1986 enlargement of the European Communities

Accession of Portugal and Spain to the European Community May 2020 thumb|right|#003399 EC members in 1986#ffcc00 New EC members admitted in 1986 thumb|Monument in Madrid marking Spain's accession to the ECAccession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community Spain and Portugal acceded to the European Community, now the European Union, in 1986. This was the third enlargement of the Communities, following on from the 1973 and 1981 enlargements. Their accessions are considered to be a part of the broader Mediterranean enlargement of the European Union.Preston Christopher 1995 Obstacles to EU Enlargement: The Classical Community Method and the Prospects for a Wider Europe JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies en 33 3 454 10.1111/j.1468-5965.1995.tb00543.x 1468-5965Klodt Henning Prospective Trade Effects of Eastern EU Enlargement 2003 Challenges to the World Economy 110 Pethig Rüdiger Berlin, Heidelberg Springer en 10.1007/978-3-642-19018-6_10 978-3-642-19018-6 Rauscher Michael Spain and Portugal did not have a Referendum related to European Union accession. Both countries had been under dictatorships until just over a decade prior to the accession, with Spain under the military dictatorship of Francisco Franco, and Portugal under the corporatist dictatorship of the pt Estado Novo. This had meant that, whilst both countries had previously had relationships with the Communities in some form or another, they were ineligible to become members. The mid-1970s brought the death of Franco in Spain, and the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which rapidly pushed both countries towards democracy. Membership talks began with both countries a few years later. Spain and Portugal acceded to the Communities on 1 January 1986.Mercado Europeu passa a ter 320 milhões de consumidores http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06879.196.30433#!12 2 January 1986 Diário de Lisboa pt 16 October 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102408/http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06879.196.30433#!12 1 July 2017 live The accession took place without any official ceremony other than the raising of the Spanish and Portuguese flags in Brussels, after a period of more than six years of negotiations between the Communities and the two countries.2 January 1986 Spain, Portugal officially join EEC after 6 years of planning European Stars and Stripes Associated Press https://newspaperarchive.com/politics-clipping-jan-02-1986-1769345/ 23 May 2020 The accession talks were particularly prolonged by concerns over the Spanish fishing fleet, which was larger than the entire Community fleet put together, as well as severe governmental turbulence in Portugal, where several governments collapsed and one prime minister died in an aeroplane crash during the negotiations. Some scholars at the time predicted that increased competition from Europe would lead to economic problems for Spain and Portugal; however, in the years since, both countries' economies have benefited overall from the accession. The enlargement is also credited by some with helping to stabilise the fledgling democracies of both countries, as well as speeding up the decolonisation of the Portuguese Empire; whilst there is broadly consensus that membership played some role in these processes, there remains debate as to whether membership was the deciding factor in these changes, or whether it merely contributed. History Spain Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community Relations under Franco Spain first applied for association with the European Economic Community (EEC), the general economic arm of the three European Communities, on 10 February 1962.Stefani Umberto 10 February 1962 Anche la Spagna hachiesto l'associazione al M.E.C. it Spain has also applied for association with the European Common Market 6 Corriere della Sera https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/anche_la_spagna_ha_chiesto_l_associazione_al_m_e_c_in_corriere_della_sera_10_febbraio_1962-it-e3d4c2cc-0df4-47ef-a64a-8e6eed6b32b0.html 10 May 2020 The country was ineligible for full membership as a direct consequence of its dictatorship; whilst there was no specific provision in the treaty establishing the EEC requiring that Member States be democracies,Harb Amanda 2016-08-13 Trouble in Paradise: Maintaining the EU Ideal For Environmental Policy In Eestern Europe https://lawpublications.barry.edu/ejejj/vol6/iss1/4 Environmental and Earth Law Journal 6 1 12 26 July 2020 the European Parliament made clear just months after the application that an undemocratic Spain would never have any relationship negotiated "closer than a commercial treaty", with further European integration in mind.Story Jonathan 151814858 1972 The Brave New World of Franco Spain International Journal 27 4 577, 584 10.1177/002070207202700406 25733975 0020-7020 The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe passed a resolution by 70 votes to 31 in its 14th ordinary session in May 1962 calling for members of the EEC to "examine the possibility of some form of economic agreement between Spain and the Community, bearing in mind the constitutional changes that will be necessary before any form of political association can be contemplated".July 1962 Relations with international organisations: Council of Europe http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/54009 Bulletin of the European Economic Community 7 22–23 10 May 2020 Archive of European Integration However, the application caused some controversy; a number of members of the European Parliament questioned whether the application was acceptable, given Spain's dictatorship.August 1962 Institutions and organs: The Parliament http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/54010 Bulletin of the European Economic Community 8 62–63 10 May 2020 M. Dehousse asked M. Battista 'whether Spain's application to join the Communities was not wholly unacceptable under the Franco regime in view of the harsh treatment recently meted out to its nationals who attended the Congress of the European Movement in Munich." He said that it seemed to him "contradictory to apply for admission to a European institution and at the same time boycott a European Congress and apply sanctions to those taking part in it.' Archive of European IntegrationDecember 1962 Institutions and organs: The Parliament http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/54013 Bulletin of the European Economic Community 12 50 10 May 2020 M. de Kinder reviewed the various requests for accession to or association with the EEC and said that he was opposed to the association of Spain ("Spain is a dictatorship in the full sense of the word") or to a strengthening of economic links with Portugal. Archive of European Integration With the question of association still unresolved by 1964, the head of the Spanish mission to the EEC sent another letter on 14 February renewing the request for association status.de Miranda Carlos Seconde demande d'association de l'Espagne à la Communauté économique européenne fr Second request for association of Spain to the European Economic Community Paul-Henri Spaak, President of the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community 14 February 1964 https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/spain_s_second_application_for_association_with_the_european_economic_community_14_february_1964-en-7db1935b-d8a9-4c13-8e56-3788d065c73c.html 10 May 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20160918041547/http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/spain_s_second_application_for_association_with_the_european_economic_community_14_february_1964-en-7db1935b-d8a9-4c13-8e56-3788d065c73c.html 18 September 2016 live Talks were subsequently scheduled to begin in the autumn of that year.August 1964 Activities of the Community - external relations: Spain http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/64812 Bulletin of the European Economic Community 8 20 10 May 2020 Archive of European Integration Eventually, in 1967, the Council of the EEC approved a mandate for the commission to negotiate with Spain, and a trade agreement was signed in June 1970.Rudnick David 1976 Spain's Long Road to Europe The World Today 32 4 134–141 40394915 0043-9134 However, this was a trade preference agreement, as opposed to an association agreement; this meant only reciprocity in trade concessions, as opposed to the economic development assistance and the possibility of eventual full membership that was granted through association status to, for instance, Greece and Turkey.Kondonassis A. J. 1984 Some Major Trade and Development Programs of the European Economic Community with the LDCs: Toward a Common Development Policy? Journal of Economic Issues 18 2 651–662 10.1080/00213624.1984.11504266 4225461 0021-3624 Discussions remained in the 1970s about what the future relationship between the EEC and Spain might look like, after the formation of an EEC–Spain joint committee.The history of the European Union - 1973 https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1970-1979/1973_en 16 June 2016 European Union en live 10 May 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062000/https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1970-1979/1973_en 1 January 2020 The Spanish transition and applying for Community membership Spanish transition to democracy thumb|Oreja and Suárez with Joop den Uyl, the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, in August 1977, following Spain's application Following the death of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who had ruled over the country for 36 years, and the beginnings of the Spanish transition to democracy, rumours had been circulating for some time in 1977 about the possibility of a Spanish request for membership of the EEC.Vilaro Ramon 19 July 1977 El silencio diplomático de Madrid sobre la CEE crea malestar en la prensa es The diplomatic silence of Madrid over the EEC creates a sense of unease in the press El País https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/20/internacional/238197605_850215.html 12 May 2020 1134-6582 https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235251/https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/20/internacional/238197605_850215.html 6 May 2019 live On 26 July, the new democratic government of Spain led by Adolfo Suárez wrote three letters to the President of the Council of Ministers of the European Communities, Henri Simonet, each requesting the admission of Spain to each different European Community.CM5 Accession negotiations of Spain and Portugal Central Archives of the Council of the European Union Demandes d'adhésion aux Communautés présentées par l'Espagne https://www.consilium.europa.eu/app/case4/home.aspx I/290/1977 CM5 ADH/ADH3 1 These letters were hand-delivered by the Foreign Minister of Spain, Marcelino Oreja, to the President of the European Commission, Roy Jenkins, in Brussels on 28 July 1977.Spain requests accession (28 July 1977) https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/spain_requests_accession_28_july_1977-en-4f138d0d-1517-4417-9c70-91062d16c65a.html 24 February 2014 CVCE.EU by UNI.LU en 12 May 2020Spain applies officially to join the EC 4 August 1977 European Community Information Service Ottawa http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/53749 12 May 2020 At the time, significant concerns were raised with regards to whether or not Spain would be accepted into the EEC. Spanish press talked of a potential veto from France and Italy against its accession, on the basis of the potential threat it would pose to their agricultural sectors.Fidalgo Feliciano 20 July 1977 "Veto verde", de Francia e Italia a la entrada inmediata de España en la CEE es "Green veto" from France and Italy to the immediate entrance of Spain to the EEC El País https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/21/internacional/238284014_850215.html live 12 May 2020 1134-6582 https://web.archive.org/web/20190506233942/https://elpais.com/diario/1977/07/21/internacional/238284014_850215.html 6 May 2019 Spain to seek EC membership 26 July 1977 European Community Information Service Washington, D.C. http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/59839 12 May 2020 However, more than a year after the application was made, after extensive consultation and negotiation with existing Member States, the European Commission published in November 1978 an official opinion on Spain's application for membership.Opinion on Spain's application for membership: (transmitted to the Council by the Commission on 29 November 1978). 30 November 1978 Commission of the European Communities 92-825-0819-6 Luxembourg 6358119 The opinion recommended that membership negotiations begin, but noted that the process to becoming a member of the EEC was likely to be a slow one, citing both financial and bureaucratic barriers.Szyszczak E. 1979 The External Relations of the E.E.C. in the 1970s https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/braclj12&id=220 Bracton Law Journal 12 3 44 subscription 20 July 2020 Hein Online Membership negotiations On 5 February 1979, negotiations were opened between Spain and the European Council – the committee of leaders of the Member States of the European Communities. Roy Jenkins declared during a speech at the opening of the negotiations that "Spain is a part of Europe, and Europe is incomplete without Spain".The European Community's second enlargement: Preparing for the entry of Greece, Portugal and Spain 6 February 1979 European Community Information Service Ottawa http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/54771 19 May 2020Archive of European Integration University of Pittsburgh Speech by the Right Hon. Roy Jenkins, President of the Commission of the European Communities, on the occasion of the opening of the Spanish negotiations http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/11312 GENERAL:Speeches 11312CVCE.eu University of Luxembourg Déclaration de Roy Jenkins lors de la session d'ouverture des négociations avec la Communauté https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/declaration_de_roy_jenkins_lors_de_la_session_d_ouverture_des_negociations_avec_la_communaute_5_fevrier_1979-fr-79d424e5-8cbc-406b-b5d3-6c103b5b27d8.html CONF-E/5/79 thumb|Plaque in the Royal Palace of Madrid marking the 12 June 1985 signing of the agreement that brought Spain into the EC. An attempted coup d'état in Spain in February 1981, in which elements of the Spanish Civil Guard attempted to remove the democratically elected government from office, represented a significant point of international attention during the membership negotiations. The EEC was no exception to this, expressing its concern about the unfolding events.1981-02-24 Satisfacción internacional por el fracaso de la intentona es International satisfaction at the failure of the attempted coup El País https://elpais.com/diario/1981/02/25/espana/351903610_850215.html 2020-05-19 1134-6582 The attempt was unsuccessful, and following its failure, the European Council met on 23–24 March 1981. It subsequently released a statement expressing its "great satisfaction at the reaction of the King, the government, and the Spanish people, faced by recent attacks against the democratic system of their country".CONSEIL EUROPEEN DES 23/24 MARS 1981 A MAASTRICHT 24 March 1981 European Commission https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/doc_81_1 Maastricht fr 19 May 2020 European Council of the 23/24 March 1981 in Maastricht Felipe González, the leader of the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, went on a tour of Western Europe in March of the same year to "urge" nations to admit Spain to the EEC "as quickly as possible";Carothers Thomas 1981 Spain, Nato and Democracy The World Today 37 7/8 298–303 40395494 0043-9134 the EEC was, according to a Spanish diplomat speaking in 1982, seen as "a synonym for democracy" among the population.Gorce Martine 1982 Spain: Knocking on the Door Harvard International Review 4 5 38–40 42763913 0739-1854 In spite of this, the speed of the negotiations was not significantly increased by the events.Cunha Alice 2018 Portugal, Spain, and Europe: from the parallelism of the accession negotiations to the capitalisation of the third enlargement of the European Economic Community Relações Internacionais SI2018 25–41 10.23906/ri2018.sia03 1645-9199 Not even Spain's attempted coup d'état on 23 February 1981 – the so-called "23-F" that confirmed the problems in the Spanish democratisation process –, which the Member States strongly condemned, resulted in an urgent policy to accelerate negotiations given the event and the undeniable link between accession and democratisation. A year later, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party were elected into government following the 1982 Spanish general election, making González the Prime Minister. Prior to the election, Spanish negotiations with the Communities had reportedly stalled; this was not only due to the coup attempt, but also thanks to opposition from the French government over concerns related to the Common Agricultural Policy leading to greater competition from Spain.Mujal-León Eusebio 1983 Rei(g)ning in Spain Foreign Policy 51 101–117 10.2307/1148504 1148504 0015-7228 González once again put emphasis on the EEC during his election campaign, and at the same time downplayed the issue of Spanish membership of NATO, which had been a controversial issue within the debate about opening Spain up to the world for a number of years.Sanz Rosa Pardo 2011 La política exterior de los gobiernos de Felipe González: ¿un nuevo papel para España en el escenario internacional? es The foreign policy of the governments of Felipe González: a new role for Spain on the international stage? Ayer 84 73–97 41326147 1134-2277 Concerns were also raised over the potential impact of Spain's accession in particular on the operation of the Common Fisheries Policy. The Spanish fishing fleet was larger than the entire fleet of the existing Community members put together,Archivo Digital España - Unión Europea Universitat Jaume I 30 June 2009 http://hdl.handle.net/10234/45024 The third enlargement: Spain's and Portugal's access to the EEC report on the Council of Ministers archival material oai:repositori.uji.es:10234/45024 Michael J Geary which had presented an issue in a similar manner during the negotiation of an interim agreement on fishing between Spain and the Community.http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/95311 Report drawn up on behalf of the Committee on Agriculture on the delay in the conclusion of a fishing agreement between Spain and the European Community Cifarelli M 13 December 1978 495/78 23 May 2020 It was evident during the Spanish negotiations for admission that Spain had become more responsive to the fishing sector, as a consequence of the high propensity of illegal fishing leading to fishermen "mobilising as a socio-occupational group".Meltzoff Sarah Keene Lipuma Edward 1986 the troubled seas of Spanish fishermen: marine policy and the economy of change American Ethnologist en 13 4 681–699 10.1525/ae.1986.13.4.02a00060 1548-1425 The Spanish Act of Accession eventually devoted fifty of its pages to fisheries-related matters,Churchill Robin Rolf EEC fisheries law 1987 M. Nijhoff 90-247-3545-9 Dordrecht 16 15661390 around 10% of the entire treaty. Beginning to tire of the long negotiations by December 1983, the French government requested a deadline be imposed on the accession talks, proposing 30 September 1984 as the date.Horcajo Xavier Losada Manuel González 1983 Espanya-CEE Dossier-CIDOB 2 1–2 40591546 1132-6093 ca Spain-EEC The French government continued applying pressure in favour of this deadline into 1984,Fidalgo Feliciano 1984-02-12 Francia muestra su deseo de que las negociaciones entre España y la CEE finalicen antes del 30 de septiembre es El País https://elpais.com/diario/1984/02/13/espana/445474804_850215.html 2020-05-19 1134-6582 France shows its desire to finalise the negotiations between Spain and the EEC before 30 September https://web.archive.org/web/20190811145119/https://elpais.com/diario/1984/02/13/espana/445474804_850215.html 11 August 2019 live and it was agreed to by the Member States at the March 1984 Brussels Summit of the European Council.http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/1433 Policy statement on the European Council in Brussels: Chancellor Helmut Kohl to the Bundestag on March 28, 1984 Kohl Helmut 29 March 1984 German Information Center 5 7 19 March 2020Ortega Andrés 1984-03-16 El 30 de septiembre, fecha final de las negociaciones con España y Portugal es El País https://elpais.com/diario/1984/03/17/economia/448326014_850215.html 2020-05-19 1134-6582 30 September, the last day of negotiations with Spain and Portugal https://web.archive.org/web/20190524232413/https://elpais.com/diario/1984/03/17/economia/448326014_850215.html 24 May 2019 live However, the agreed deadline was not met, with questions over fishing, agriculture and steel still remaining by the end of September, and more negotiations scheduled beyond the deadline.Ortega Andrés 1984-09-29 La CEE no presentará a España el día 3 una propuesta global sobre los temas pendientes es El País https://elpais.com/diario/1984/09/30/economia/465343211_850215.html 2020-05-19 1134-6582 On 3 October, the EEC will not present Spain with a complete proposal on all of the remaining topics https://web.archive.org/web/20190629161803/https://elpais.com/diario/1984/09/30/economia/465343211_850215.html 29 June 2019 live At the end of October 1984, a commitment was made that Spain and Portugal would join the Communities on 1 January 1986, although there remained "difficulties" still in a number of areas of the negotiations.http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/2828 The economic and social situation in the Community 29 November 1984 European Commission 10 19 May 2020 This commitment was confirmed by a vote at the European Council summit on 3 December 1984, so long as "final negotiations [were] successful".Lerner Craig S. 1985 Spain: Democracy and Integration Harvard International Review 7 5 27–29 42760852 0739-1854 Portugal Relations under the pt Estado Novo History of Portugal#Socio-economic evolution In July 1959, just over a year after the EEC was established, the government of Portugal began the process of establishing a diplomatic mission to it, and to Euratom the same month.Rey Jean Représentations des Etats tiers fr Representations of third countries Attilio Cattani, Chairman of the Permanent Representatives Committee 15 July 1959 https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/letter_from_jean_rey_to_attilio_cattani_brussels_15_july_1959-en-ced0efa8-d373-4531-86f8-669307a16bc9.html 11 May 2020Calmes Christian The establishment of a Portuguese diplomatic mission to the EAEC fr Messrs. Van der Schueren and Schaus, the Foreign Ministers of Belgium and Luxembourg; the Foreign Minister of France 30 July 1959 https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/letter_from_christian_calmes_on_the_establishment_of_a_portuguese_diplomatic_mission_to_the_eaec_30_july_1959-en-4e09f963-3cf2-45fb-afd1-72a9e6f76032.html 11 May 2020 However, Portugal considered its "multi-continental structure" (in reference to its many overseas colonies) to be incompatible with EEC membership; even had it wished to join, its contemporary dictatorship would have made an accession difficult to impossible.Leitão Nicolau Andresen 2007 A Flight of Fantasy? Portugal and the First Attempt to Enlarge the European Economic Community, 1961-1963 Contemporary European History 16 1 71–87 10.1017/S0960777306003638 20081341 162696777 0960-7773 In spite of these factors, Portugal was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which was initially aimed to compete with the EEC as a European common economic zone.EFTA through the years European Free Trade Association https://www.efta.int/About-EFTA/EFTA-through-years-747 www.efta.int 11 May 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200204142100/https://www.efta.int/About-EFTA/EFTA-through-years-747 4 February 2020 live EFTA, constituting something closer to a pure free trade zone than the EEC, was a more palatable prospect at the time for Portugal than taking on the full rules and regulations of the EEC.Resende Manuel Vale Michel Portugal: From Revolution to the IMF International Journal of Politics 1984 14 1 1–90 40470148 0012-8783 At the time of the organisation's foundation in 1960, Portugal was still under the pt Estado Novo corporatist dictatorship, led by António de Oliveira Salazar; a year later, the government of Portugal published a report decrying the decision taken by members of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation to establish the EEC "without consulting their partners in the Organisation", and saying that "The Portuguese Government is once again convinced that the spirit of understanding and solidarity that underpinned the establishment and operation of the European Free Trade Association will prevail".https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/memorando_com_posicao_portuguesa_face_as_negociacoes_entre_a_comunidade_economica_europeia_e_a_efta_5_junho_1961-pt-43bb7a67-a7ff-43ff-90ba-76451a5a2b26.html Memorando com posição portuguesa face às negociações entre a Comunidade Económica Europeia e a EFTA 5 June 1961 COMISSÃO TÉCNICA DE COOPERAÇÃO ECONÓMICA EXTERNA pt 11 May 2020 Memorandum on the Portuguese position in the negotiations between the EEC and EFTA A Portuguese government report completed at the start of 1962 acknowledged that seeking entry as a member of the EEC would have been unlikely to end in success, and suggested that an application for associate status might have been a better option. A few months later, in April 1962, the Portuguese Ambassador to Brussels was instructed to open negotiations with the EEC to move towards this goal, in spite of potential hostilities due to "disapproval of the basic principles" of contemporary Portuguese government policy.da Fonseca Lopes pt Request for the opening of negotiations with the EEC Portuguese Ambassador to Brussels 19 April 1962 https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/telegram_to_the_portuguese_ambassador_to_brussels_concerning_the_request_for_the_opening_of_negotiations_with_the_eec_19_april_1962-en-f3ced3fa-3eb4-4228-9668-50a9aa5f35c8.html 11 May 2020 However, the Portuguese government did not clarify what type of negotiations were being asked for, or what the future relationship they envisaged looked like.Cunha Alice 1 June 2015 Underwriting Democracy: Portugal and European Economic Community's Accession http://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/7879 Cahiers de la Méditerranée fr 90 47–58 10.4000/cdlm.7879 0395-9317 11 May 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20190502173633/https://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/7879 2 May 2019 live subscription There was also significant international opposition to any meaningful agreement being made with Portugal, as a consequence of the country's authoritarian regime, with the General Secretary of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions intervening in June saying "We remain convinced that the Members of the Council of Ministers will not permit countries subjected to a regime like the Portuguese government of today to enter a community whose primary reason to exist is to strengthen the free world".Buiter Harm-Geert fr Résolution sur le Portugal Resolution on Portugal President of the EEC Council 22 June 1962 https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/letter_from_harm_geert_buiter_to_the_president_of_the_eec_council_brussels_22_june_1962-en-11f5c68f-fb3b-4514-9e11-858b7441a795.html 11 May 2020 The 1962 negotiations were later postponed indefinitely.https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/memorandum_on_the_request_for_the_opening_of_negotiations_between_portugal_and_the_eec_4_february_1969-en-275a4a8d-31da-4a8c-b06e-12c29d9b5205.html Aide-mémoire concernant la demande d'ouverture de négociations entre le Portugal et la Communauté économique européenne 4 February 1969 fr 11 May 2020 Memorandum concerning the request for the opening of negotiations between Portugal and the European Economic Community Portugal once again looked to open negotiations with the EEC in 1969. These negotiations were more fruitful, and eventually culminated in a trade agreement between the EEC and Portugal,European Economic Community. Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Portuguese Republic, with final act; Brussels, 22 July 1972. 1972 H.M.S.O Portugal. 0-10-151640-1 London 898260Regulation (EEC) 2844/72 19 December 1972 the Council of the European Communities Concluding an Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Portuguese Republic and adopting provisions for its implementation https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31972R2844 11 May 2020 albeit one that came at the same time as the EEC were negotiating free trade agreements with all Member States of EFTA.EEC + EFTA = EUROPEAN ECONOMIC SPACE 28 January 1988 European Commission https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_88_8 11 May 2020 Diplomatic efforts towards Portuguese membership of the EEC were restarted in the early 1970s, still during the time of the pt Estado Novo dictatorship, but with Marcelo Caetano having assumed the office of prime minister after Salazar's death.Eisfeld Rainer Portugal and Western Europe:: Shifting Involvements 2012 Radical Approaches to Political Science: Roads Less Traveled 207–240 1 Verlag Barbara Budrich 978-3-8474-0028-8 von Beyme Klaus j.ctvddzgc3.15 Exploratory talks began in confidence on 7 January 1971,https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/circular_confidencial_enviada_as_missoes_diplomaticas_sobre_o_inicio_das_conversacoes_exploratorias_entre_portugal_e_a_cee_18_janeiro_1971-pt-095b2257-2bc0-4e39-9789-a548ee1791c0.html Circular confidencial enviada às Missões Diplomáticas sobre o início das conversações exploratórias entre Portugal e a CEE 18 January 1971 pt 13 May 2020 Confidential circular sent to the Diplomatic Missions on the start of exploratory conversations between Portugal and the EEC with Caetano's attitude to Portuguese-EEC relations being described as "pragmatic", seeing that Europe would continue to be incredibly important for the country as their main trading partner. On 19 December 1972, the EEC and the Portuguese government concluded an agreement significantly reducing tariffs on imports in trade between the two.Regulation 2844/72 31 December 1972 Council of the European Communities Concluding an Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Portuguese Republic and adopting provisions for its implementation https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31972R2844 13 May 2020 This was the last move towards Europe on the part of Portugal before the fall of the pt Estado Novo regime. EC loans and application under democracy thumb|José Manuel de Medeiros Ferreira (right) in the Netherlands on 9 March 1977, just weeks before the Portuguese applicationSigning of two protocols to the trade agreement between Portugal and the EEC (Brussels, 20 September 1976) https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/signing_of_two_protocols_to_the_trade_agreement_between_portugal_and_the_eec_brussels_20_september_1976-en-6d603a7e-356c-47cf-9f1f-4b29d062d794.html CVCE.EU by UNI.LU 2011-12-08 2025-11-28 en|alt= Following the Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first democratic elections in 1975, the new Portuguese government started to take greater steps towards European integration. Over the course of the early 1970s, the European Investment Bank loaned millions of units of account – a pre-Euro European system of monetary exchange without preference to a single currency – to Portugal, with the objective of "giving its fullest support to Portugal's efforts to strengthen democracy and promote social and economic progress".June 1980 Portugal and the European Community http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/963 Europe Information: External Relations Commission of the European Communities Spokesman's Group and Directorate-General for Information 34/80 Archive of European Integration In June 1976, the exchange rate for units of account to US dollars meant the amount loaned at the time, UA 70 million, was worth $79.1 million,European Community to make its third loan to Portugal 30 June 1976 European Community Information Service Washington, D.C. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148883547.pdf 16 May 2020 USGDP 79100000 1976 -6 eq. The first democratically elected government of Portugal spoke of its programme as one that "intends that Portugal be present in the common effort of democratic European countries in the political, economic, social and cultural transformation of the old continent".Programa do primeiro Governo Constitucional português: extractos sobre a Política Externa https://www.cvce.eu/obj/programa_do_primeiro_governo_constitucional_portugues_extractos_sobre_a_politica_externa_lisboa_3_agosto_1976-pt-9d090287-a147-452b-a78b-a4fe4b257476.html 3 August 1976 CVCE.EU by UNI.LU Lisbon pt Programme of the first constitutional Portuguese government: extracts on foreign policy 16 March 2015 2020-05-13 These efforts bore their first fruits in September 1976, with the entrance of Portugal into the Council of Europe.Sánchez Pablo Antonio Fernández 2000 El papel de Portugal en el contexto internacional Revista CIDOB d'Afers Internacionals 51/52 159–170 40585843 1133-6595 es The role of Portugal in an international contextPortugal - Member state https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/portugal www.coe.int en-GB 2020-05-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20200515075525/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/portugal 15 May 2020 live In 1977, just before Portugal made its formal application to join the Communities, Mário Soares, the prime minister of Portugal, and his foreign minister both went on a tour of European capitals, attempting to gather preliminary support for his country's accession.Annuaire Europeen / European yearbook, 1976 1978 24 Martinus Nijhoff Robertson A. H. 90-247-2043-5 La Haye 867374591Gazzo Emanuele 7-8 March 1977 Quelle réponse donner au Portugal? What response to give Portugal? https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/472141 Bulletin Quotidien Europe fr 2170 Archive reference AGE-765 2020-05-15 Historical Archives of the European Union registration Shortly afterwards, on 28 March, Portugal made their formal application to join the European Communities,The history of the European Union - 1977 https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1970-1979/1977_en 2016-06-16 European Union en 2020-05-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062103/https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1970-1979/1977_en 1 January 2020 liveDauderstädt Michael 1987 The EC's pre-accession aid to Portugal : a first appraisal https://www.repository.utl.pt/handle/10400.5/9639 Estudos de Economia VII 4 401 Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa 20 July 2020 20 July 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200720104501/https://www.repository.utl.pt/handle/10400.5/9639 dead with a series of three letters written by Soares to David Owen, the President of the council.March 1977 Portugal's application for accession to the Communities http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/57741 Bulletin of the European Economic Community 3 8–10 13 May 2020 Archive of European Integration The Portuguese government at the time claimed that the application was not "the decision of a government" but rather "the decision of a people". Just over a year after the application was made, on 19 May 1978, the Commission issued a positive opinion on the Portuguese application for membership, following which membership negotiations were opened.Commission of the European Communities. Opinion on Portuguese application for membership : transmitted to the Council by the Commission on 19 May 1978. 1978 European Communities, Commission Council of the European Communities. 92-825-0417-4 [Brussels] 5777562 Although the opinion recommended that the Portuguese application be considered, it also highlighted significant dangers inherent to a Portuguese accession in the country's state at the time, noting that "profound social and economic reforms" would be required before admission could be successful.29 May 1978 Portugal needs help 45 Winnipeg Free Press McLintock Peter https://newspaperarchive.com/politics-clipping-may-29-1978-1870150/ 20 July 2020 NewspaperArchive Governmental turbulence In the immediate months following the opening of negotiations, there was some concern expressed over the level of support within the Portuguese populace for membership of the Communities, with the French newspaper Le Monde reporting that half of the population of Lisbon were unaware of what the Common Market was, rising to 72% in Porto.Niedergang Marcel 1978-09-14 Les Portugais entre l'indifférence et l'hésitation fr The Portuguese, caught between indifference and hesitation Le Monde https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1978/09/14/iii-ndash-les-portugais-entre-l-indifference-et-l-hesitation_2988661_1819218.html 2020-05-20 Furthermore, at the end of 1979, after the government collapsed several times, Parliament was dissolved and fresh elections were called, leading to the election of a new prime minister, Francisco de Sá Carneiro.Gallagher Tom 1981 The 1979 Portuguese General Election Luso-Brazilian Review 18 2 253–262 3513553 0024-7413 However, after having been in office for only a year, Carneiro died in the 1980 Camarate air crash.Gallagher Tom 1981 The Growing Pains of Portuguese Democracy The World Today 37 3 102–109 40395269 0043-9134Goldey David B. 1983-12-01 Elections and the consolidation of portuguese democracy: 1974–1983 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379483800304 Electoral Studies en 2 3 229–240 10.1016/S0261-3794(83)80030-4 0261-3794 subscription He was replaced as prime minister by Francisco Pinto Balsemão, whose government highlighted in their program concerns over "negative economic and social consequences" resulting from Community regulations that "suppose a different stage of structural evolution" in a Member State.https://www.historico.portugal.gov.pt/media/464030/GC08.pdf Programa do VIII Governo Constitucional Program of the 8th Constitutional Government 4 September 1981 Arquivo Histórico da República Portuguesa 20 May 2020 During Balsemão's government, a new Transitional Protocol was agreed between the EEC and Portugal, adjusting some of the tariffs applicable to trade between the two, with "a view to the accession of the Portuguese Republic to the Communities".Council Regulation (EEC) 3328/82 3 December 1982 European Council TRANSITIONAL PROTOCOL to the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Portuguese Republic https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.1982.355.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:1982:355:TOC 20 May 2020 In 1983, amid a storm of resignations, Balsemão's government too collapsed, and the 1983 Portuguese legislative election was called.Manuel, Paul Christopher. The challenges of democratic consolidation in Portugal : political, economic, and military issues, 1976-1991 1996 50 Praeger 0-275-94849-8 Westport, Conn. 33244549 The elections led to the return of the Socialist Party, and consequently the return of Mário Soares as prime minister. However, with insufficient support in the Portuguese Assembly, Soares was forced to form a coalition with Carneiro's party, the Social Democratic Party.Shaheen Allen 1983 Soares' Season Continues Harvard International Review 6 2 26 42759653 0739-1854 The new coalition's program stated that "accession to the EEC in good time and under the right conditions [...] is the top priority of Portuguese economic and foreign policy".https://www.historico.portugal.gov.pt/media/464033/GC09.pdf Programa do IX Governo Constitucional Program of the 9th Constitutional Government 9 June 1983 Arquivo Histórico da República Portuguesa 20 May 2020 Internal political reactions After 23 meetings of negotiations between ministers in Portugal and the Communities, on 24 October 1984, a joint statement was signed in Dublin between Soares, Garret FitzGerald, the president of the European Council, and Lorenzo Natali, the Vice-President of the commission, "reaffirming the objective" of Portugal joining the Community on 1 January 1986.October 1984 Accession negotiations with Spain and Portugal http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/65294 Bulletin of the European Economic Community 17 9 21 May 2020 Archive of European IntegrationRibeiro Sérgio 25 October 1984 A inauguração do CEEmitério pt The inauguration of the EEC cemetery (pun) Diário de Lisboa 21593 Ruella Ramos António http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06843.193.30078#!1 21 May 2020 Fundação Mário Soares In debates in the Portuguese Assembly, the Socialist Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Independent Social Democratic Association all expressed their agreement with the accession arrangements.Debates Parlamentares - Diário 005, p. 157 (1984-10-24) http://debates.parlamento.pt/catalogo/r3/dar/01/03/02/005/1984-10-24?sft=true#p157 debates.parlamento.pt 2020-05-21 pt Parliamentary debates - Journal 5, page 157 1984-10-25 The planned entrance was not entirely without opposition; some members of the Portuguese Democratic Movement, which had been an important force in Portuguese politics at the time, claimed the accession was a "myth" that "served as an alibi" for the Portuguese government to "avoid being confronted with the disastrous economic and social consequences of its policy",Debates Parlamentares - Diário 068, p. 2786 (1985-04-11) http://debates.parlamento.pt/catalogo/r3/dar/01/03/02/068/1985-04-11/2786 debates.parlamento.pt 2020-05-21 pt Parliamentary debates - Journal 68, page 2786 1985-04-12 whilst the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) member Carlos Carvalhas claimed the EEC were "ready to sacrifice [...] the interests of other countries".Intervenção de Carlos Carvalhas na Assembleia da República (Lisboa, 11 Abril 1985) https://www.cvce.eu/obj/intervencao_de_carlos_carvalhas_na_assembleia_da_republica_lisboa_11_abril_1985-pt-ba302bf3-f2d6-46b0-ad0b-ff35f464e2a0.html 2012-06-09 CVCE.EU by UNI.LU pt 2020-05-21 Statement by Carlos Carvalhas to the Assembly of the Republic (Lisbon, 11 April 1985) https://web.archive.org/web/20160920173625/http://www.cvce.eu/obj/intervencao_de_carlos_carvalhas_na_assembleia_da_republica_lisboa_11_abril_1985-pt-ba302bf3-f2d6-46b0-ad0b-ff35f464e2a0.html 20 September 2016 live The Communist-led union Intersindical stood with the PCP, who still exist today, in opposing EEC membership, on the grounds of what they considered to be loss of economic control that it would cause.Barreto José Industrial relations in the new Europe Blackwell Business 1992 0-631-18592-5 Ferner Anthony Oxford, UK 464 Portugal: Industrial relations under democracy 26158368 Hyman Richard http://www.academia.edu/download/32851206/J._Barreto_Portugal_-_Industrial_Relations_Under_Democracy.pdf However, the Communist Party was the only Portuguese political party at the time consistently opposed to EEC membership,Moreira Diogo Portugal in the European Union : assessing twenty-five years of integration experience Costa Pinto António Tavares de Almeida Pedro 10 January 2014 Routledge 978-1-317-81544-0 Ferreira-Pereira Laura C London Portuguese elites and European integration 868282332 and they began to receive fewer and fewer votes starting in the mid-1980s, around the time of accession.Lobo Marina Costa Magalhães Pedro C. 153600380 2011-03-01 Room for Manoeuvre: Euroscepticism in the Portuguese Parties and Electorate 1976–2005 South European Society and Politics 16 1 90 10.1080/13608740903432375 1360-8746 International reaction United Kingdom and Gibraltar Gibraltar-Spain border#History The status of the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar was a significant sticking point in the negotiations for Spain's accession. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party were elected into government in 1982 on a manifesto including both EEC membership and a return of the territory to Spain.Lancaster Thomas D Taulbee James L 1985 Britain, Spain, and the Gibraltar question The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics en 23 3 251–266 10.1080/14662048508447480 0306-3631 Following the election, the Spanish government re-opened the border with Gibraltar to pedestrians on "humanitarian" grounds, which laid the foundation for further negotiations with the United Kingdom, although no other types of traffic were permitted through.1982-12-15 Spain Ends 13-Year Gibraltar Blockade en-US The New York Times UPI https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/15/world/spain-ends-13-year-gibraltar-blockade.html 2020-07-20 0362-4331 These negotiations continued for some time, with one suggestion being that the territory could be turned into a NATO military base with shared sovereignty as a consequence.Markham James 21 March 1981 Spaniards uneasy in wake of coup Eau Claire Leader Telegram New York Times News Service https://newspaperarchive.com/politics-clipping-mar-21-1981-1870154/ 20 July 2020 NewspaperArchive The negotiations surrounding the status of Gibraltar were described at the time by Fernando Morán, the Spanish foreign minister, as "the most decisive and delicate moment" of Spain's accession negotiations.1983-07-21 España-CEE, en el momento más delicado es Spain-EEC, in the most delicate moment El País https://elpais.com/diario/1983/07/22/espana/427672809_850215.html 2020-07-20 1134-6582 The government of the United Kingdom at the time declared themselves publicly to be in favour of Portugal and Spain joining the Communities,European Communities (Spanish and Portuguese Accession) Bill Parliament of the United Kingdom House of Commons 4 December 1985 88 https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1985-12-04/debates/0d3532bb-782d-47bf-a487-a44ba261d9e3/EuropeanCommunities(SpanishAndPortugueseAccession)BillLords 313 Sir Geoffrey Howe Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 20 May 2020 with the Minister of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office saying that the country had been a "staunch supporter of the accession".European Communities (Spanish and Portuguese Accession) Bill Parliament of the United Kingdom House of Lords 19 November 1985 468 https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1985-11-19/debates/632a9ecd-4657-42f3-bbde-1f85fd3f54d4/EuropeanCommunities(SpanishAndPortugueseAccession)BillHl 497 Baroness Young Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 20 May 2020 However, Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister, stated in 1983 that Spain could not accede to the Communities "until the restrictions on the border between Spain and Gibraltar are lifted";Gibraltar Parliament of the United Kingdom House of Commons 19 July 1983 46 https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1983-07-19/debates/1f042166-cb79-4d65-960b-c5dd8da9d0ed/Gibraltar#contribution-d18d9e3a-ff4c-46f9-86f4-7ea6b7c108e1 175 176 Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister 20 May 2020 Lord Trefgarne, an undersecretary of state at the time, even went so far as to say that the restrictions were "incompatible with the obligations" of Spain as a member of the EEC.Barrio Antonio Marquina January 1986 NATO, the EEC, Gibraltar, North Africa: Overlapping issues for Spain The International Spectator en 21 1 45 10.1080/03932728608456580 0393-2729 Thatcher's government's insistence on a complete re-opening of the border prior to EEC entry "angered" the Spanish government of the time;Naldi Gino J. May 1984 The Gibraltar Dispute and Some Possible Solutions https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-international-law-review/article/gibraltar-dispute-and-some-possible-solutions/EEBD4DA9365AFA933E80E07C8B08D6C6 Netherlands International Law Review en 31 1 31–58 10.1017/S0165070X00013097 1741-6191 subscription however, they also said that they would be prepared to allow vehicular and other crossings, rather than just those on foot.Roldan Juan 1983-07-21 El Gobierno presentará al Reino Unido nuevas iniciativas sobre Gibraltar en septiembre es The Government will present the United Kingdom with new initiatives on Gibraltar in September El País https://elpais.com/diario/1983/07/22/espana/427672808_850215.html 2020-07-20 1134-6582 After even further protracted negotiations, the border was fully reopened on 5 February 1985.5 February 1985 Spain, Gibraltar Open Gate After 16 Years The Times Recorder Associated Press Greek veto From 1982 onwards, Greece had been trying to secure approval by the European Council for the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (IMPs), a series of financial aid measures for disadvantaged regions of the Communities.Smyrl Marc E 1998 When (and How) Do the Commission's Preferences Matter? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies en 36 1 84 10.1111/1468-5965.00098 1468-5965 Having had little success, and with the idea still under "consideration" by the Council several years later, Greece threatened to veto the accessions of Spain and Portugal.28 March 1985 Gregos mantêm veto contra alargamento pt Diário de Lisboa http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06844.194.30204 16 October 2019 The veto was based on Greece's claims that its economy would not be able to cope with more economically weak Member States joining, without receiving agricultural subsidies for its poorest regions that had not yet been approved.Miguel Santos Carrapatoso 20 February 2015 1985: Quando a Grécia exigiu mais dinheiro para aceitar Portugal na CEE pt Observador https://observador.pt/2015/02/20/1985-quando-grecia-exigiu-mais-dinheiro-para-aceitar-portugal-na-cee/ live 16 October 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191016103040/https://observador.pt/2015/02/20/1985-quando-grecia-exigiu-mais-dinheiro-para-aceitar-portugal-na-cee/ 16 October 2019 In late 1984, Andreas Papandreou, the prime minister of Greece, formally confirmed that the only blocker for Greek approval of the accessions was the availability of financial subsidy through the IMPs.Brussels 7 December 1984 EEC E N L A R G E M E N T : MR PAPANDREOU CONFIRMS THAT GREECE WILL NOT PREVENT IMMEDIATE CONTINUATION OF NEGOTIATIONS WITH SPAIN AND PORTUGAL, THOUGH HE RETAINS THE OVERALL RESERVATION 5 Europe Daily Bulletin 3985 https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/444055 registration 20 July 2020 Historical Archives of the European Union This drew criticism from other Member States, who argued that Greek financial demands to the Communities should not affect the accession of new members, and led to doubts from Gaston Thorn, the President of the commission, that completing the agreements would be possible for an accession date of 1 January 1986.London 7 December 1984 Mrs Thatcher criticizes Greek demands 6 Europe Daily Bulletin 3985 https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/444055 registration 20 July 2020 Historical Archives of the European Union Negotiations continued on into 1985, and on 29 May, the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs Giulio Andreotti, in conjunction with Spain's Fernando Morán and the Portuguese Finance Minister Ernâni Lopes, announced that an agreement had been reached.30 March 1985 Preço do Veto Grego fixado esta tarde pt Diário de Lisboa http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06844.194.30206 16 October 2019 Some parts of the IMPs would be implemented, thereby increasing EEC funding to Greece; consequentially, Greece dropped its reservations, and Portugal and Spain would enter the "Europe of Twelve" on 1 January 1986.29 March 1985 Portugal e Espanha garantidos na CEE pt Diário de Lisboa http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06844.194.30205#!14 16 October 2019 In total, Greece received 2 billion in additional aid as a consequence of the negotiations, US 2000000000 1985 -8 eq $. Impact +Data in the table is as of 1986, unless otherwise stated. Member countries Capital Population Area (km2)Population per km2 GDP (billion US$) GDP per capita (US$) LanguagesIncludes only national languages; several Member States have various co-official languages, including Spain Lisbon 10,030,621Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-054722_QID_-55A3996D_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;INDIC_DE,L,Z,0;INDICATORS,C,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-054722INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-054722INDIC_DE,JAN;&rankName1=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDIC-DE_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName4=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23 23 April 2020 Eurostat 21 May 2020 92,3891986 Demographic yearbook = Annuaire démographique Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office, United Nations 1988 92-1-051070-4 38th New York 154–155 18154251108.57 38.746GDP (current US$) - Portugal https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PT World Bank Data live https://web.archive.org/web/20190629234441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PT 29 June 2019 2020-05-21 3,863Portuguese Madrid38,531,195 504,78276.33 251.321GDP (current US$) - Spain https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ES World Bank Data live https://web.archive.org/web/20190311154503/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ES 11 March 2019 2020-05-21 6,523Spanish Accession countries 48,561,816 597,17181.32 290.067 5,973.15 2 Existing members 273,271,000Calculated by summing the 1986 mid-year estimates for the existing members of the Communities as of 1986 from the UN report 1,664,740164.15 2,187https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4.pdf CIA World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency June 1986 806487866 CR WF 86-001 23 May 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20170124003639/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4.pdf 24 January 2017 deadWorld Bank data is insufficient for this purpose, as it appears to make no distinction between West Germany and East Germany in its historical data. The data here is an approximate estimate based on the latest available GNP data presented in the CIA World Factbook 1986 edition. 8,003.04 7Regulation 1 6 October 1958 1 EEC Council Determining the languages to be used by the European Economic Community As amended by 19 November 1979 Annex I: XVI.1 Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Hellenic Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties http://data.europa.eu/eli/treaty/acc_1979/act_1/sign 22 May 2020 EU12 after accessions 321,832,816 2,261,911142.28 2,477.067 7,696.75 9L302/23 15 November 1985 XVII EEC Acts Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties http://data.europa.eu/eli/treaty/acc_1985/act_1/sign 22 May 2020 Democratic transition Membership of the Communities is widely seen as having assisted the transitions to democracy of Spain and Portugal; however, there is some debate as to what extent Community membership is responsible for this.Fishman Robert M. 144921398 2003-03-01 Shaping, not Making, Democracy: The European Union and the Post-Authoritarian Political Transformations of Spain and Portugal South European Society and Politics 8 1–2 31–46 10.1080/13608740808539642 1360-8746 The prerequisite that a state should be a democracy before joining the Communities has been described as a motivating factor for democratisation, and such a requirement has been suggested for agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement as a result.Royo Sebastián Manuel Paul Christopher 154984774 2003-03-01 Some Lessons from the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Accession of Portugal and Spain to the European Union South European Society and Politics 8 1–2 1–30 10.1080/13608740808539641 1360-8746 Eurobarometer surveys between 1985 and 1997 found a significant majority of Portuguese citizens felt that EU membership had benefited their country; this peaked at 82% of the population in 1991, before falling to a low of 67% in 1997.Lobo Marina Costa 2003-03-01 Portuguese Attitudes Towards EU Membership: Social and Political Perspectives South European Society and Politics 8 1–2 97–118 10.1080/13608740808539645 219698025 1360-8746 Acquis communautaire Special arrangements agreed for Spain and Portugal as new EEC members meant that, whilst in principle they were subject to the acquis communautaire of the Common Fisheries Policy, they were not fully integrated into it for many years. It has also been argued that the acquis on environmental policy "imposed significant costs" on accession countries; compliance pressure and capacity building assistance from the Communities, later the EU, has been described as "necessary but not sufficient" alone to foster successful environmental governance in the accession countries.Börzel Tanja A Coping with accession to the European Union : new modes of environmental governance 2009 Palgrave Macmillan Börzel, Tanja A., 1970- 978-0-230-57551-6 Basingstoke, Hampshire After Accession: Escaping the Low Capacity Trap? 308174719 However, other scholars have argued that the eventual benefit from the acquis has outweighed this, and pointed out that Spain has come to ardently insist on new EU members taking up the entire acquis.Granell Francesc 2012 The Impact of EU Membership on the Economic Governance of Spain https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6345117.pdf Espai de Recerca en Economia, Working Papers in Economics Universitat de Barcelona 28 May 2020 CORE https://web.archive.org/web/20171205205102/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6345117.pdf 5 December 2017 live International relations Shortly after formally joining in 1986, both Spain and Portugal agreed to proposed changes to the Treaty of Rome which limited individual countries' abilities to veto proposed legislation affecting tariffs and trade, and committed to a common foreign policy for Community Member States.Burns Robert 12 January 1986 Group struggles to close hi-tech gap with U.S. 50, 53 Panama City News Herald Associated Press https://newspaperarchive.com/politics-clipping-jan-12-1986-1769355/ 22 May 2020 Continued on page 53. They also expressed themselves to be in favour of a doubling of the research budget of the EEC over a period of 5 years.Dickson David 1987 EEC: Uniting to Meet High-Tech's Challenge Science 237 4819 1103–1104 10.1126/science.237.4819.1103 1699494 17801624 1987Sci...237.1103D 0036-8075 The accession of Portugal to the European Communities also had an impact on the decolonisation of Portuguese colonies in Africa and on Europe-Africa relations consequently. Whilst the acquis communautaire itself had been weak, dominated only by the European Political Cooperation, the acquis politique was very much in favour of decolonisation,Raimundo António 2013-05-23 The Europeanisation of foreign policy: An assessment of the EU impact on Portugal's post-colonial relations in Sub-Saharan Africa European Integration Online Papers 2013–001 10.1695/2013001 1027-5193 a process which Portugal was pushed to adopt in order to join the Communities - although there is debate as to whether the planned accession was the primary cause.Teixeira Nuno Severiano Pinto António Costa The Europeanization of Portuguese democracy 2012 Social Science Monographs 978-0-88033-946-9 Boulder [Colo.] 788995939Nishiwaki Yasuhiro 2012 ポルトガルのＥＥＣ加盟申請—民主化、脱植民地化プロセスとの交錯 Portugal's Application to the EEC: Intertwine with the Democratization and Decolonization Processes https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kokusaiseiji/2012/168/2012_168_30/_article International Relations ja 2012 168 10.11375/kokusaiseiji.168_30 J-STAGE Economic impact The accession led to significant benefits for both in terms of economic stability and strength,Balmaseda Manuel Sebastián Miguel 155754024 2003-03-01 Spain in the EU: Fifteen Years May Not Be Enough South European Society and Politics 8 1–2 195–230 10.1080/13608740808539649 1360-8746 and the average per-capita income of Portuguese and Spanish citizens grew significantly, reaching 74% and 83% respectively of the EU average by 2003. Structural funds offered by European Community membership were of particular importance in easing pressure on the countries' economies, especially following the Single European Act reforms that doubled the amount of structural funds available between 1988 and 1993.Soares António Goucha 153728710 2007-12-01 Portugal and the European Union: The ups and downs in 20 years of membership Perspectives on European Politics and Society 8 4 460–475 10.1080/15705850701640835 10400.5/26509 1570-5854 free In Portugal, these funds were invested primarily in road infrastructure, public buildings and urban renewal, indirectly creating many new jobs in the construction industry, which led to a significant (if small in absolute terms) increase in "unskilled or low-skilled" migration to the country.Baganha Maria I. Portugal 2009 Statistics and Reality 263–280 Fassmann Heinz Concepts and Measurements of Migration in Europe Amsterdam University Press j.ctt46n2qg.17 978-90-8964-052-9 Reeger Ursula Sievers Wiebke The dismantling of tariff barriers subsequent to both countries' accessions led some scholars to predict the collapse of industry in the two countries; a columnist of the Harvard International Review, Anne Robinson, predicted "both Spain's and Portugal's generally under-productive and inefficient industries will collapse, creating profitable new markets for exporters in Europe's modernised north".Robinson Anne 1987 Growing Pains in the EEC Harvard International Review 9 2 40–48 42759941 0739-1854 "Restrictive administrative practices" in Spain, however, are noted as having "penalised" products from abroad, placing a preference on locally produced ones.Royo Sebastián 2010 Portugal and Spain in the EU: paths of economic divergence (2000-2007) Análise Social 45 195 209–254 41012796 0003-2573 Concerns were also expressed over potential impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy on the Portuguese farming industry, especially with regard to pushes for afforestation and extensification - although these were additionally noted to have benefits for some industries, including in logging and paper production.Moreira Manuel Belo 154189903 1989-12-01 The crisis of Portugese [sic] agriculture in relation to the EEC challenge Agriculture and Human Values en 6 1 70–81 10.1007/BF02219423 1572-8366 See also 1973 enlargement of the European Communities 1981 enlargement of the European Communities 1995 enlargement of the European Union 2004 enlargement of the European Union 2007 enlargement of the European Union 2013 enlargement of the European Union References Notes note External links University of Pittsburgh's Archive of European Integration, with relevant Bulletins of the European Communities and supplements Digital Research in European Studies' archives related to Spain's accession and Portugal's accession EuroparlTV's short film History: The Mediterranean Enlargement 1981-1986 open collapsed Category:1986 in Portugal Category:1986 in Spain Category:1986 in international relations Category:Foreign relations of Portugal Category:Foreign relations of Spain Category:January 1986 in Europe Category:History of the European Union Category:Political history of Portugal Category:Political history of Spain Category:History of European integration Category:Portugal and the European Union Category:Spain and the European Union