1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum

Referendum in British India August 2022 1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum Should the North-West Frontier Province join India or Pakistan? North-West Frontier Province (pop. 4m), British India 1947 07 06 1947 07 20 yes Join India 2,874 Join Pakistan 289,244 292,118 572,798 NWFP 1947 Referendum result.png Results by district. All six districts voted for Pakistan by an overwhelming margin of 99% British India 1948 1948 Junagadh referendum 1947 1947 Sylhet referendum The North-West Frontier Province referendum (ps د شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ایالت ټولپوښتنه) was held in July 1947 to decide whether the North-West Frontier Province of British India would join the Dominion of India or Pakistan upon the Partition of India. The polling began on 6 July and the results were made public on 20 July. Out of the total population of 4 million in the NWFP, only 572,798 were eligible to vote, of whom only 51.00% voted in the referendum. 289,244 (99.02%) of the votes were cast in favor of Pakistan and only 2,874 (0.98%) in favor of India.http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf Electoral History of NWFP dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf 10 August 2013https://books.google.com/books?id=NRsuDwAAQBAJ&q=referendum+nwfp+1947&pg=PA180 A Century of Crisis and Conflict in the International System: Theory and Evidence: Intellectual Odyssey III 25 July 2017 Michael Brecher Springer 9783319571560 2017-07-25 The NWFP Chief Minister Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (Dr. Khan Sahib), his brother Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and the Khudai Khidmatgars boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery In The Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken 5 August 2008 9780786724819 10 July 2013 Meyer Karl E. PublicAffairs https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/ Was Jinnah democratic? — II Daily Times December 25, 2011 February 24, 2019 Their appeal for boycott had an effect, as according to an estimate, the total turnout for the referendum was 15% lower than the total turnout in the 1946 elections.http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf Archived copy https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf 10 August 2013 2013-12-28 dead Background On 20 February 1947, Mountbatten was charged by the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee as Viceroy and Governor-General of India to oversee the transition of power in British India to Indians, by no later than 30 June 1948. Mountbatten's instructions from the government were to avoid partition and preserve a united India as a result of the transfer of power. He was, however, authorized to adapt to a changing situation in order to get the British out promptly with minimal reputational damage. Ziegler Philip Mountbatten: The Official Biography London HarperCollins 1985 978-0002165433 registration https://archive.org/details/mountbattenoffic00phil Ayesha Jalal The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA251 28 April 1994 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45850-4 250 These instructions were to avoid partition and obtain an unitary government for British India and the Indian States and at the same time observe the pledges to the princes and the Muslims; to secure agreement to the Cabinet Mission plan without coercing any of the parties; somehow to keep the Indian army undivided, and to retain India within the Commonwealth. (Attlee to Mountbatten, 18 March 1947, ibid, 972–974) Soon after he arrived, Mountbatten concluded that the situation in India was too volatile to wait even for a year before granting independence to India. Although his advisers favored a gradual transfer of independence, Mountbatten decided the only way forward was a quick and orderly transfer of independence within 1947. In his view, any longer would mean civil war. White Matthew Matthew White (atrocitologist) The Great Big Book of Horrible Things New York W. W. Norton 2012 978-0393081923 During his visit to the North-West Frontier Province on 28–29 April 1947, Mountbatten declared that a referendum would be held to decide the future of the province. On 2 June, Mountbatten presented his famous 3rd June Plan for the partition of British India, which included a provision for the referendum in the North-West Frontier Province. The All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress accepted the plan, but Abdul Ghaffar Khan, his Khudai Khidmatgar movement, and the All India Azad Muslim Conference, who were opposed to partition, opposed the plan. On 21 June, Mirzali Khan (Faqir of Ipi), Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Bacha Khan), and other Khudai Khidmatgars declared the Bannu Resolution, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new dominions of India or Pakistan.https://nation.com.pk/25-Aug-2019/past-in-perspective Past in Perspective The Nation August 25, 2019 August 25, 2019 However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of the Bannu Resolution and only the options for Pakistan and India were given.Ali Shah Sayyid Vaqar 1993 Afghanistan and the Frontier https://books.google.com/books?id=c05uAAAAMAAJ University of Michigan Emjay Books International 256 Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan MarwatH Johnson Thomas Thomas Howard Johnson Zellen Barry 2014 Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ZZAgAAQBAJ Stanford University Press 154 9780804789219 In response, Abdul Ghaffar Khan and his elder brother Chief Minister Dr. Khan Sahib boycotted the referendum on joining India or Pakistan, citing that it did not have the options for the province to become independent or join Afghanistan. Administration According to a letter issued by the Indian Army General Headquarter on 18 June 1947, the following eight military officers were selected by the government to assist the Referendum Commissioner in the referendum: Lt. Col. O.H. Mitchell Lt. Col. V.W. Tregear Lt. Col. R.W. Niva Lt. Col. M.W.H. White Lt. Col. G.M. Strover Lt. Col. W.I. Moberley Lt. Col. R.O.L.D. Byrene Maj. E. de G.H. Bromhead Some civilians were also included at the lower level of the referendum machinery under a close supervision of British Indian Army personnel. Mountbatten instructed the NWFP acting Governor Rob Lockhart that "each side should have equal facilities in the matter of the supply of petrol." Amnesty was granted to political prisoners, except those charged with serious crimes. Mountbatten met the leaders of the All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, and the following election charter was declared: It is desirable that in this referendum: a). Electioneering speeches, which can only lead to bloodshed should as far as possible be avoided; and b). The issue should be clearly put before the voters. To achieve these objects, it has been suggested: a). That electioneering speeches should by agreement between the parties, be banned; and b). That election posters should be prepared containing side by side and in very simple and agreed language, the issue what the two future Dominions will be and the respective advantages they have to offer to the NWFP. A map should be printed showing the areas of the two dominions. Result Although the voter turnout was low (51.00%), 99.02% of the votes were in favor of joining Pakistan. The turnout was lowest among non-Muslims (1.16%). In the Pashtun rural constituencies, the turnout was low in the districts of Mardan (41.56%) and Peshawar (41.68%), strongholds of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement which boycotted the referendum in favor of demanding a choice to form an independent Pashtunistan or joining Afghanistan. Constituency Electorate Voter turnout Votes Proportion of votes Proportion of electorate Join India Join Pakistan Join India Join Pakistan Join India Join Pakistan   Muslims Rural Bannu 51,080 65.16% 145 33,137 0.44%99.56% 0.28%64.87%   Dera Ismail Khan 45,642 64.55% 158 29,303 0.54%99.46% 0.35%64.20%   Hazara 109,762 76.22% 387 83,269 0.46%99.54% 0.35%75.86%   Kohat 52,020 62.14% 116 32,207 0.36%99.64% 0.22%61.91%   Mardan 86,777 41.56% 1,21034,852 3.36%96.64% 1.39% 40.16%   Peshawar 97,088 41.68% 568 39,902 1.40%98.60% 0.59% 41.10%   Urban 50,627 70.99% 262 35,680 0.73%99.27% 0.52%70.48%   Non-Muslims 79,802 1.16% 28894 3.04%96.96% 0.04%1.12%   Pashtuns 301,527 49.99% 2,082 148,649 1.38%98.62% 0.69%49.30%   Total 572,798 51.00% 2,874289,244 0.98%99.02% 0.50%50.50% Aftermath The NWFP was merged into the newly created Dominion of Pakistan on 15 August 1947. The elected provincial government of Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (Dr. Khan Sahib) was terminated on 22 August 1947 by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan. A Muslim League leader, Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, was installed as the new Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province on 23 August 1947. The new provincial government imprisoned the Khudai Khidmatgar movement's leader Abdul Ghaffar Khan, as well as the deposed Chief Minister Dr. Khan Sahib, and some other notable figures of the region. In July 1948, the British governor of the North-West Frontier Province, Ambrose Flux Dundas, enforced an ordinance which authorized the provincial government to detain anyone and confiscate their property without giving a reason.نن بابړه کې د وژل شوؤ سوؤنو پښتنو ورځ نمانځل کیږي - VoAزه بابړه یم - Noor ul Bashar Naveed The Babrra massacre, in which many Khudai Khidmatgar supporters were killed, happened on 12 August 1948.https://www.firstpost.com/world/70-years-after-babrra-massacre-victims-families-demand-justice-as-deaths-of-600-khudai-khidmatgars-remain-buried-in-history-4947251.html 70 years after Babrra massacre, victims' families demand justice, as deaths of 600 Khudai Khidmatgars remain buried in history - Firstpost www.firstpost.com 12 August 2018 2019-08-06 In mid-September 1948, the Pakistani government banned the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, who had boycotted the 1947 NWFP referendum, and many of their supporters were arrested. The provincial government destroyed the center of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement at Sardaryab (now in Charsadda District) near Peshawar.M. Rafique Afzal (1 April 2002). Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971. p. 38 OUP Pakistan. 0-19-579634-9. See also Durand Line Pashtunistan 1947 Sylhet referendum 1948 Junagadh referendum Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan References Category:1947 referendums Category:States and territories established in 1947 Category:Partition of India Category:1947 in British India Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1947–present) Category:Referendums in India Category:July 1947 in Asia Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border Category:20th century in North-West Frontier Province