-are-killed-as-8-hour-siege-by-gang-ends-in-california.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 July 5, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190705190520/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/us/6-are-killed-as-8-hour-siege-by-gang-ends-in-california.html livePaddock Richard C. Dizon Lily April 15, 1991 3 Vietnamese Brothers in Shoot-Out Led Troubled Lives : Crime: They had problems in school and apparently felt like failures. Some teachers express surprise at violence of siege at Sacramento store. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-15-mn-108-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times May 10, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210510054339/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-15-mn-108-story.html live April 5 Former U.S. Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia.Knutson Lawrence L. Crash That Killed 23 Laid to Faulty Propellor Controls https://apnews.com/article/70a5d06c92324ad02162adc3a5f4b214 April 28, 1992 June 12, 2021 Associated Press News March 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210305015608/https://apnews.com/article/70a5d06c92324ad02162adc3a5f4b214 dead Space Shuttle Atlantis leaves an observatory in Earth's orbit to study gamma rays before returning on April 11. It is followed by Space Shuttle Discovery, which studies instruments related to the Strategic Defense Initiative from April 29 to May 6. Space Shuttle Columbia carries the Spacelab into orbit on June 5. April 6 – Start of Operation Provide Comfort: Allied forces bring humanitarian relief to Kurds in Northern Iraq one day after the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 688 condemning political repression against the Iraqi people by Saddam Hussein's government. April 9 – The first Soviet troops leave Poland.https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/04/10/1st-soviet-troops-leave-poland/ Chicago Tribune 1st Soviet Troops Leave Poland April 10, 1991 October 6, 2013 December 28, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131228202950/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-04-10/news/9102010956_1_presence-of-soviet-troops-soviet-soldiers-soviet-plans live April 10 A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola, the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites.The 1991 "Angola Cyclone" – STORM2K http://www.storm2k.org/phpbb2/viewtopic.php?t=116885 2021-06-12 storm2k.org October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015230028/http://www.storm2k.org/phpbb2/viewtopic.php?t=116885 live The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor.http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/04/12/may-day-may-day.html May – Day, May – Day Ci ha speronato una bettolina la Repubblica April 12, 1991 5 September 25, 2011 Claudia Fusani it September 25, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190925200450/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/04/12/may-day-may-day.html live April 12 – The Warsaw Stock Exchange opens in Poland.January 1, 2004 Trading on the Warsaw stock exchange—from reopening in 1991–2000 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1061951804000175 Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation 13 2 121–134 10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2004.09.003 1061-9518 de la Rosa Denise Crawford Dean Franz Diana R. 2021-06-12 October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015230026/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1061951804000175 live subscription April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.August 27, 2020 Factbox: High profile art thefts Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-art-frans-hals-theft-fact-idUSKBN25N2KU 2021-06-12 October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015202553/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-art-frans-hals-theft-fact-idUSKBN25N2KU liveMontgomery Paul L. April 15, 1991 Lost and Found: Huge van Gogh Theft Fails The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/15/arts/lost-and-found-huge-van-gogh-theft-fails.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 February 3, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064051/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/15/arts/lost-and-found-huge-van-gogh-theft-fails.html live April 15 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is inaugurated.The history of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) https://www.ebrd.com/who-we-are/history-of-the-ebrd.html#:~:text=The%20year%20was%201991,%20the,business%20for%20the%20first%20time. 2021-06-12 ebrd.com August 30, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190830103554/https://www.ebrd.com/who-we-are/history-of-the-ebrd.html#:~:text=The%20year%20was%201991,%20the,business%20for%20the%20first%20time. live End of Apartheid: The European Economic Community lifts economic sanctions on South Africa.Riding Alan April 16, 1991 European nations to lift sanctions on South Africa The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/european-nations-to-lift-sanctions-on-south-africa.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029101424/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/european-nations-to-lift-sanctions-on-south-africa.html live April 16–18 – General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.Weisman Steven R. April 16, 1991 Gorbachev on Peace Mission to Japan The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/gorbachev-on-peace-mission-to-japan.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103029/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/world/gorbachev-on-peace-mission-to-japan.html live April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46.A History of The Dow Jones Industrial Average https://apnews.com/article/50399f1ad8429b5259a2890d963a25fb 2021-06-12 Associated Press News August 27, 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20250827010456/https://apnews.com/article/50399f1ad8429b5259a2890d963a25fb deadNorris Floyd April 18, 1991 Market Place; At Last, Dow Closes Above 3,000 The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/18/business/market-place-at-last-dow-closes-above-3000.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103054/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/18/business/market-place-at-last-dow-closes-above-3000.html live April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program. April 19 – George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion.Edward Carpenter Cantuar: The Archbishops in Their Office https://books.google.com/books?id=ee0-EsYR9aEC&pg=PA2 January 1, 1997 A&C Black 978-0-264-67449-0 2 September 30, 2020 7 December 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101433/https://books.google.com/books?id=ee0-EsYR9aEC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false live April 22 A 7.7 w y Limon earthquake strikes Costa Rica and Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries.Today in Earthquake History https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=4&day=22 2021-06-12 United States Geological Survey July 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210723195400/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=4&day=22 liveApril 23, 1991 Quake Hits Costa Rica and Panama : Disaster: The 7.4 temblor kills at least 19. Damage is heavy in Caribbean coastal area. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-23-mn-689-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times July 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210724185104/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-23-mn-689-story.html live In Taiwan, the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion are abolished, having been in effect for 43 years.History of Constitutional Revisions in the Republic of China http://www.taiwandocuments.org/constitution07.htm 2021-06-12 taiwandocuments.org February 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210211011151/http://www.taiwandocuments.org/constitution07.htm liveConstitutional Reform and the Future of the Republic of China M.E. Sharpe 1991 9780873328807 Feldman Harvey Taiwan in the Modern World 1, 3–7, 39 April 23 – Prime Minister of Iceland Steingrímur Hermannsson resigns following an inconclusive parliamentary election; he is succeeded by Davíð Oddsson on April 30.Prime Minister Ousted; Feminists Win Big in Election https://apnews.com/article/91a35dba150251f6d9ccd697738fc695 2021-06-12 Associated Press NewsDecember 2024 yesNATO Who's who?: PM Iceland https://www.nato.int/cv/hsg/ic/oddsson.htm 2021-06-12 nato.int May 9, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210509235152/https://www.nato.int/cv/hsg/ic/oddsson.htm live April 26 A series of 55 tornadoes break out in the central U.S., killing 21. The most notable tornado strikes Andover, Kansas.US Department of Commerce NOAA Timeline for supercell that produced the Wichita/Andover Tornado https://www.weather.gov/ict/AndoverTimeline 2021-06-12 weather.gov June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613003530/https://www.weather.gov/ict/AndoverTimeline liveUS Department of Commerce NOAA The April 26, 1991 Great Plains Tornado Outbreak https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-19910426 2021-06-12 weather.gov June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613003524/https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-19910426 live Esko Aho at the age of 36 becomes the youngest-ever Prime Minister of Finland.United States. Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook https://books.google.com/books?id=kVaOgbFeuXwC&pg=PA134 1989 Central Intelligence Agency 134 September 30, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101350/https://books.google.com/books?id=kVaOgbFeuXwC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false live upright=0.75|thumb|1991 Bangladesh Cyclone April 29 A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.United Nations. Dept. of Public Information Yearbook of the United Nations. 45.1991(1992) https://books.google.com/books?id=BTdmYFgvyi0C&pg=PA416 December 24, 1992 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 0-7923-1970-2 416 September 30, 2020 7 December 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102643/https://books.google.com/books?id=BTdmYFgvyi0C&pg=PA416#v=onepage&q&f=false live A 7.0 w y earthquake in Racha, Georgia, kills 270 people and leaves 100,000 others homeless.Nikoleishvili I. Earthquake in Racha and Middle Age Monuments http://www.opentext.ge/art/archit/medieval/racha.htm dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025942/http://www.opentext.ge/art/archit/medieval/racha.htm July 21, 2011 August 10, 2010Arafiev S.S. Rogozhin E.A. Bykova V.V. Dorbath C. 2006 Deep Structure of the Racha Earthquake Source Zone from Seismic Tomography Data http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/AInv/2006_PSE_Racha.pdf dead Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 42 1 27–40 2006IzPSE..42...27A 10.1134/s1069351306010034 128784815 https://web.archive.org/web/20110807114528/http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/AInv/2006_PSE_Racha.pdf August 7, 2011 amp April 29 – 30 – In Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler Justin Lekhanya, with Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema replacing him two days later.((32nd 1991)) The Europa World Year Book, 1991 https://books.google.com/books?id=CmOUWTetnQ4C 1991 Europa Publications Limited 978-0-946653-69-0 1664 April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102947/https://books.google.com/books?id=CmOUWTetnQ4C live May May 1 – Angolan Civil War: The MPLA and UNITA agree to the Bicesse Accords, which are formally signed on May 31 in Lisbon.Wright, George. The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945, 1997. Page 159.PA-X: Peace Agreements Database https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/207 2021-06-12 peaceagreements.org June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/207 live May 6 – In the U.S., Time magazine publishes "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power," an article highly critical of the Scientology movement.Behar Richard Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power Time May 6, 1991 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070220082505/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865,00.html dead February 20, 2007 March 20, 2014 50–57 May 12 – Nepal holds its first multiparty legislative election since 1959.February 19, 2018 Nepal profile – Timeline BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12499391 June 12, 2021 June 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210605194152/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12499391 live May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female prime minister.Edith Cresson premier of France https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edith-Cresson 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica February 20, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230220120641/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edith-Cresson liveDrozdiak William May 18, 1991 France The Female Prime Minister https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/05/18/france-the-female-prime-minister/6124e5d4-3baa-4eb3-9067-aa7ba3cbc8c3/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241125093132/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/05/18/france-the-female-prime-minister/6124e5d4-3baa-4eb3-9067-aa7ba3cbc8c3/ November 25, 2024 May 16 – Elizabeth II becomes the first British monarch to address the U.S. Congress during a 13-day royal visit in Washington, D.C.Address by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2013/2013-135-050/ 2021-06-12 history.house.gov May 16, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210516161309/https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2013/2013-135-050/ liveEaton William J. May 17, 1991 Queen Addresses Joint Congress Session https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-17-mn-1884-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times May 12, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210512215804/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-17-mn-1884-story.html live May 18 – Somaliland secedes from Somalia; its independence is not recognised by the international community.20 Years After Secession, Somaliland Still Seeks Recognition https://www.voanews.com/africa/20-years-after-secession-somaliland-still-seeks-recognition 2021-06-12 Voice of America July 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210723183603/https://www.voanews.com/africa/20-years-after-secession-somaliland-still-seeks-recognition deadSomaliland Wants To Make One Thing Clear: It Is NOT Somalia https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/30/530703639/somaliland-wants-to-make-one-thing-clear-it-is-not-somalia 2021-06-12 NPR May 30, 2017 Beaubien Jason April 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210415055609/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/30/530703639/somaliland-wants-to-make-one-thing-clear-it-is-not-somalia live May 19 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave SFR Yugoslavia.Sudetic Chuck May 20, 1991 Croatia Votes for Sovereignty and Confederation The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/20/world/croatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 January 24, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230124201026/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/20/world/croatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html live May 21 At Sriperumbudur, India, a suicide bomber from LTTE attacks a political meeting, killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and at least 14 others.http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/may/21/a-look-back-at-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-rare-images-from-the-past-101515.html A look back at Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Rare images from the past The New Indian Express December 11, 2020 May 14, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190514210449/http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/may/21/a-look-back-at-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-rare-images-from-the-past-101515.html dead Ethiopian Civil War: Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia to Zimbabwe, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.The World Factbook https://books.google.com/books?id=JkQfwA30aY4C&pg=PA107 1992 Central Intelligence Agency 107 April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102945/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkQfwA30aY4C&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false live May 22 – Acting Prime Minister of South Korea Ro Jai-bong resigns in the wake of rioting following the beating to death of a student by police on April 26. He is succeeded by Chung Won-shik two days later.World Book, Inc World Book Encyclopedia The World Book Year Book, 1992 https://books.google.com/books?id=YIovVAHq-CkC February 1992 World Book, Incorporated 978-0-7166-0492-1 22 April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101931/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIovVAHq-CkC live May 24 – Following authorisation by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences to airlift most of the remaining Beta Israel community from Ethiopia to Israel.Stephen Spector Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6JuMlIHH4C&pg=PA232 March 15, 2005 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-983910-0 232 April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101919/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6JuMlIHH4C&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false live The same day the Eritrean People's Liberation Front enters Asmara, the capital of Eritrea. May 25 – The Surinamese general election is won by the military-backed New Front for Democracy and Development.Nohlen 2005 614–615 May 26 – Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, Thailand, killing all 223 people on board.Jay Levinson Hayim Granot Transportation Disaster Response Handbook https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQIn-0hAbMC&pg=PA57 2002 Academic Press 978-0-12-445486-6 57 April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101931/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQIn-0hAbMC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false live May 28 – Ethiopian Civil War: The forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seize the capital Addis Ababa.Krauss Clifford May 28, 1991 Ethiopian rebels storm the capital and seize control The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/world/ethiopian-rebels-storm-the-capital-and-seize-control.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 March 10, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210310123923/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/world/ethiopian-rebels-storm-the-capital-and-seize-control.html live June upright=0.75|thumb|Mount Pinatubo June 3 – Mount Unzen in Japan erupts, killing 46 people as a result of pyroclastic flow.Mount Unzen volcano, Japan https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Unzen June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica July 30, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210730221820/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Unzen live June 4 Fatos Nano resigns as Prime Minister of Albania following a nationwide strike. President of Albania Ramiz Alia appoints Ylli Bufi as his successor.The Communist government resigned Tuesday under an agreement by... https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/04/The-Communist-government-resigned-Tuesday-under-an-agreement-by/5766676008000/ June 12, 2021 United Press International June 12, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210612003244/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/04/The-Communist-government-resigned-Tuesday-under-an-agreement-by/5766676008000/ liveHard-line Communist picked as Albanian prime minister https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/06/Hard-line-Communist-picked-as-Albanian-prime-minister/6582676180800/ June 12, 2021 United Press International June 12, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210612002855/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/06/06/Hard-line-Communist-picked-as-Albanian-prime-minister/6582676180800/ live A large solar flare triggers an unusually large aurora as far south as Pennsylvania.Wald Matthew Severe Sun Storm Threatens Utilities The New York Times June 6, 1991 16 https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/06/us/severe-sun-storm-threatens-utilities.html May 23, 2016 January 18, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170118091204/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/06/us/severe-sun-storm-threatens-utilities.html liveLarge Solar Flares Since 1976 http://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Educational/2/3/9 Australian Bureau of Meteorology May 23, 2016 June 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160624075042/http://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Educational/2/3/9 live June 5 President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid declares a state of emergency as Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche resigns after 11 days of protests against the government; Hamrouche is replaced by Sid Ahmed Ghozali.June 5, 1991 Algeria Puts Off Elections; Premier Quits : North Africa: The president declares a state of siege after rioting by Muslim fundamentalists. The army moves in. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-05-mn-227-story.html November 20, 2024 Los Angeles Times live https://web.archive.org/web/20241120134435/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-05-mn-227-story.html November 20, 2024June 5, 1991 Algerian government resigns amid violence https://tampabay.com/archive/1991/06/05/algerian-government-resigns-amid-violence/ November 20, 2024 Tampa Bay Times live https://web.archive.org/web/20201124153139/https://tampabay.com/archive/1991/06/05/algerian-government-resigns-amid-violence/ November 24, 2020 End of Apartheid: The South African Parliament votes to repeal laws banning Black ownership of land.June 6, 1991 S. Africa Abolishes Laws Banning Black Land Ownership https://latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-06-mn-255-story.html November 20, 2024 Los Angeles Times live https://web.archive.org/web/20241121122736/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-06-mn-255-story.html November 21, 2024 June 7 – Approximately 200,000 people attend a parade of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in Washington, D.C.Fitzgerald David March 2019 Support the Troops: Gulf War Homecomings and a New Politics of Military Celebration Modern American History 2 1 1–22 10.1017/mah.2019.1 159284106 2515-0456 free 10468/9737 freeBrown DeNeen L. Jordan Mary Mary Jordan (journalist) June 10, 1991 On The Mall, The Celebration Lingers https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/10/on-the-mall-the-celebration-lingers/89f330fe-462e-457f-b8c4-c8162d82c6d5/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post October 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211026131915/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/10/on-the-mall-the-celebration-lingers/89f330fe-462e-457f-b8c4-c8162d82c6d5/ live June 9 – A major collapse at the Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 meters below the surface; they are rescued 30 hours later.Twenty-six miners trapped in a Swaziland coal mine are rescued with help from South Africa. South African History Online https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/twenty-six-miners-trapped-swaziland-coal-mine-are-rescued-help-south-africa June 16, 2021 sahistory.org.za July 30, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210730144513/https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/twenty-six-miners-trapped-swaziland-coal-mine-are-rescued-help-south-africa live June 12 Boris Yeltsin is elected President of the Russian SFSR; he officially begins his term on July 10.FBIS Report: Central Eurasia https://books.google.com/books?id=R0ZjcgSaaiUC 1992 The Service 7 April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101919/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0ZjcgSaaiUC live Sri Lankan civil war: Sri Lankan Army soldiers kill 152 civilians in Kokkadichcholai.Associated Press June 14, 1991 Sri Lankans Accuse Army of Massacre The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/14/world/sri-lankans-accuse-army-of-massacre.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103516/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/14/world/sri-lankans-accuse-army-of-massacre.html live The Party of Labour of Albania is dissolved and succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania, marking the end of communist rule in Albania.Albanian Socialist Party political party, Albania https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albanian-Socialist-Party June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica June 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210623221816/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Albanian-Socialist-Party liveSudetic Chuck June 12, 1991 Albania's Communists in Upheaval The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/12/world/albania-s-communists-in-upheaval.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103434/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/12/world/albania-s-communists-in-upheaval.html live June 15 In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll exceeds 800. The eruption causes a global cooling of around 0.4 °C.Mount Pinatubo: The June 1991 Eruptions https://books.google.com/books?id=SeUKAQAAIAAJ 1992 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101821/https://books.google.com/books?id=SeUKAQAAIAAJ liveHoppe K. July 18, 1992 Mt. Pinatubo's Cloud Shades Global Climate http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3976864 Science News 142 3 37 10.2307/3976864 3976864 0036-8423 August 4, 2022 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102336/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3976864?origin=crossref live subscription The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India.INDIA: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991 http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm June 12, 2021 archive.ipu.org June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm liveP.V. Narasimha Rao prime minister of India https://www.britannica.com/biography/P-V-Narasimha-Rao June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica June 2, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181221/https://www.britannica.com/biography/P-V-Narasimha-Rao live June 16 – Father's Day bank massacre: Four security guards are shot to death during a bank robbery at the United Bank Tower in Denver, Colorado, United States. The former police officer subsequently charged with the crime is acquitted, and the case remains unsolved.Romero John http://www.kdvr.com/news/kdvr-fathers-day-massacre-mystery-txt,0,2862251.story 19 years later, Denver bank massacre still a mystery https://web.archive.org/web/20110716234552/http://www.kdvr.com/news/kdvr-fathers-day-massacre-mystery-txt,0,2862251.story July 16, 2011 dead KDVR Denver May 24, 2010 June 17 End of Apartheid: The South African parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which has required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.Wren Christopher S. June 18, 1991 South Africa Scraps Law Defining People by Race The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/18/world/south-africa-scraps-law-defining-people-by-race.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103557/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/18/world/south-africa-scraps-law-defining-people-by-race.html liveKraft Scott June 18, 1991 South Africa Abolishes Race Registration Law https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/18/south-africa-abolishes-race-registration-law/defbe86b-3085-49d9-8fd7-ae1254b5100e/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241121122816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/18/south-africa-abolishes-race-registration-law/defbe86b-3085-49d9-8fd7-ae1254b5100e/ November 21, 2024 President of Turkey Turgut Özal appoints Mesut Yılmaz as Prime Minister following Yıldırım Akbulut's resignation. Yılmaz forms a new government on June 23, which lasts until November when it is replaced by the government of Süleyman Demirel.Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı, Tempo yayıncılık, İstanbul, 19981997 Appendix https://www.jstor.org/stable/26726878 Insight Turkey 7 179–190 26726878 1302-177X June 12, 2021 November 4, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211104231232/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26726878 liveSüleyman Demirel president of Turkey https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suleyman-Demirel June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica June 17, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210617110531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suleyman-Demirel live June 20 In West Germany, the Bundestag votes to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin.On This Day: Germany votes to move capital to Berlin https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2018/06/20/On-This-Day-Germany-votes-to-move-capital-to-Berlin/5661529425096/ June 12, 2021 United Press International July 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210724064754/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2018/06/20/On-This-Day-Germany-votes-to-move-capital-to-Berlin/5661529425096/ liveFisher Marc Marc Fisher June 20, 1991 Berlin Voted New Seat of Government https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/21/berlin-voted-new-seat-of-government/d26089a2-faf4-4cfd-b481-ca67d9ee2f45/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241121122940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/21/berlin-voted-new-seat-of-government/d26089a2-faf4-4cfd-b481-ca67d9ee2f45/ November 21, 2024 Harry Collinson, the planning officer for Derwentside District Council, is shot dead at Butsfield, County Durham, England, and the incident is caught on camera by a BBC regional news crew.https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/15576202.albert-dryden-shooting-still-haunted-day-saw-man-killed-cold-blood/ Albert Dryden Shooting: 'Still haunted by day I saw a man killed in cold blood' September 17, 2018 November 21, 2024 Summers Mark The Northern Echo live April 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240430123537/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/15576202.albert-dryden-shooting-still-haunted-day-saw-man-killed-cold-blood/ June 23 – Sonic the Hedgehog is released by Sega for the Sega Genesis to compete with Nintendo's Mario franchise. June 23 – 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.Security Council Resolution 687 https://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution687.htm 2025-09-10 www.un.org June 25 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.Milestones: 1989–1992 – Office of the Historian https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia June 12, 2021 history.state.gov June 9, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210609125535/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia live June 28 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Comecon is dissolved in Moscow, Russia.Shepherd Leslie Soviet-Led Comecon Trading Bloc To Disband https://apnews.com/article/ea422353d454637df6e14349b1854165 May 19, 1991 June 12, 2021 Associated Press News March 19, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220319223114/https://apnews.com/article/ea422353d454637df6e14349b1854165 dead July July 1 In the U.S., telephone services go down in Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Los Angeles and San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly 12 million customers.Andrews Edmund L. July 10, 1991 Faulty Software Code Is Cited in Phone Disruptions The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/10/us/faulty-software-code-is-cited-in-phone-disruptions.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029104126/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/10/us/faulty-software-code-is-cited-in-phone-disruptions.html livePART ONE: Crashing the System http://www.mit.edu/hacker/part1.html June 12, 2021 mit.edu June 10, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210610003134/http://www.mit.edu/hacker/part1.html live The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved in Prague, Czechoslovakia.Warsaw Pact Summary, History, Countries, Map, Significance, & Facts https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Pact June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica March 7, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180307024152/https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Pact live The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland.September 5, 2016 Who was first? https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/changing-the-world/world-leadership/who-was-first November 11, 2021 ericsson.com November 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211111081011/https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/changing-the-world/world-leadership/who-was-first liveArghire Ionut July 1, 2011 20 Years Since the First GSM Call https://news.softpedia.com/news/20-Years-Since-the-First-GSM-Call-209354.shtml November 11, 2021 softpediaglish November 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211111081010/https://news.softpedia.com/news/20-Years-Since-the-First-GSM-Call-209354.shtml live July 4 – The Constituent Assembly of Colombia proclaims a new constitution,11. Colombia (1910–present) https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/colombia-1910-present/ February 2, 2024 uca.edu live https://web.archive.org/web/20240914001220/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/colombia-1910-present/ September 14, 2024 allowing the President of Colombia César Gaviria to lift the country's seven-year-long state of siege.Brooke James https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/05/world/colombia-s-rewritten-charter-opens-politics-to-new-forces.html Colombia's Rewritten Charter Opens Politics to New Forces The New York Times July 5, 1991 November 25, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20150525223611/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/05/world/colombia-s-rewritten-charter-opens-politics-to-new-forces.html May 25, 2015 live July 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Brioni Agreement ends the Ten-Day War in Slovenia.István Gyarmati Theodor Winkler Post-Cold War Defense Reform: Lessons Learned in Europe and the United States https://books.google.com/books?id=G32Hf131kAcC&pg=PA112 2002 Potomac Books, Inc. 978-1-57488-577-4 112 April 11, 2021 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102445/https://books.google.com/books?id=G32Hf131kAcC&pg=PA112 live July 9 End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics. The following day, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted U.S. sanctions on South Africa.Tempest Rone July 10, 1991 South Africa Readmitted to Olympics Competition : Apartheid: Nation ends 21 years as a sports pariah because of racism. It is eligible for the 1992 Games. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-10-mn-1896-story.html June 12, 2021 Los Angeles Times June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-10-mn-1896-story.html liveHoney Peter Bush ends ban on trade with South Africa Executive order tied to "profound" moves on apartheid https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/07/11/bush-ends-ban-on-trade-with-south-africa-executive-order-tied-to-profound-moves-on-apartheid/ June 13, 2021 The Baltimore Sun July 11, 1991 June 22, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210622051207/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-07-11-1991192039-story.html live Iran–Contra affair: Alan Fiers agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the U.S. Congress. Later on September 16, D.C. Judge Gerhard Gesell issues a ruling clearing Col. Oliver North of all charges.Wines Michael July 30, 1991 Washington at Work; Quintessential Spy Undone by His Own Loyalty The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/washington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html June 13, 2021 0362-4331 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/washington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html liveJohnston David All Iran-contra charges against North dropped Prosecutors cite taint of testimony given to Congress https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/09/17/all-iran-contra-charges-against-north-dropped-prosecutors-cite-taint-of-testimony-given-to-congress/ June 13, 2021 The Baltimore Sun September 17, 1991 June 22, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210622052741/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-17-1991260006-story.html live July 11 A solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere and is witnessed by hundreds of millions of people in Hawaii, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil.https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1989JRASC..83..157E Predictions for the Total Solar Eclipse of 1991 Espenak Fred Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 83 June 1989 157–178 1989JRASC..83..157E November 25, 2024 live November 25, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241125135126/https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1989JRASC..83..157Ehttps://mexiconewsdaily.com/culture/how-did-mexicans-experience-the-last-total-solar-eclipse-of-1991/ How did Mexicans experience the last total solar eclipse of 1991? April 8, 2024 November 25, 2024 Mexico News Daily live April 25, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240425031338/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/culture/how-did-mexicans-experience-the-last-total-solar-eclipse-of-1991/ Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board.Associated Press July 12, 1991 261 Die as a Flight for Muslim Pilgrims Crashes Near Jidda The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/12/world/261-die-as-a-flight-for-muslim-pilgrims-crashes-near-jidda.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 March 8, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160902/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/12/world/261-die-as-a-flight-for-muslim-pilgrims-crashes-near-jidda.html live July 15 – Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation amalgamate, becoming the largest bank merger in history.Deckelman Paul Chemical Bank, Manufacturers Hanover officially merge https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/31/Chemical-Bank-Manufacturers-Hanover-officially-merge/3446694155600/ December 31, 1991 June 12, 2021 United Press International June 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210611235804/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/31/Chemical-Bank-Manufacturers-Hanover-officially-merge/3446694155600/ liveChemical Banking Corporation American bank holding company https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chemical-Banking-Corporation June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica May 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210511011124/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chemical-Banking-Corporation live July 16 – Soviet President Gorbachev arrives in London to ask for aid from the leaders of the G7.Clines Francis X. May 23, 1991 Gorbachev pleads for $100 billion in aid from West The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/gorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 June 30, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210630145459/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/gorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html liveWhitney Craig R. September 2, 1991 Gorbachev Asks British Leader for Economic Aid The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/02/world/gorbachev-asks-british-leader-for-economic-aid.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029105714/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/02/world/gorbachev-asks-british-leader-for-economic-aid.html live July 18 – The governments of Mauritania and Senegal sign a treaty ending the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which has been fought since April 1989.Communal Violence in Mauritania and Senegal 1989–1992 https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/communal-violence-mauritania-and-senegal-1989-1992 June 12, 2021 climate-diplomacy.org January 1989 May 16, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210516234603/https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/communal-violence-mauritania-and-senegal-1989-1992 live July 22 – U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape, three days earlier, of Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, in Indianapolis, Indiana.Hudson Maryann September 10, 1991 Tyson Indicted; Allegedly Raped Beauty Hopeful https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-10-mn-2440-story.html June 12, 2021 Los Angeles Times June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-10-mn-2440-story.html liveBrubaker Bill September 10, 1991 Tyson Indicted on Rape, 3 Other Counts in Indiana https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/10/tyson-indicted-on-rape-3-other-counts-in-indiana/51808ac3-5e35-451e-b452-e878368f7a66/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/10/tyson-indicted-on-rape-3-other-counts-in-indiana/51808ac3-5e35-451e-b452-e878368f7a66/ November 22, 2024 July 24 – Finance Minister of India Manmohan Singh announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of economic liberalisation in India.Hazarika Sanjoy July 25, 1991 India Retreats From Socialist Past The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/business/india-retreats-from-socialist-past.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029104315/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/business/india-retreats-from-socialist-past.html live July 29 – In New York City, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion.Lohr Steve August 12, 1991 World-Class Fraud: How B.C.C.I. Pulled It Off – A special report.; At the End of a Twisted Trail, Piggy Bank for a Favored Few The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/12/business/world-class-fraud-bcci-pulled-it-off-special-report-end-twisted-trail-piggy-bank.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 July 7, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210707012400/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/12/business/world-class-fraud-bcci-pulled-it-off-special-report-end-twisted-trail-piggy-bank.html liveFritz Sara Bates James July 11, 1991 BCCI Case May Be History's Biggest Bank Fraud Scandal : Finance: Losses from seized institution may reach $15 billion. Some Third World central banks could collapse. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-11-mn-2869-story.html June 12, 2021 Los Angeles Times July 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210723170410/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-11-mn-2869-story.html live July 31 U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev sign START I in Moscow, Soviet Union.Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 1991 https://www.nps.gov/articles/start-treaty-1991.htm June 12, 2021 National Park Service June 6, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113645/https://www.nps.gov/articles/start-treaty-1991.htm liveAndrew Glass Bush and Gorbachev sign nuclear arms pact, July 31, 1991 https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/31/bush-and-gorbachev-sign-nuclear-arms-pact-july-31-1991-743837 June 12, 2021 Politico July 31, 2018 live https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102432/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/31/bush-and-gorbachev-sign-nuclear-arms-pact-july-31-1991-743837 December 7, 2023 Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit forces (OMON) kill seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai, the deadliest of the Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts.Keller Bill August 1, 1991 Gunmen Kill 6 Lithuania Border Guards The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/01/world/gunmen-kill-6-lithuania-border-guards.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029104456/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/01/world/gunmen-kill-6-lithuania-border-guards.html liveTracevskis Rokas M. Remembering the Medininkai massacre https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/23284/ August 5, 2009 June 12, 2021 The Baltic Times August 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210805210829/https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/23284/ live August August 1991 the film August 1991 (film) thumb|upright=0.75|The Warsaw radio mast after its collapse on August 8 thumb|upright=0.75|August 19: The coup attempt in Moscow thumb|upright=0.75|August 23: Restored flag of Russia August 1 – Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which opens on October 30. August 4 – The cruise liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by SAAF helicopters.Wren Christopher S. August 5, 1991 Over 500 Are Rescued as Greek Cruise Ship Sinks Off South African Coast The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/05/world/over-500-are-rescued-as-greek-cruise-ship-sinks-off-south-african-coast.html June 13, 2021 0362-4331 March 18, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170318061753/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/05/world/over-500-are-rescued-as-greek-cruise-ship-sinks-off-south-african-coast.html liveEddings Jerelyn South Africa probes cause of luxury liner's sinking https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/08/06/south-africa-probes-cause-of-luxury-liners-sinking/ June 13, 2021 The Baltimore Sun August 6, 1991 June 22, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210622053131/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-06-1991218021-story.html live August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee, an English computer scientist working at CERN, announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.Press Release: W3C Launches International Program Office for WAI https://www.w3.org/Press/IPO-announce.html June 12, 2021 w3.org October 22, 1997 August 2, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210802135953/https://www.w3.org/Press/IPO-announce.html liveA short history of the Web https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web June 12, 2021 CERN April 17, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220417082120/https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web live August 7 – Former Iranian prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes.Jacinto Leela May 19, 2010 Ali Vakili Rad: The Perfect Murder and An Imperfect Getaway France 24 http://www.france24.com/en/20100518-ali-vakili-rad-perfect-murder-imperfect-getaway-shapour-bakhtiar July 31, 2013 August 9, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130809141440/http://www.france24.com/en/20100518-ali-vakili-rad-perfect-murder-imperfect-getaway-shapour-bakhtiar live August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses.25 years ago today, the tallest structure on earth you've never heard of collapsed https://www.newstalk.com/news/25-year-ago-today-the-tallest-structure-on-earth-youve-never-heard-of-collapsed-582011 August 9, 2016 Newstalk.com December 7, 2020 November 11, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201111193132/https://www.newstalk.com/news/25-year-ago-today-the-tallest-structure-on-earth-youve-never-heard-of-collapsed-582011 live August 11 – Nickelodeon introduces its series of Nicktoons, with Doug, Rugrats and The Ren & Stimpy Show set three air premieres. August 17 – The remains of the Prussian King Frederick the Great are re-interred in Potsdam, Germany.Thorson Larry Precede Hechingen Frederick The Great Being Returned To Prussian Grave https://apnews.com/article/6c528d7edbe51167154a830b564d6143 August 17, 1991 June 12, 2021 Associated Press News June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/https://apnews.com/article/6c528d7edbe51167154a830b564d6143 deadFisher Marc August 16, 1991 Frederick The Grave https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/08/17/frederick-the-grave/20b2dfdd-69fa-487d-a568-77ffa8cda4df/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241125093149/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/08/17/frederick-the-grave/20b2dfdd-69fa-487d-a568-77ffa8cda4df/ November 25, 2024Jones Tamara August 13, 1991 Postscript : Coming Home to Rest After 205 Years, 6 Stops : Frederick the Great wanted to be buried in the garden of his summer palace. Now, he's about to get his wish. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-13-wr-1088-story.html June 12, 2021 Los Angeles Times June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-13-wr-1088-story.html live August 17–20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.US Department of Commerce NOAA Hurricane Bob, August 18–19, 1991 https://www.weather.gov/mhx/HurricaneBob1991EventReview June 13, 2021 weather.gov June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613003526/https://www.weather.gov/mhx/HurricaneBob1991EventReview liveAugust 19, 1991 Hurricane Hits North Carolina and Moves North The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/19/us/hurricane-hits-north-carolina-and-moves-north.html June 13, 2021 0362-4331 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002023/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/19/us/hurricane-hits-north-carolina-and-moves-north.html liveHurricane Bob Howls into New England After Lashing Long Island, East Coast https://apnews.com/article/8aa2b54331db039d8a6c4b963870da71 August 19, 1991 June 13, 2021 Associated Press News June 16, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210616042824/https://apnews.com/article/8aa2b54331db039d8a6c4b963870da71 dead August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. Led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. Gorbachev returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.Soviet Coup of 1991 Soviet history https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soviet-Coup-of-1991 June 13, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica May 1, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210501093549/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soviet-Coup-of-1991 liveAugust 18, 2011 Moscow 1991: A coup that seemed doomed from the start BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14579945 June 13, 2021 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14579945 live August 20 – Singing Revolution: Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Latvia the next day. August 22 – Singing Revolution: Iceland becomes the first nation to recognize the independence of the Baltic states. It is followed by the U.S. on September 2 and the Soviet Union on September 6.25 years ago today: Iceland recognises Estonia and Latvia https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/08/22/25_years_ago_today_iceland_recognises_estonia_and_l/ June 12, 2021 Iceland Monitor June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/08/22/25_years_ago_today_iceland_recognises_estonia_and_l/ liveDahlburg John-Thor Marshall Tyler September 7, 1991 Independence for Baltic States : Freedom: Moscow formally recognizes Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, ending half a century of control. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html June 12, 2021 Los Angeles Times June 3, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210603043522/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html?_amp=true live August 23 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the white-blue-red tricolour as its national flag.Flag of Russia https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Russia June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica October 25, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201025144020/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Russia live August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence, followed by Belarus the next day, from the Soviet Union.Paul G. Lewis https://books.google.com/books?id=sKYMwihCa8QC&pg=PA141 Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe: The First Decade Professor Paul Lewis Psychology Press 2001 978-0-7146-5155-2 141 August 25, 2020 December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102350/https://books.google.com/books?id=sKYMwihCa8QC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false live August 25 Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Serbian forces begin an attack on the Croatian town of Vukovar.The Battle of Vukovar: Croatia's Hope to Defend Their Land StMU History Media https://stmuhistorymedia.org/the-battle-of-vukovar-croatias-hope-to-defend-their-land/ Sanchez Dylan October 8, 2018 June 12, 2021 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://stmuhistorymedia.org/the-battle-of-vukovar-croatias-hope-to-defend-their-land/ dead Linus Torvalds posts messages to the Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix, regarding the new operating system kernel he has developed, called Linux.LINUX's History by Linus Torvalds https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html June 13, 2021 cs.cmu.edu September 14, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230914053148/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html liveHistory https://tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/sect_01_01.html June 13, 2021 tldp.org June 16, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043353/https://tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/sect_01_01.html live Michael Schumacher, regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in history, makes his Formula One debut at the Belgian Grand Prix.October 12, 2003 Who is the greatest ever? http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3168114.stm BBC Sport Benson Andrew July 25, 2020 October 16, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131016052557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3168114.stm live August 29 – Lebanon hostage crisis: Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon on a French warship into exile.August 31, 1991 Lebanon's Aoun in Exile at French Villa : Mideast: Mutinous general is spirited out of Beirut under an amnesty for war crimes. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-31-mn-1251-story.html June 13, 2021 Los Angeles Times June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-31-mn-1251-story.html liveBoustany Nora August 30, 1991 Aoun Leaves Lebanon To Live in Exile https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/30/aoun-leaves-lebanon-to-live-in-exile/fc2c3697-3b42-4af1-8574-296e26bb7b15/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post December 24, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211224143945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/30/aoun-leaves-lebanon-to-live-in-exile/fc2c3697-3b42-4af1-8574-296e26bb7b15/ live August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Azerbaijan.Potier Tim Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia : a legal appraisal Kluwer Law International The Hague Boston 2001 9789041114778 16 August 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare their independence; Tajikistan follows suit on September 9. September thumb|232x232px|Map of the three Baltic states, in their flag colours. September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.September 4, 1991 Food Plant Fire Kills 25; Exits Blocked : Disaster: Chicken workers in North Carolina are trapped in a facility that had never been inspected for safety. Another 40 workers hurt. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-04-mn-1427-story.html June 13, 2021 Los Angeles Times June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-04-mn-1427-story.html liveThe Tragic Story of the Hamlet Fire https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=984823229 June 13, 2021 NPR June 16, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043309/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=984823229 live September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg.Reuters September 24, 1991 Reverting to Original Name, Sverdlovsk Is Yekaterinburg The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/24/world/reverting-to-original-name-sverdlovsk-is-yekaterinburg.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029111642/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/24/world/reverting-to-original-name-sverdlovsk-is-yekaterinburg.html liveLeningrad changes its name back to St Petersburg BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-45411151 September 5, 2018 June 12, 2021 May 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115117/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-45411151 live September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union.Schmemann Serge September 6, 1991 Soviet turmoil; Soviet congress yields rule to Republics to avoid political and economic collapse The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/06/world/soviet-turmoil-soviet-congress-yields-rule-republics-avoid-political-economic.html June 16, 2021 0362-4331 June 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210623001222/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/06/world/soviet-turmoil-soviet-congress-yields-rule-republics-avoid-political-economic.html live September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece. September 11 Lebanon hostage crisis: Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last western hostages in Lebanon.Wright Robin September 12, 1991 Israel Frees 51 Arab Prisoners : Mideast: Officials act after receiving proof that a soldier captured in Lebanon is dead. The U.N. mediation success raises U.S. hopes for release of Western hostages. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2961-story.html June 16, 2021 Los Angeles Times October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015190311/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2961-story.html liveHostage Talks Advance As Israel Frees Arab Prisoners https://apnews.com/article/8e59e14746e4d17097ff537cbb1e3af8 June 16, 2021 Associated Press NewsDecember 2024 yes The Soviet Union announces plans to withdraw military and economic aid to Cuba.McManus Doyle September 12, 1991 Soviet Troops to Leave Cuba, Gorbachev Says https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2964-story.html June 16, 2021 Los Angeles Times April 5, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210405152550/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-mn-2964-story.html liveCuba – National evolution and Soviet influence https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba June 16, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica August 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210823081846/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba live September 15 – In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.Sweden: parliamentary elections Riksdagen, 1991 http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2303_91.htm June 13, 2021 archive.ipu.org June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2303_91.htm liveRapp Johan Ingvar Carlsson: A Leader Who Put the Team Above Himself With PM-Sweden Election, Bjt https://apnews.com/article/5f949132139314c8efa02c6faffdf4e8 September 16, 1991 June 13, 2021 Associated Press News June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://apnews.com/article/5f949132139314c8efa02c6faffdf4e8 dead September 17 North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia join the UN.United Nations Member States https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states 2021-06-12 United Nations June 29, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220629090000/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states live Home Improvement premieres on ABC. September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.Stephanie Pappas Ötzi the Iceman may have scaled ice-free Alps https://www.livescience.com/otzi-iceman-lived-in-ice-free-alpine.html June 13, 2021 livescience.com December 17, 2020 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.livescience.com/otzi-iceman-lived-in-ice-free-alpine.html liveOctober 30, 2019 Scientists reconstruct Ötzi the Iceman's frantic final climb https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/scientists-reconstruct-otzi-iceman-final-climb https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235442/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/scientists-reconstruct-otzi-iceman-final-climb dead February 27, 2021 June 13, 2021 HistoryOtzi Discovery & Facts https://www.britannica.com/topic/Otzi June 13, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica June 24, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220624172716/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Otzi live September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16. September 21 – 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.Lewis Paul September 28, 1991 44 U.N. Inspectors Freed by Iraq With Secret Nuclear Documents The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/28/world/44-un-inspectors-freed-by-iraq-with-secret-nuclear-documents.html June 16, 2021 0362-4331 September 9, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210909143618/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/28/world/44-un-inspectors-freed-by-iraq-with-secret-nuclear-documents.html liveIraqi breach of international obligations https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ235/PLAW-105publ235.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20240205010012/https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ235/PLAW-105publ235.pdf February 5, 2024 live March 6, 2022 congress.gov September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.American Library Association The Dead Sea Scrolls are opened to the public Library Association College & Research Libraries News July 18, 2019 https://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/view/19723 10.5860/crln.52.10.629 free June 12, 2021 July 26, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210726022100/https://crln.acrl.org/index.php/crlnews/article/view/19723 liveWilford John Noble September 22, 1991 Monopoly Over Dead Sea Scrolls Is Ended The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/22/us/monopoly-over-dead-sea-scrolls-is-ended.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 November 22, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181122183023/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/22/us/monopoly-over-dead-sea-scrolls-is-ended.html liveChandler Russell September 22, 1991 Library Lifts Veil on Dead Sea Scrolls : Antiquities: The Huntington breaks four decades of secrecy surrounding biblical texts. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-22-mn-4145-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015214110/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-22-mn-4145-story.html live September 24 – Lebanon hostage crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity.November 13, 2015 Fisk Robert Beirut hostage war hero dies https://www.independent.co.uk/news/beirut-hostage-war-hero-dies-1581687.html https://web.archive.org/web/20240204061741/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/beirut-hostage-war-hero-dies-1581687.html February 4, 2024 subscription live June 12, 2021 The IndependentAssociated Press November 14, 1995 Jack Mann 81; Was Beirut Hostage The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/14/world/jack-mann-81-was-beirut-hostage.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/14/world/jack-mann-81-was-beirut-hostage.html live September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war.June 13, 1991 Bush Praises Salvadoran Leader's Peace Efforts https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-13-mn-898-story.html June 13, 2021 Los Angeles Times June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002023/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-13-mn-898-story.html liveGruson Lindsey March 22, 1990 El Salvador and Rebels Reportedly Agree to Talks The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/22/world/el-salvador-and-rebels-reportedly-agree-to-talks.html June 13, 2021 0362-4331 June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/22/world/el-salvador-and-rebels-reportedly-agree-to-talks.html liveFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front political party, El Salvador https://www.britannica.com/topic/Farabundo-Marti-National-Liberation-Front June 13, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica May 14, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190514084047/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Farabundo-Marti-National-Liberation-Front live September 27 – U.S. president George H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.The Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs) on Tactical Nuclear Weapons at a Glance Arms Control Association https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/pniglance June 13, 2021 armscontrol.org May 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210529221813/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/pniglance live September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlácatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of six Jesuits.Conviction over murder of Jesuit priests must break the chain of impunity https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/el-salvador-condena-asesinato-sacerdotes-jesuitas/ 2021-06-12 Amnesty International September 11, 2020 June 30, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210630145412/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/el-salvador-condena-asesinato-sacerdotes-jesuitas/ live October October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992.Silber Laura October 2, 1991 Yugoslav Forces Attack Dubrovnik Resort https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/yugoslav-forces-attack-dubrovnik-resort/a2294eab-0269-4953-884c-4eaf1fe17f12/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/yugoslav-forces-attack-dubrovnik-resort/a2294eab-0269-4953-884c-4eaf1fe17f12/ November 22, 2024Dubrovnik Croatia https://www.britannica.com/place/Dubrovnik June 12, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica May 18, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210518184141/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dubrovnik live October 3–November 2 – The 1991 Rugby World Cup takes place in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and France and is won by Australia who beat England in the final. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2020/mar/17/my-favourite-game-france-v-england-rugby-world-cup-1991 My favourite game - France v England Rugby World Cup 1991 The Guardian 2020 16 March 2025 October 3 – Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.This is about this country's lack of leadership https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/10/20/this-is-about-this-country-s-lack-of-leadership/ June 12, 2021 Tampa Bay Times October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015201301/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/10/20/this-is-about-this-country-s-lack-of-leadership/ liveLabaton Stephen November 22, 1991 House Leaders Decide Against Vote on S.& L. Bailout Bill The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/business/house-leaders-decide-against-vote-on-s-l-bailout-bill.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029112919/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/business/house-leaders-decide-against-vote-on-s-l-bailout-bill.html live October 4 – Carl Bildt succeeds Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister of Sweden.Prime Ministers of Sweden Since World War II https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/prime-ministers-of-sweden-since-world-war-ii.html June 12, 2021 WorldAtlas April 25, 2017 May 9, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210509231758/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/prime-ministers-of-sweden-since-world-war-ii.html live October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine during WWII.Clines Francis X. October 7, 1991 Gorbachev Condemns Anti-Semitism, Past and Present The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/07/world/gorbachev-condemns-anti-semitism-past-and-present.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029112055/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/07/world/gorbachev-condemns-anti-semitism-past-and-present.html liveVincent J. Schodolski October 7, 1991 Moscow Gorbachev rues Jewish exodus https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-07-9103310768-story.html June 12, 2021 Chicago Tribune March 17, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220317015122/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-07-9103310768-story.html live October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the following day.Harden Blaine October 7, 1991 Yugoslav Jets Attack Palace in Zagreb https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/08/yugoslav-jets-attack-palace-in-zagreb/798a3dd4-738d-4495-b129-2c5de20e615e/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/08/yugoslav-jets-attack-palace-in-zagreb/798a3dd4-738d-4495-b129-2c5de20e615e/ November 22, 2024 October 11 In the Russian SFSR, the KGB is replaced by the SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6.Sakwa Richard Russian Politics and Society September 11, 2002 Routledge 978-1-134-58769-8 91–92 https://books.google.com/books?id=WTiCAgAAQBAJ September 10, 2023 October 5, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160248/https://books.google.com/books?id=WTiCAgAAQBAJ liveCarlisle Rodney Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence March 26, 2015 Routledge 978-1-317-47177-6 368 https://books.google.com/books?id=oXysBwAAQBAJ September 10, 2023 7 December 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207104209/https://books.google.com/books?id=oXysBwAAQBAJ liveSignals Intelligence in the Post-cold War Era p. 24 Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission."Security Council Resolution 715 https://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution715.htm June 16, 2021 United Nations April 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210411141007/https://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution715.htm live Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful". October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll.January 11, 2021 Kyrgyzstan profile – Timeline BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16185772 June 12, 2021 June 12, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210612174414/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16185772 liveNohlen Dieter Grotz Florian Hartmann Christof Dieter Nohlen Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume 1 Oxford University Press 2001 0-19-924958-X 448 October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.Nohlen Stöver 2010 369, 382UNHCR Refworld Bulgaria. Movements Towards Democratization https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6084.html June 12, 2021 Refworld September 14, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230914132139/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6084.html live October 15 Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement.U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 102nd Congress – 1st Session https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00220 June 12, 2021 U.S. Senate April 7, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180407085736/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00220 liveRosenthal Andrew June 28, 1991 Marshall retires from High Court; blows to Liberals The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/us/marshall-retires-from-high-court-blow-to-liberals.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 June 14, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210614103615/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/us/marshall-retires-from-high-court-blow-to-liberals.html live The leaders of the Baltic States—Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia, and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania—sign the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.Mitä Missä Milloin, Kansalaisen vuosikirja 1993, p. 21. Helsinki: Otava, 1992. ISBN 951-1-12269-X. (in Finnish) The Oh-My-God particle, the highest energy cosmic ray ever recorded, is detected.O’Callaghan Jonathan May 30, 2023 We are finally closing in on the cosmic origins of the 'OMG particle' https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25834413-100-we-are-finally-closing-in-on-the-cosmic-origins-of-the-omg-particle/ live New Scientist limited https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005718/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25834413-100-we-are-finally-closing-in-on-the-cosmic-origins-of-the-omg-particle/ June 9, 2023 June 8, 2023 October 16 – Luby's shooting: 23 people are killed at a Luby's restaurant in Killeen, Texas after George Hennard drives his truck through the establishment and begins firing at diners. It becomes the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history and wouldn't be surpassed until the Virginia Tech shooting. October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which have been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.Haberman Clyde October 19, 1991 Israel and Soviets Restore Full Relations The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/israel-and-soviets-restore-full-relations.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 28, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181028112304/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/israel-and-soviets-restore-full-relations.html live October 20 The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare, Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria.October 20, 1991 Harare Commonwealth Declaration http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=34457 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20040207030954/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=34457 February 7, 2004 July 25, 2007 Commonwealth Secretariat A large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and injures 150 others.EBRPD – The Oakland Hills Firestorm Forward https://www.ebparks.org/about/history/the_oakland_hills_firestorm___forward.htm June 12, 2021 ebparks.org May 16, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210516123802/https://www.ebparks.org/about/history/the_oakland_hills_firestorm___forward.htm live A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes Uttarkashi, India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes.Jain Sudhir. K. Garhwal Earthquake of Oct. 20, 1991 https://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Uttarkashi.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20220520050915/https://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Uttarkashi.pdf May 20, 2022 live 26 2 1–3 1992 EERI Special Earthquake Report National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering Singh Ramesh P. Gupta Vinay K. Nagar Amit October 21 – Lebanon hostage crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.Boustany Nora Diehl Jackson Priest Dana October 21, 1991 Hostage Turner Freed, Arrives in Damascus https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/22/hostage-turner-freed-arrives-in-damascus/b6628fa2-38e0-4cf7-a68c-9c8b253c8891/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241122141047/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/22/hostage-turner-freed-arrives-in-damascus/b6628fa2-38e0-4cf7-a68c-9c8b253c8891/ November 22, 2024Hedges Chris October 23, 1991 Ex-Beirut Hostage Is in Care of U.S. The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/23/world/ex-beirut-hostage-is-in-care-of-us.html June 12, 2021 0362-4331 October 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211029112537/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/23/world/ex-beirut-hostage-is-in-care-of-us.html live October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.Khmer Rouge Facts, Leadership, Genocide, & Death Toll https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khmer-Rouge June 13, 2021 Encyclopædia Britannica November 7, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033002/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khmer-Rouge liveUnited Nations transitional authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) – Mandate https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/untacmandate.html#:~:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%20TRANSITIONAL%20AUTHORITY%20IN,Paris%20on%2023%20October%201991. June 13, 2021 United Nations October 19, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211019211537/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/untacmandate.html#:~:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%20TRANSITIONAL%20AUTHORITY%20IN,Paris%20on%2023%20October%201991. live October 27 – The first free parliamentary elections in Poland since 1928 are held.POLAND : parliamentary elections Sejm, 1991 http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_91.htm June 12, 2021 archive.ipu.org November 1, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201101103307/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_91.htm live October 28–November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.The Ocean Prediction Center and 'The Perfect Storm' https://ocean.weather.gov/perfectstorm/mpc_ps_intro.php June 13, 2021 ocean.weather.gov June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://ocean.weather.gov/perfectstorm/mpc_ps_intro.php liveThe Perfect Storm (1991) https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-perfect-storm-1991.htm June 13, 2021 National Park Service June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-perfect-storm-1991.htm live October 29 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.NASA – NSSDCA – Data Collection – Details https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/dataset/display.action?id=PSSB-00623 June 12, 2021 nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015201302/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/dataset/display.action?id=PSSB-00623 liveMay 16, 2019 Spacecraft Exploration of Gaspra https://www.britannica.com/explore/space/spacecraft-exploration-gaspra/ June 12, 2021 SpaceNext50 Encyclopedia Britannica October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015170819/https://www.britannica.com/explore/space/spacecraft-exploration-gaspra/ live October 31–November 3 – The Halloween blizzard hits the U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.US Department of Commerce NOAA The Halloween Blizzard of 1991 https://www.weather.gov/dlh/1991halloweenblizzard June 12, 2021 weather.gov June 13, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613003527/https://www.weather.gov/dlh/1991halloweenblizzard liveJuly 30, 2018 On This Day: The Halloween Blizzard of 1991 http://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/halloween-blizzard-1991 June 12, 2021 NCEI March 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210327204140/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/halloween-blizzard-1991 live November alt=A severely damaged brick and concrete tower, pierced with numerous shell holes|thumb|247x247px|Symbol of Vukovar; Croatian War of Independence November 2 – Bartholomew I is enthroned as Patriarch of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, thus becoming the new spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox worldwide. November 4–5 – End of Apartheid: The African National Congress leads a general strike, demanding representation in the government and an end to the value-added tax.Wren Christopher S. November 5, 1991 Strike by Blacks Paralyzes South Africa The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/05/world/strike-by-blacks-paralyzes-south-africa.html April 3, 2023 0362-4331 April 3, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230403204819/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/05/world/strike-by-blacks-paralyzes-south-africa.html live November 5 Tropical Storm Thelma causes flash floods in the Philippine city of Ormoc, killing more than 4,900 people.Monte L. Peterson United States Army Corps of Engineers July 1992 November 6, 2022 Reconnaissance Report: Flooding Resulting From Typhoon Uring in Ormoc City, Leyte Province, The Philippines http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a269264.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20141015071309/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a269264.pdf dead October 15, 2014 1–49 China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.Wilhelm Kathy November 6, 1991 China and Vietnam Normalize Relations https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/06/china-and-vietnam-normalize-relations/8b90e568-cb51-44a3-9a84-90a515e29129/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241125093247/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/06/china-and-vietnam-normalize-relations/8b90e568-cb51-44a3-9a84-90a515e29129/ November 25, 2024Holley David November 6, 1991 China and Vietnam Normalize Relations https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-06-mn-954-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times October 15, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211015202014/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-06-mn-954-story.html live November 6 – The CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by presidential decree.September 1, 2015 Communist Party Banned http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-august-coup/the-august-coup-texts/communist-party-banned/ 2021-06-12 Seventeen Moments in Soviet History August 24, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220824205800/https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-august-coup/the-august-coup-texts/communist-party-banned/ liveYeltsin bans Communist Party https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/11/06/Yeltsin-bans-Communist-Party/1265689403600/ 2021-06-12 United Press International June 19, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210619153931/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/11/06/Yeltsin-bans-Communist-Party/1265689403600/ live November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in Nature.Iijima Sumio November 1991 Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon https://www.nature.com/articles/354056a0 Nature 354 6348 56–58 10.1038/354056a0 1991Natur.354...56I 4302490 1476-4687 2021-06-12 July 13, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170713091406/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6348/abs/354056a0.html live subscriptionThe Discovery of Carbon Nanotubes – Basle, 22.11.2007 https://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/sumio-iijima/the-discovery-of-carbon-nanotubes-iijima 2021-06-12 balzan.org it-it July 28, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210728043938/https://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/sumio-iijima/the-discovery-of-carbon-nanotubes-iijima dead November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.What Happened on November 9, 1991 https://www.onthisday.com/date/1991/november/9 June 7, 2022 OnThisDay.com November 9, 1991 May 24, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220524033915/https://www.onthisday.com/date/1991/november/9 live November 14 American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103 over Britain in 1988.New Charges in Pan Am Flight 103 Bombing https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-charges-in-pan-am-flight-103-bombing-122120 2021-06-12 Federal Bureau of Investigation June 18, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210618053212/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-charges-in-pan-am-flight-103-bombing-122120 liveThe Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/panam103/timeline.htm June 12, 2021 The Washington Post January 11, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015103/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/panam103/timeline.htm liveOstrow Ronald J. Wright Robin November 14, 1991 2 to Be Charged in Pan Am Bombing : Lockerbie disaster: The Libyans are expected to be indicted today for the 1988 attack on Flight 103 that killed 270. Both reportedly are intelligence operatives. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-14-mn-1854-story.html 2021-06-12 Los Angeles Times January 3, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220103100110/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-14-mn-1854-story.html live Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.Shenon Philip November 15, 1991 Joyous Sihanouk Returns to Cambodia From Exile The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/world/joyous-sihanouk-returns-to-cambodia-from-exile.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 December 7, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131207193138/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/world/joyous-sihanouk-returns-to-cambodia-from-exile.html live November 18 Lebanon hostage crisis: Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite and academic Thomas Sutherland free.Frankel Glenn November 19, 1991 Hostages Waite, Sutherland Freed in Lebanon https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/19/hostages-waite-sutherland-freed-in-lebanon/41cb30ca-e2af-4458-811f-0e82eafe267c/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241125094052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/19/hostages-waite-sutherland-freed-in-lebanon/41cb30ca-e2af-4458-811f-0e82eafe267c/ November 25, 2024https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/18/newsid_2520000/2520055.stm 1991: Church envoy Waite freed in Beirut On This Day BBC 2026-05-27 1991-11-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/18/newsid_2520000/2520055.stm 2008-03-07 livehttps://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/24-november/news/uk/from-the-archive-bells-ring-nationwide-to-welcome-terry-waite From the archive: Bells ring nationwide to welcome Terry Waite www.churchtimes.co.uk 2020-03-13 Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the Croatian town of Vukovar after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war.Institute for War and Peace Reporting http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,HRV,,513f0f672,0.html https://archive.today/20130416035603/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,HRV,,513f0f672,0.html dead April 16, 2013 Witness Seized 'Last Chance' to Escape Vukovar Massacre refworld March 8, 2013 April 1, 2013 November 20 – An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend District, Azerbaijan.Roman Glebov November 25, 1991 Республики. В Азербайджане сбит вертолет с VIP на борту ru Republics. A helicopter with VIP on board has been shot down in Azerbaijan. Kommersant http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-rss.aspx?DocsID=1595 April 14, 2010 July 26, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090726121720/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-rss.aspx?DocsID=1595 deadNovember 21, 2008 Azerbaijan Association. 17 year passes since "Mi-8" military helicopter was shot in Garakand sky – complete list of the perished people http://www.azerbaijanfoundation.az/eng/factsarts/210-17-year-passes-since-mi-8-military.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130732/http://www.azerbaijanfoundation.az/eng/factsarts/210-17-year-passes-since-mi-8-military.html July 6, 2011 April 14, 2010 November 21 – The UN Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the UN.August 4, 2016 Boutros Boutros-Ghali https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/boutros-boutros-ghali 2021-06-12 United Nations Secretary-General July 13, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220713103858/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/boutros-boutros-ghali live November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left in its place.CPGB: History of the Communist Party of Great Britain https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/history.htm 2021-06-12 marxists.org August 12, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173414/https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/history.htm live November 24 – Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer.November 25, 1991 Queen star dies after Aids statement http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1991/nov/25/paulmyers June 12, 2021 The Guardian March 8, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210308220238/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1991/nov/25/paulmyers liveAssociated Press November 26, 1991 Eric Carr, 41, Is Dead; Rock Band's Drummer The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/26/obituaries/eric-carr-41-is-dead-rock-band-s-drummer.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 June 22, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210622165741/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/26/obituaries/eric-carr-41-is-dead-rock-band-s-drummer.html live November 26 The National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azeri names.Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict » AZERBAIJAN » Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic https://president.az/en/pages/view/azerbaijan/karabakh 2026-05-12 president.az en Michael Jackson releases Dangerous, selling 5 million copies in the first week.https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1991/1991-12-14-Billboard-Page-0077.pdf#search=%22michael%20jackson%20dangerous%20album%20sales%22 Michael Jackson worldradiohistory.com 2025-03-16 November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.UNPROFOR https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unprof_b.htm#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20became%20actively,to%20implement%20immediately%20a%20%22general 2021-06-12 United Nations December 7, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231207103951/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unprof_b.htm#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20became%20actively,to%20implement%20immediately%20a%20%22general live December thumb|164x164px|December 8: The signing of the agreement effectively ending the Soviet Union and the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States. December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.September 28, 2015 Ukrainian Independence Referendum http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-end-of-the-soviet-union/the-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts/ukrainian-independence-declaration/ 2021-06-12 Seventeen Moments in Soviet History June 28, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210628160706/http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/the-end-of-the-soviet-union/the-end-of-the-soviet-union-texts/ukrainian-independence-declaration/ liveAntonov Nikola August 25, 1991 Ukraine Declares Independence, Sets Referendum https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/25/ukraine-declares-independence-sets-referendum/ee9266e3-dd83-4568-b7e5-40715ca0c77a/ June 12, 2021 The Washington Post live https://web.archive.org/web/20241125094324/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/08/25/ukraine-declares-independence-sets-referendum/ee9266e3-dd83-4568-b7e5-40715ca0c77a/ November 25, 2024 December 4 Lebanon hostage crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in Beirut – the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon.Hedges Chris December 5, 1991 The Last U.S. Hostage; Anderson, Last U.S. Hostage, Is Freed By Captors In Beirut The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/05/world/the-last-us-hostage-anderson-last-us-hostage-is-freed-by-captors-in-beirut.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331This Day in History: Journalist Terry Anderson Abducted in Beirut https://www.voanews.com/usa/day-history-journalist-terry-anderson-abducted-beirut https://web.archive.org/web/20191114103209/https://www.voanews.com/usa/day-history-journalist-terry-anderson-abducted-beirut dead November 14, 2019 2021-06-12 Voice of America John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California.Associated Press December 20, 1991 Arson Investigator-Novelist Is Charged With Setting Fires The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/us/arson-investigator-novelist-is-charged-with-setting-fires.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 Pan Am is officially dissolved after 64 years of operation12/04/1991: The Last Flight of Pan Am Takes Off https://airwaysmag.com/new-post/last-flight-pan-am 2025-09-14 airwaysmag.com en December 8 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.The Belavezha Accords signed https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619792 2021-06-12 Presidential LibraryBelovezha Accords and Beyond: Delineating the Russian State. National Technical Reports Library – NTIS https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/PB2003101228.xhtml 2021-06-12 ntrl.ntis.gov December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatian forces kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia.November 4, 2010 Serb leader Tadic apologises for 1991 Vukovar massacre BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11689153 June 12, 2021 live November 1, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221101201624/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11689153 December 12 The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.Braimah Ayodale August 11, 2014 Abuja, Nigeria (1991– ) • https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/abuja-nigeria-1991/ 2021-06-12March 14, 2015 Eight countries that moved their capitals BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31877909 June 12, 2021 live June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601185603/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31877909 Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality.Ottosson Daniel May 2008 State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021141/http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf March 6, 2009 May 5, 2009 International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) 45 December 15 – The Egyptian ferry MV Salem Express 2 sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people.Survivors of Ferry Disaster in Red Sea Tell of Terror at Sea https://apnews.com/article/5de9fc002bf566c54c73968db68bd98b 2021-06-12 Associated Press News https://web.archive.org/web/20210103042233/https://apnews.com/article/5de9fc002bf566c54c73968db68bd98b January 3, 2021 liveAssociated Press December 18, 1991 Divers Recover Bodies of Captain And Others From Egyptian Ferry The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/18/world/divers-recover-bodies-of-captain-and-others-from-egyptian-ferry.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 December 16 – The UN General Assembly adopts UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, repealing a previous resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled that Zionism is a form of racism.General Assembly Resolution 46/86, Revocation of Resolution 3379 December 16, 1991 https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook8/pages/260%20general%20assembly%20resolution%2046-86-%20revocation.aspx June 17, 2021 mfa.gov.il December 19 Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Labor Party leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day.https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-19/o27reilly-recollections-hawke-keating-challenges/3738542 Hawke and Keating: a masterclass in political killing December 19, 2011 ABC News Australia West William Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of 530 m ft 0.Discrete optimum design of cable-stayed bridges https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/handle/10316/97110 00500::Universidade de Coimbra July 2015 masterThesis Andrea Đerek December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time.NATO Update – Summary 1991 https://www.nato.int/docu/update/1991/summarye.htm July 24, 2020 nato.int December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.The Tbilisi War: Then And Now https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-civil-war-slider-gallery-then-now/31617821.html November 9, 2022 RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, declaring that Russia will be the succeeding country to the collapsing Soviet Union in the United Nations.Where can I find the letters of 24 December 1991 regarding the continuation of the membership of the USSR by the Russian Federation? – Ask DAG! https://ask.un.org/faq/378083 November 9, 2022 United Nations November 9, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221109183532/https://ask.un.org/faq/378083 dead December 25 Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the 69-year-old state.December 13, 2016 Mikhail Gorbachev: The man who lost an empire BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38289333 June 12, 2021 live February 13, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230213142323/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38289333Mikhail Gorbachev Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia Britannica The Russian SFSR officially renames itself the Russian Federation.Russia – The World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ dead January 9, 2021 2021-06-12 Central Intelligence Agency December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Supreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves the Soviet Union, and adjourns sine die, ending the Cold War. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on December 31.collapse of the Soviet Union Causes, Facts, Events, & Effects https://www.britannica.com/event/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union 2021-06-12 Encyclopædia BritannicaDecember 26, 1991 End of the Soviet Union; Gorbachev's Six Tumultuous Years at Soviet Helm The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-gorbachev-s-six-tumultuous-years-at-soviet-helm.html 2021-06-12 0362-4331 Births and deaths :Category:1991 births Deaths in 1991 Nobel Prizes right|120px Chemistry – Richard R. Ernst Economics – Ronald Coase Literature – Nadine Gordimer Peace – Aung San Suu Kyi Physics – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Physiology or Medicine – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann References 1990s