1766 Istanbul earthquake

Earthquake in Turkey the earthquake of May 1766 the earthquake of August 1766 1766 Marmara earthquake 1766 Istanbul earthquake yes 1766 5 22 yes 05:10 Turkey Marmara 7.1 s y 40.8 29 type:event_region:TR-34 inline,title 4,000 WallsOfConstantinopleDamagedByEarthquake.jpg Drawing showing earthquake damage. A tower near the Hücum Kapısı ("The assault gate") belonging to the walls of Constantinople damaged by the earthquake in an engraving by W. H. Bartlett (ante 1838). North Anatolian Fault flooded Bosphorus shores, Galata, Mudanya, Princes' Islands Eyalet of Constantinople, Ottoman Empire The 1766 Istanbul earthquake was a strong earthquake with epicenter in the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, in the Çınarcık Basin (or near the Princes' Islands, north of the basin) which occurred in the early hours of Thursday morning, 22 May 1766.Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500 N. N. Ambraseys Nicholas Ambraseys J. A. Jackson Geophysical Journal International 141 3 F1 June 2000 2000GeoJI.141F...1A 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x free The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.1 on the surface-wave magnitude scale,N.N. Ambraseys Nicholas Ambraseys December 2001 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91 6 1397–1416 10.1785/0120000305 The Earthquake of 1509 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Revisited 2001BuSSA..91.1397A and caused effects in a vast area extending from Izmit to Rodosto (now Tekirdağ).https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/erhan-afyoncu/2017/08/20/istanbulun-son-buyuk-depremi Istanbul'un son buyuk depremi Erhan Afyoncu tr Sabah 20 August 2017 27 October 2019 In this area, the earthquake was followed by a tsunami which caused significant damage. The earthquake of 1766 was the last major earthquake to rock Istanbul because of a rupture of the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara region. Geology The Sea of Marmara is a pull-apart basin formed at a releasing bend in the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), a right-lateral strike-slip fault. East of the Sea of Marmara the NAF splits into three major branches; while the sinuous southern branch goes inland in a southwesterly direction up to Ayvacık, where it reaches the Aegean Sea near the southern mouth of the Dardanelles, the other two major branches (northern and central) of the NAF, being under the Sea of Marmara about 100 km apart, form the Marmara pull-apart basin, meeting again under the northeast Aegean Sea. This local zone of extension occurs where this transform boundary between the Anatolian Sub-Plate and the Eurasian plate steps northwards to the west of İzmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. Inside the Sea of Marmara there is a smaller pull-apart basin, named the North Marmara fault System (NMFS), which connect the three submarine basins (from west to east): Tekirdağ, Central and Çınarcık) with the Izmit and Ganos Fault (both inland). Near Istanbul the northern side of the NMFS pull-apart coincides with the northern branch of the NAF and is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault trends west–east and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is northwest–southeast trending and shows evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion.Armijo R. Meyer B. Navarro S. King G. Narka A. amp 2002 Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault? Terra Nova 14 2 80–86 http://www.ipgp.fr/~armijo/ArmijoPDF/ArmijoTN02.pdf 7 November 2019 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x 2002TeNov..14...80A 49553634 In 1766, the rupture of the fault happened either under the Princes' IslandsMaximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone Marco Bohnhoff Patricia Martínez-Garzón Fatih Bulut Eva Stierle Yehuda Ben-Zion 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.028 Tectonophysics 674 147–165 2 April 2016 2016Tectp.674..147B free or, more probably, under the Çınarcık Basin, since a more central break could not have caused the great tsunami that struck Istanbul and the Gulf of İzmit, although this had been produced by a submarine landslide.ftp://ftp.gps.caltech.edu/pub/avouac/Ge277-2013/Biblio/Hebert_2005_MarGeol.pdf Tsunami hazard in the Marmara Sea (Turkey): a numerical approach to discuss active faulting and impact on the Istanbul coastal areas Helene Hebert Francois Schindele Yildiz Altinok Bedri Alpar Cem Gazioglu 215 1–2 23–43 2005 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.006 2005MGeol.215...23H Marine Geology 1 November 2019 The 1766 event has been the last one caused by a rupture of the NAF in the Marmara region; successive large events which caused extensive damage in Istanbul, like the earthquake of 10 July 1894 (with epicenter in the Gulf of İzmit) and that of 9 August 1912 (with epicenter northwest of Marmara Island), have to be considered isolated events caused by the non uniform stress relief during the 18th century earthquake sequence, to which the 1766 event belongs. Since the second last major event with an epicenter in the Istanbul region occurred in 1509, a recurrence interval of 200 to 250 years has been hypothesized.An earthquake gap south of Istanbul Marco Bohnhoff Fatih Bulut Georg Dresen Peter E. Malin Tuna Eken Mustafa Aktar 10.1038/ncomms2999 23778720 Nature Communications 4:1999 1999 18 June 2013 2013NatCo...4.1999B free Characteristics The earthquake began half an hour after sunrise, at 5:10 a.m. on 22 May 1766, which was the third day of the Kurban Bairam.https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2018/09/26/istanbuls-nightmare-a-timeline-of-earthquakes-that-shook-the-city Istanbul's nightmare: A timeline of earthquakes that shook the city Daily Sabah Erhan Afyouncu 26 September 2018 1 November 2019 The first shock, accompanied by a loud roar, lasted two minutes: it was followed by a less intense shock lasting four minutes, and aftershocks continued for eight minutes. In the following weeks there were also several aftershocks, and the duration of the whole sequence amounted to one year. Mathematical models of this event using Coulomb stress transfer are consistent with a fault rupture whose length ranges from 70 to 120 km. The earthquake was felt as far away as Aydın, Thessaloniki, on Mount Athos, Aytos in eastern Bulgaria and along the west coast of the Black Sea.ftp://jetty.ecn.purdue.edu/sozen/Istanbul%20at%20the%20Threshold/Papers%20(in%20English)/Paper%2007%20Terra%20Motae%20-%20Longterm%20seismicity%20of%20Istanbul%20and%20the%20Marmara%20Sea%20region%20by%20Ambraseys%20Finkel.pdf N.N. Ambraseys Nicholas Ambraseys C. F. Finkel 3 5 527–539 1991 Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara sea region 26 October 2019 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00188.x Terra Nova dead 1991TeNov...3..527A This earthquake was compared to the catastrophic one in Lisbon, which occurred 11 years earlier.Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Historic Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Region – H.Ea.R.T.2015 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332041144 Şevket Erşan A Comparative Evaluation of the Results of Two Earthquakes: Istanbul and Lisbon Earthquake in 18th Century 31 October 2019 2–4 December 2015 LNEC, Portugal Damage thumb|The Fatih mosque and its complex (here in 1559 in a drawing of Melchior Lorck) were destroyed in 1766. The estimated area of significant damage (greater than the MCS VII grade (Very Strong)) extends from Bursa to Küçükçekmece,Recalculated probability of M>=7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey 22 May 2004 Tom Parsons Journal of Geophysical Research 109 B5 B05304 10.1029/2003JB002667 2004JGRB..109.5304P https://zenodo.org/record/1000712 7 November 2019 free but destruction occurred from Tekirdağ and Gelibolu to the west, İzmit to the east and Edirne to the north. The settlements on the Gulf of Mudanya also suffered damage, while Galata and Büyükçekmece were severely damaged. In Constantinople the intensity of the earthquake was estimated between grade VIIInterseismic strain build-up on the submarine North Anatolian Fault offshore Istanbul Dietrich Lange Heidrun Kopp Jean-Yves Royer Pierre Henry Ziyadin Çakir Florian Petersen Pierre Sakic Valerie Ballu Jörg Bialas Mehmet Sinan Özeren Semih Ergintav Louis Géli Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-019-11016-z free 31285439 6614505 10 1 3006 2019 2019NatCo..10.3006L and VIII-IX; many houses and public buildings collapsed. Furthermore, part of the underground water distribution system was destroyed; the Ayvad dam, on the upper Kâğıthane, was damaged, and in Istanbul the vault of an underground cistern subsided. In Istanbul, most of the mosques and churches were damaged, as was the Topkapı Palace: the sultan had to live in temporary housing until his home was restored.Earthquake time bombs https://books.google.com/books?id=v9jECgAAQBAJ&q=1766+constantinople+earthquake+sultan+topkapi&pg=PA189 Robert Yeats Cambridge University Press 2015 978-1-316-04818-4 10.1017/CBO9781316048184 2015etb..book.....Y 7 November 2019 The panicking populace was unable to go back home, and people sheltered themselves in tents pitched in wide and open spaces.https://www.istiklal.com.tr/kose-yazisi/osmanli-devletinde-depremler-ve-1509-buyuk-depremi/285129 Osmanlı Devlet'inde Depremler ve 1509 Büyük Depremi Istiklal Korai Kamaci 19 October 2015 tr 31 October 2019 Among the imperial mosques, the dome of that of Bayezid was damaged,Müller-Wiener 1977 388 while the minaret and the main dome of the mosque of Mihrimah collapsed.Müller-Wiener 1977 441 The Süleymaniye Mosque was also damaged,Müller-Wiener 1977 467 while the Fatih Mosque suffered the collapse of the minarets, the main dome and several secondary domes,Müller-Wiener 1977 407 and 100 students in the Koran school of the Külliye died; so the complex had to be rebuilt. The Kariye Mosque was also seriously damaged,Müller-Wiener 1977 162 but the Hagia Sophia survived instead almost unharmed.Müller-Wiener 1977 93http://www.jsce.or.jp/library/eq_repo/Vol1/TURKEY/Turkey/Chap10.pdf Damage to domes, minarets and historical structures 7 November 2019 The castle of Yedikule,Müller-Wiener 1977 341 Eğrikapı, Edirnekapı and the city walls were also damaged, while there was damage to Galata and Pera and to the Grand Bazaar.Müller-Wiener 1977 346Gülersoy Çelik Story of the Grand Bazaar İstanbul Kitaplıg Sultanahmet, İstanbul 1990 978-975-7687-02-3 28196009 12 At Çatalca and in the surrounding villages all the masonry buildings collapsed. Since the earthquake struck the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, serious damage was also recorded on the southern shore, from Mudanya to Karamürsel, and the tsunami waves made the ports unusable. The highest level of the tsunami was observed in the Bosphorus region. Casualties The number of deaths was estimated at 4,000, of which 880 were in Istanbul.http://www.ipgp.fr/~king/Geoffrey_King/Publications_files/PondardGJI07.pdf Fault interactions in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): earthquake clustering and propagating earthquake sequences Geophys. J. Int. 2007 171 3 1185–1197 Nicolas Pondard Rolando Armijo Geoffrey C. P. King Bertrand Meyer Frederic Flerit 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03580.x 2007GeoJI.171.1185P 7 November 2019 free August earthquake 1766 Marmara earthquake In August of the same year, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck the Dardanelles region. On that occasion the damage in Istanbul was slight.https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01264190/document Paleoseismology of the North Anatolian Fault at Güzelköy (Ganos segment, Turkey): Size and recurrence time of earthquake ruptures west of the Sea of Marmara Mustapha Meghraoui M. Ersen Aksoy H Serdar Akyüz Matthieu Ferry Aynur Dikbaş Erhan Altunel Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 13 4 2012 n/a 10.1029/2011GC003960 2012GGG....13.4005M 8409966 1 November 2019 This earthquake killed more than 5,000 people.Parsons T. Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 2004 109 B5 10.1029/2003JB002667 2004JGRB..109.5304P free References Sources Müller-Wiener Wolfgang Wolfgang Müller-Wiener 1977 Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17. Jh de Tübingen, Germany Wasmuth 978-3-8030-1022-3 3747838 Category:1766 disasters Category:1766 in Asia Category:1766 in Europe Category:1766 in Ottoman Empire Category:1766 in science Category:1760s earthquakes Category:18th century in Istanbul Category:18th-century tsunamis 1766 Category:Hagia Sophia Category:Sea of Marmara