(35107) 1991 VH

Binary near-Earth asteroid November 2021 yes (35107) 1991 VH #FFC2E0 1991VH Arecibo radar Aug9.png Radar images of 1991 VH and its satellite by Arecibo Observatory in 2008 R. H. McNaught Siding Spring Obs. 9 November 1991 (35107) 1991 VH NEOApolloPHA 21 January 2022 (JD 2459600.5) 0 29.34 yr (10,717 days) 1.3014 AU 0.9732 AU 1.1373 AU 0.1443 1.21 yr (443.02 days) 7.959° 0.8125991 ms / day 13.912° 139.349° 206.940° 0.02467 AU km LD out 1 1.30 x 1.25 x 1.18 km 1.18 0.18 km (primary) 1.58 0.08 12 kg (system)1.4 12 kg (primary)p-mass Primary mass is calculated from the difference between the system mass and secondary mass: 1.44 12 kg ≈ 1.58 12 kg – (0.086 × 1.58 12 kg). 1.7 0.8 g/cm3 2.6238 0.0001 h 0.17–0.18 Sk (SMASS)V–R=0.38 0.04R–I=0.36 0.04 17.02 0.07 (H-G)Nugent et al's two-parameter H-G model of near-infrared WISE photometry takes the asteroid's observed opposition surge behavior into account, yielding an absolute magnitude of H 17.02 and a slope parameter of G 0.24. An earlier analysis by Pravec et al. used R-band photometry from 2003 observations and obtained similar results: H 16.95 0.07 and G 0.26 0.0416.76 (assumed)Default fit of photometry from the Minor Planet Center's observations database, assuming a slope parameter of G 0.15. Because this assumption does not take the asteroid's actual opposition surge behavior into account, the absolute magnitude value H is underestimated. (35107) 1991 VH is a binary near-Earth asteroid and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 9 November 1991, by Australian astronomer Robert McNaught at Siding Spring Observatory. This binary system is composed of a roughly-spheroidal primary body about one kilometre in diameter, and an elongated natural satellite less than half a kilometre in diameter. The 1991 VH system is unusual for its dynamically excited state; the satellite has a tumbling, non-synchronous rotation that chaotically exchanges energy and angular momentum with its precessing, eccentric orbit. The cause of this is not known however a likely scenario is that (35107) 1991 VH had a close planetary encounter with Earth within ~50,000 to 80,000 kilometers. Another idea, though very unlikely, is that 1991 VH experienced a significant collision event within the past million years.Meyer Alex J. Fuentes-Muñoz Oscar Gkolias Ioannis Tsiganis Kleomenis Pravec Petr Naidu Shantanu Scheeres Daniel J. 2024-08-01 An Earth Encounter as the Cause of Chaotic Dynamics in Binary Asteroid (35107) 1991VH The Planetary Science Journal 5 8 179 10.3847/psj/ad6605 free 2407.13670 2024PSJ.....5..179M 2632-3338 This asteroid system was one of the two targets of NASA's Janus Mayhem mission, until the delay of the rocket launch made both targets inaccessible.https://spacenews.com/psyche-launch-delay-forcing-revamp-of-rideshare-mission/ Psyche launch delay forcing revamp of rideshare mission 9 June 2022 Jeff Foust spacenews.com 11 June 2022 Numbering and naming This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 27 February 2002. It has not yet been named. Orbit 1991 VH orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.98–1.30 AU once every 1.21 years (443 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. Close approaches The asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0247 AU e6km e6mi unit, which translates into approximately 9.6 lunar distances (LD). It has made multiple close approaches to Earth, with the closest being 0.0458 AU e6km e6mi unit or 17.8 LD on 15 August 2008. Physical characteristics Diameter, shape, and albedo High-resolution radar imaging from Goldstone and Arecibo Observatory in 2008 show that the 1991 VH primary is a roughly-spheroidal object with an equatorial ridge, bearing resemblance to a spinning top. This shape is not unique to 1991 VH as it been observed in other near-Earth asteroids; most notably 3200 Phaethon, 66391 Moshup, 101955 Bennu, and 162173 Ryugu.MacLennan Eric Marshall Sean Granvik Mikael Evidence of surface heterogeneity on active asteroid (3200) Phaethon Icarus December 31, 2022 388 115226 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115226 free 2203.08865 2022Icar..38815226M A number of topographical features, including a 100 m ft-wide concavity, are present along the object's equatorial ridge. A bright linear feature casting a shadow at the object's mid- to high-latitudes was also seen in the 2008 radar images. Preliminary modeling of the primary's shape in radar images indicates dimensions of 1.30 x 1.25 x 1.18 km mi, or a volume-equivalent diameter of 1.18 km mi. The geometric albedo for the primary is 0.17–0.18, considerably lower than infrared-based estimates of 0.30–0.40. Mass and density The total mass of the 1991 VH system is 1.58 0.08 12 kg, based on the orbital motion of the satellite. The mass ratio of the satellite to the primary is 0.086 0.018, corresponding to a primary mass of 1.4 12 kg—approximately 12 times as massive as the satellite.p-mass Given the primary mass and diameter, its density is estimated to be about 1.7 0.8 g/cm3, indicative of a rubble pile internal structure. Spectral type In the SMASS taxonomy, 1991 VH is classified as a transitional Sk-type, which is an intermediary between the common stony S-type and the less frequent K-type asteroids. Rotation Photometric observations in 1997 determined a primary rotation period of 2.624 hours, with a light curve amplitude of 0.08 0.01 magnitudes (U=3). Later photometric observations from 2003 to 2020 corroborated this result down to a precision of ±0.0001 seconds. Satellite yes S/2008 (35107) 1 1991VH satellite Arecibo radar Aug12.png Radar images of S/2008 (35107) 1 by Arecibo Observatory on 12 August 2008 P. PravecM. WolfL. Šarounová Ondřejov Obs. 27 February 1997 S/1997 (35107) 1 [spurious designation at JPL] 3.32 0.07 km 0.05 0.02 32.57 0.3 h(1.357 0.012 d) 148 9 °(wrt ecliptic) 270 30 ° a/b = 1.33 0.10 0.42 0.08 km(Ds/Dp0.40 0.02) 1.4 11 kgs-mass Secondary mass is calculated from the product of the system mass and secondary/primary mass ratio: 1.4 11 kg ≈ 0.086 × 1.58 12 kg. 11 - 16 h (chaotic) 17.2 (Δmag=0.2) S/2008 (35107) 1 is the secondary component and natural satellite of the 1991 VH system. Discovery S/2008 (35107) 1 is among the first near-Earth asteroid satellites discovered, alongside those of (385186) 1994 AW 1 and 3671 Dionysus. It was discovered on 27 February 1997, by astronomers Petr Pravec, Marek Wolf, and Lenka Šarounová at Ondřejov Observatory. The satellite was detected through photometric observations of periodic dips in the system's brightness, caused by mutual eclipses and occultations of the components. The discovery of the satellite was reported in a notice published by the International Astronomical Union on 29 March 1997, but was not officially confirmed until it was individually resolved in adaptive optics imaging by the Keck II telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory on 9 August 2008. The satellite was given the provisional designation S/2008 (35107) 1 on 19 September 2008. Origin As with many binary near-Earth asteroids, the 1991 VH system is thought to have formed through rotational fissioning of a progenitor body due to spin-up by the YORP effect. The resulting mass shed from the progenitor body coalesced in orbit to form the satellite. Exploration Janus (spacecraft) This asteroid system was the target of NASA's Janus Mayhem mission, which was planned to launch in 2022 alongside NASA's Psyche spacecraft, and to arrive in 2026. 1991 VH became impossible to reach for Janus when the launch of Psyche got delayed in May 2022. See also (175706) 1996 FG 3, binary near-Earth asteroid and former target of the Janus Serenity mission, until it became inaccessible due to the launch delay Notes References 30em 2021-03-13 last obs. JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 35107 (1991 VH) https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2035107 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 17 November 2021 (35107) = 1991 VH http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=35107 Minor Planet Center International Astronomical Union 17 November 2021 35107 Asteroid Lightcurve Database 18 November 2021 (35107) 1991 VH and S/2008 (35107) 1 http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-35107.html Wm. Robert Johnston Asteroids with Satellites Database Johnston's Archive 21 September 2014 18 November 2021 IAUC 5390: 1991 VH http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/05300/05390.html#Item1 Daniel W. E. Green International Astronomical Union Circular Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 18 November 1991 5390 1 17 November 2021 1991IAUC.5390....1M IAUC 6607: C/1995 O1; 1991 VH http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06600/06607.html#Item2 Daniel W. E. Green International Astronomical Union Circular Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 29 March 1997 6607 2 17 November 2021 1997IAUC.6607....2P M.P.C. 44864 https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2002/MPC_20020227.pdf Minor Planet Circulars Minor Planet Center 27 February 2002 182 19 November 2021 IAUC 8977: C/2008 S1; S/2008 (35107) 1 http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08900/08977.html#Item2 Daniel W. E. Green International Astronomical Union Circular Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 19 September 2008 8977 2 17 November 2021 2008IAUC.8977....2M Petr Pravec Marek Wolf Lenka Šarounová Occultation/Eclipse Events in Binary Asteroid 1991 VH Icarus May 1998 133 1 79–88 10.1006/icar.1998.5890 1998Icar..133...79P 120621640 etal P. Pravec P. Scheirich P. Kušnirák L. Šarounová S. Mottola G. Hahn Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids Icarus March 2006 181 1 63–93 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.014 2006Icar..181...63P 121896605 Gary A. Vander Haagen (35107) 1991 VH: An Apollo Binary Asteroid http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2010MPBu...37...36V The Minor Planet Bulletin January 2010 37 1 36 2010MPBu...37...36V Julia Fang Jean-Luc Margot Near-Earth Binaries and Triples: Origin and Evolution of Spin-Orbital Properties The Astronomical Journal January 2012 143 1 24 14 free 10.1088/0004-6256/143/1/24 1111.2794 2012AJ....143...24F 39176783 Petr Pravec Alan W. Harris Peter Kušnirák Adrián Galád Kamil Hornoch Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations Icarus September 2012 221 1 365–387 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026 2012Icar..221..365P 123017048 11104/0217021 free Shantanu P. Naidu Jean-Luc Margot Near-Earth Asteroid Satellite Spins Under Spin-orbit Coupling The Astronomical Journal February 2015 149 2 80 11 free 10.1088/0004-6256/149/2/80 1410.0082 2015AJ....149...80N 22342100 53630711 etal P. Pravec P. Scheirich P. Kušnirák K. Hornoch A. Galád S. P. Naidu Binary asteroid population. 3. Secondary rotations and elongations http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0019103515005722/pdf/S0019103515005722.pdf Icarus March 2016 267 267–295 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.019 2016Icar..267..267P 123330211 etal C. R. Nugent A. Mainzer P. Kušnirák K. Hornoch A. Galád S. P. Naidu NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos The Astronomical Journal September 2016 152 3 63 12 free 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63 1606.08923 2016AJ....152...63N 119289027 etal Shantanu Naidu Jean-Luc Margot Lance Benner Patrick A. Taylor Michael C. Nolan Chris Magri Radar Observations and Characterization of Binary Near-Earth Asteroid (35107) 1991 VH https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/51755/CL%2319-5455.pdf 50rd Annual DPS Meeting American Astronomical Society October 2018 312.09 2018DPS....5031209N https://web.archive.org/web/20220511170629/https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/51755/CL%2319-5455.pdf 11 May 2022 etal K. C. Sorli P. Hayne D. Scheeres J. McMahon P. Pravec S. Naidu Thermophysical Modeling of Binary Asteroid Systems for the Janus Mission https://baas.aas.org/pub/2020n6i217p07/release/1 52nd Annual DPS Meeting American Astronomical Society October 2020 52 6 217.07 2020DPS....5221707S etal D. J. Scheeres J. W. McMahon E. B. Bierhaus J. Wood L. A. M. Benner C. M. Hartzell Janus: A NASA SIMPLEx mission to explore two NEO Binary Asteroids https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1706.pdf 52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Lunar and Planetary Institute October 2018 2548 1706 2021LPI....52.1706S etal P. Pravec D. J. Scheeres J. W. McMahon A. J. Meyer P. Kušnirák K. Hornoch Photometric observations of the unrelaxed binary near-Earth asteroid (35107) 1991 VH in support of the NASA Janus space mission – Detection of a spin-orbit interaction http://www.asu.cas.cz/~ppravec/pdc2021_Pravecetal_1991VH.pdf 7th IAA Planetary Defense Conference International Academy of Astronautics 27 April 2021 External links Asteroid (35107) 1991 VH, Small Bodies Data Ferret, NASA LCDB Data for (35107) 1991 VH, Asteroid Lightcurve Database Photometric observations of the unrelaxed binary near-Earth asteroid (35107) 1991 VH in support of the NASA Janus space mission – Detection of a spin-orbit interaction, Petr Pravec et al., 7th IAA Planetary Defense Conference, International Academy of Astronautics, 27 April 2021 Radar observations of (35107) 1991 VH, Jean-Luc Margot et al. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles 1991 VH double period lightcurve, Petr Pravec, Astronomical Institute of Czech Academy of Sciences (Archived 6 December 1998) 35107 2035107 35107 (35107) 1991 VH Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Solar System Science Category:Apollo asteroids Category:Discoveries by Robert H. McNaught Category:Potentially hazardous asteroids Category:Sk-type asteroids (SMASS) Category:Binary asteroids 19911109