1871 Internal Campaign

July 2026 Military campaign by the French government 1871 Internal Campaign / French Civil War of 1871 P1330079 Carnavalet Boulanger commune Villette P393 rwk.jpg Gustave Boulanger, La Villette Surrounded by Versailles Troops, May 1871, Musée Carnavalet. Paris Commune 1871 3 18 – 1871 6 7(81 days) France Versailles government victory French Third Republic(Government of Versailles) Paris Commune20px|border Marseille Commune20px|border Saint-Étienne Commune20px|border Lyon Commune20px|border Narbonne Commune20px|border Le Creusot Communeand other movements seeking to establish insurrectionary communes in France. Paris:Patrice de MacMahonMarseille:Henri Espivent de La Villesboisnet Paris:120,000 menTombs Robert Paris, bivouac des révolutions Paris, Bivouac of the Revolutions Paris Libertalia 2014 295 978-2-918059-44-8 fr Paris:20,000–170,000 menTombs Robert Paris, bivouac des révolutions Paris, Bivouac of the Revolutions Paris Libertalia 2014 280–281 978-2-918059-44-8 frTombs Robert Paris, bivouac des révolutions Paris, Bivouac of the Revolutions Paris Libertalia 2014 303 978-2-918059-44-8 fr Paris:877 killedRougerie Jacques Paris libre 1871 Points Histoire Paris Éditions du Seuil 2004 107 9782020554657 frMac Mahon Patrice de L'Armée de Versailles, depuis sa formation jusqu'à la complète pacification de Paris Paris Ghio 1872 44 fr6,454 wounded,183 missing,Marseille:30 killedRougerie Jacques La Commune de 1871 Que sais-je ? Paris Presses Universitaires de France 2021 105 9782715407084 fr50 wounded Paris:5,700–10,000 killedTombs Robert Paris, bivouac des révolutions Paris, Bivouac of the Revolutions Paris Libertalia 2014 317–318 978-2-918059-44-8 frRougerie Jacques La Commune de 1871 Que sais-je ? Paris Presses Universitaires de France 2021 116 9782715407084 fr43,522 capturedRougerie Jacques La Commune de 1871 Que sais-je ? Paris Presses Universitaires de France 2021 117 9782715407084 frMarseille:150 killed500 captured The 1871 Internal Campaign was the official name used by the Government of Versailles to designate the series of military operations intended to regain control of the entire French territory, suppress various groups advocating direct democracy—most notably the National Guard and the established insurrectionary communes (Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Saint-Étienne, Narbonne, Le Creusot)—and prevent other revolutionary movements from establishing communes, such as the proposed Commune of Besançon and disturbances in Toulouse, Brest, and elsewhere. The conflict has also been referred to as the French Civil War of 1871Fiaux Louis Histoire de la guerre civile de 1871 : le gouvernement et l'assemblée de Versailles, la Commune de Paris Paris 1879 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5722264g Gallica fr G. Charpentier or simply the Civil WarTombs Robert Paris and the Rural Hordes: An Exploration of Myth and Reality in the French Civil War of 1871 The Historical Journal 29 4 1986 795–808 10.1017/S0018246X00019051 by contemporaries and foreign observers. Taking place during the political transition following the collapse of the Second French Empire, the conflict pitted the regular French Army of the Versailles government against the National Guard supporting the Communards between 18 March and 7 June 1871. Its best-known episode was the Bloody Week. Although the victory of the Versailles government brought the civil war in France to an end, ensured the continuation of representative democracy, and allowed the implementation of the Treaty of Frankfurt, the severity of the repression, its human cost, and the atrocities committed left lasting scars on French society.Rougerie Jacques La Commune de 1871 Que sais-je ? Paris Presses Universitaires de France 2021 116–117 9782715407084 fr The repression also contributed to the radicalization of some anarchists, who carried out a series of attacks until the end of the 19th century.Merriman John The Dynamite Club: How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siècle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror New Haven Yale University Press 2009 3–15 The National Guard, long regarded as one of the symbols of the French Revolution, was subsequently dissolved.Rougerie Jacques La Commune de 1871 Que sais-je ? Paris Presses Universitaires de France 2021 117 9782715407084 fr The defeat of the Communards also had a significant international impact, particularly within the labor movement, and inspired the publication of The Civil War in France by Karl Marx.Ross Kristin Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune London Verso 2015 1–15 History The 1871 Internal Campaign followed shortly after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, whose hostilities had concluded with the Armistice of 28 January 1871. At the same time, other armed suppressions of insurrectionary movements took place in French Algeria, notably the suppression of the Henanchas revolt and the Mokrani Revolt. Initially, the troops stationed in Paris withdrew to Versailles following the outbreak of the insurrection of 18 March.Milza Pierre L'année terrible. Vol. 2: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) Paris Perrin 2009 23–24 9782262030735 fr During the final days of March, a series of skirmishes occurred west of the capital, particularly at the Courbevoie roundabout, which was recaptured by the regular army under General Joseph Vinoy.Milza Pierre L'année terrible. Vol. 2: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) Paris Perrin 2009 136–138 9782262030735 fr On 3 April, following an initial engagement at the Bergères roundabout (the Battle of Courbevoie), government forces successfully repelled the Commune's attempted "march on Versailles"Milza Pierre L'année terrible. Vol. 2: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) Paris Perrin 2009 141–149 9782262030735 fr during the Battle of Rueil and the Battle of Meudon. On 6 April 1871, nineteen days after the outbreak of the Paris insurrection, Adolphe Thiers, then serving as the "Head of the Executive Power of the French Republic", signed a decree at Versailles reorganizing the army "for the restoration of order in France". Because Vinoy was held responsible for the failure of 18 March,Milza Pierre L'année terrible. Vol. 2: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) Paris Perrin 2009 135–136 9782262030735 fr the more popular Marshal Patrice de MacMahon was appointed commander-in-chief.Journal officiel de la République française Journal officiel de la République française 8 April 1871 461 Imprimerie nationale Paris https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb328020909/date Gallica fr Military operations began on 11 April around the capital, with the objectives of capturing Fort d'Issy and the salient at the Porte du Point-du-Jour. Throughout the remainder of the month, numerous positions were recaptured by the Versailles Army, which had been reinforced from 23 April onward by the arrival of two additional army corps composed of prisoners of war who had escaped or been released by Germany. On 9 May, Fort d'Issy was occupied after two weeks of fighting. Fort de Vanves fell on 13 May, the day that marked the beginning of the full-scale assault on the capital's fortifications.Hue Gustave Analyse des principales campagnes conduites en Europe depuis Louis XIV jusqu'à nos jours Paris Jouvet 1880 50–53 fr On 21 May, Versailles troops entered Paris intra muros, beginning a week of fighting and atrocities known as the Bloody Week.Milza Pierre L'année terrible. Vol. 2: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) Paris Perrin 2009 378–414 9782262030735 fr Although the final assaults took place on 28 May, the official end of the campaign was not fixed until 7 June by a ministerial circular dated 22 May 1873. The circular also classified the following more limited military interventions as part of the "internal campaign": Toulouse (22 March–3 April) Marseille (Marseille Commune, 23 March –4 April) Narbonne (Narbonne Commune, 24 March–31 March) Saint-Étienne (Saint-Étienne Commune, 25 March–1 April) Limoges (4 April–7 April) Bordeaux (17 April) Lyon (Lyon Commune, 30 April–1 May) Montereau (7 May–8 May).Pensions militaires : volume mis à jour à la date du 13 mai 1930 Paris Lavauzelle 1930 376 fr The Treaty of Frankfurt was signed on 10 May 1871, while the internal situation in France had not yet been fully stabilized. German troops occupied part of French territory until 1873. See also Franco-Prussian War Paris Commune Bloody Week References Bibliography Rougerie Jacques Paris libre, 1871 Paris Free, 1871 Paris Éditions du Seuil Points. Histoire 2004 2-02-055465-8 0768-0457 Rougerie2004 Rougerie Jacques La Commune de 1871 The Commune of 1871 Presses universitaires de France 2021 978-2-7154-0708-4 Rougerie2021 Tombs Robert Paris, bivouac des Révolutions Libertalia 2014 978-2-918059-44-8 Tombs2014 Category:Paris Commune Category:Civil wars of the 19th century fr:Campagne de 1871 à l'intérieur