2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum

none August 2022 Do you support the final agreement to end the conflict and build a stable and lasting peace? Colombia 2 October 2016 6,382,901 6,438,552 13,062,917 34,899,945 Mapa de Colombia (resultados plebiscito acuerdo de paz 2016 por departamentos).svg department The Colombian peace agreement referendum was held on 2 October 2016, aiming to ratify the final agreement on the termination of the Colombian conflict between the Colombian government and the FARC guerillas.Colombia decide el próximo 2 de octubre en referéndum si avala el acuerdo de paz con las FARC http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2016/08/25/57bdc046468aeb9e188b4590.html 25 August 2016 El Mundo 25 August 2016 es 25 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160825112842/http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2016/08/25/57bdc046468aeb9e188b4590.html live It failed, with 50.2% voting against it and 49.8% voting in favor.Colombia referendum: Voters reject Farc peace deal https://web.archive.org/web/20180930152644/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-37537252 30 September 2018 BBC News, 3 October 2016 Approval of the referendum was taken for granted in Colombia prior to the vote based on opinion polls. However, the 'No' option ended up winning by a narrow margin. The result was compared to the outcome of the Brexit referendum and Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, both also held in 2016.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/03/colombias-peace-further-away-is-further-away-but-it-may-still Colombia’s Brexit moment as politicians misjudge popular anger at Farc amnesty The Guardian 3 October 2016https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-10-03/wrong-again-poll-driven-wisdom-failed-in-colombia-where-next Wrong Again: Poll-Driven Wisdom Failed in Colombia. Where Next? Bloomberg 3 October 2016https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/brexit-colombia-and-trump-democracy-at-its-best Brexit, Colombia and Trump: electoral and direct democracy at their best OpenDemocracy 10 November 2016 Background Colombian conflict The conflict is historically rooted in a period of Colombian history known as La Violencia, which was triggered by the 1948 assassination of liberal political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán,Beyond Bogota: Diary of a Drug War Journalist https://archive.org/details/beyondbogotadiar00leec registration Garry Leech Beacon Press Boston, MA 2009 978-0-8070-6148-0 242–247 and in the aftermath of the anti-communist repression in rural Colombia in the 1960s that led Liberal and Communist militants to re-organize into the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization Mario A. Murillo Jesús Rey Avirama Seven Stories Press 978-1-58322-606-3 2004 https://archive.org/details/colombiaunitedst00muri registration la violencia colombia united states. 57 The aim of the vote was the direct approval or rejection by voters of the agreements signed between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in Cartagena de Indias, 27 September 2016. The peace negotiations began on 26 August 2012, in Havana, and concluded on 25 August 2016.Colombia - FARC: La cronología del proceso de paz http://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/colombia-y-farc-cronologia-historico-proceso-paz-noticia-1926617 25 August 2016 El Comercio 25 August 2016 es 25 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160825182027/http://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/colombia-y-farc-cronologia-historico-proceso-paz-noticia-1926617 live El Gobierno colombiano y las FARC firman el pacto definitivo por la paz http://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-firma-acuerdo-entre-gobierno-colombiano-y-farc-201608250203_noticia.html 25 August 2016 ABC 25 August 2016 es 25 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160825143936/http://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-firma-acuerdo-entre-gobierno-colombiano-y-farc-201608250203_noticia.html live Colombia abre una nueva era al lograr un acuerdo de paz con las FARC tras 52 años de guerra http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/08/24/colombia/1472064662_537059.html 25 August 2016 El País 25 August 2016 es 25 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160825191409/http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/08/24/colombia/1472064662_537059.html live Lafuente Javier The final agreement included topics of rural reform, political participation, the end of hostilities, solutions to the production of illicit drugs, the rights of victims, and the mechanisms of implementation and verification.December 2020 On 18 July 2016 the Constitutional Court approved the holding of a national plebiscite to validate the peace agreement.Colombia decide el próximo 2 de octubre en referéndum si avala el acuerdo de paz con las FARC http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/justicia/corte-aprueba-plebiscito-para-refrendacion-de-acuerdos/16648418 25 August 2016 El Tiempo 18 July 2016 es 20 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160820161101/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/justicia/corte-aprueba-plebiscito-para-refrendacion-de-acuerdos/16648418 live The ballot paper consisted of a single question for voters and that being whether to approve or reject the signed peace agreements: ¿Apoya el acuerdo final para terminación del conflicto y construcción de una paz estable y duradera?Oficial: esta es la pregunta para el plebiscito por la paz http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/plebiscito-por-la-paz-pregunta-del-plebiscito-por-la-paz-en-colombia/16686937 30 August 2016 El Tiempo 30 August 2016 es 31 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160831155941/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/plebiscito-por-la-paz-pregunta-del-plebiscito-por-la-paz-en-colombia/16686937 live (Do you support the final agreement to end the conflict and build a stable and lasting peace?) For the agreement to be approved, the "Yes" votes had to account for at least 13% of the electorate (i.e., 4,396,626 votes out of a total of 34,899,945 registered votershttp://www.registraduria.gov.co/-Censo-Electoral,3661-.html Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil 2016-09-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20161114182142/http://www.registraduria.gov.co/-Censo-Electoral,3661-.html 14 November 2016 dead ) and outnumber the "No" votes. Campaign Yes President Juan Manuel Santos, who was a promoter of the peace talks, announced the support for the 'Yes' option.Presidente Santos oficializó la campaña por el 'Sí' en el plebiscito en Palmira http://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/actualidad/presidente-santos-oficializo-la-campana-por-el-si-en-el-plebiscito-en-palmira/20160830/nota/3231941.aspx 30 August 2016 W Radio 30 August 2016 es 31 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160831163237/http://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/actualidad/presidente-santos-oficializo-la-campana-por-el-si-en-el-plebiscito-en-palmira/20160830/nota/3231941.aspx live The 'Yes' campaign received the support of many members of the Colombian community from the political left (Gustavo Petro, César Gaviria, Antonio Navarro Wolff, Piedad Cordoba), centre (Antanas Mockus, Sergio Fajardo, Lucho Garzon, Claudia López Hernández) and right (German Vargas Lleras, Enrique Peñalosa, Mauricio Cárdenas). The political parties that were in favour are the Alternative Democratic Pole, the Social Party of National Unity, Radical Change, the Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation, the Indigenous Social Alliance Movement, the Green Party of Colombia, the Colombian Conservative Party and the Liberal Party of Colombia.Partido de la U inicia gran campaña en favor del plebiscito por la paz http://www.lafm.com.co/pol%C3%ADtica/noticias/partido-de-u-inicia-gran-campa-195833 30 August 2016 lafm.com.co 12 April 2016 es https://web.archive.org/web/20160911033029/http://www.lafm.com.co/pol%C3%ADtica/noticias/partido-de-u-inicia-gran-campa-195833 11 September 2016 dead dmy-all Cambio Radical defiende su sí al plebiscito por la paz http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/politica/cambio-radical-defiende-su-si-al-plebiscito-paz-articulo-651962 30 August 2016 El Espectador 30 August 2016 es 31 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160831133142/http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/politica/cambio-radical-defiende-su-si-al-plebiscito-paz-articulo-651962 live thumb|left|Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos signing the peace treaty with FARC leader Rodrigo Londono Echeverri, also known as Timochenko Although, most public figures in Colombia refused to explicitly declare their support for either the 'Yes' or 'No' vote, many indicated their support for 'Yes' through various messages. Colombia's best-known singers Shakira, Carlos Vives, Juanes and Fonseca all posted messages of support and hope for peace on their Twitter accounts.Shakira, Carlos Vives y Fonseca hicieron llamado de paz tras la firma de los acuerdos http://www.rcnradio.com/entretenimiento/shakira-carlos-vives-fonseca-hicieron-llamado-paz-tras-la-firma-los-acuerdos/ RCN Radio es 27 September 2016 2 October 2016 6 January 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170106002708/http://www.rcnradio.com/entretenimiento/shakira-carlos-vives-fonseca-hicieron-llamado-paz-tras-la-firma-los-acuerdos/ live Desde Juanes al Pibe, los famosos le dan el Sí a la paz http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/plebiscito-por-la-paz-famosos-que-apoyan-el-si/496092 Semana es 30 September 2016 2 October 2016 2 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161002042924/http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/plebiscito-por-la-paz-famosos-que-apoyan-el-si/496092 live International footballer Falcao wrote a letter to the newspaper El Tiempo in which he stated that he imagined "a country with the capacity to forgive",Falcao García Radamel Falcao 'Me imagino un país que tenga la capacidad de perdonar': Falcao http://www.eltiempo.com/deportes/futbol/el-mensaje-por-la-paz-en-colombia-por-falcao-garcia/16711363 El Tiempo es 28 September 2016 2 October 2016 29 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160929072815/http://www.eltiempo.com/deportes/futbol/el-mensaje-por-la-paz-en-colombia-por-falcao-garcia/16711363 live while former Colombian striker Carlos Valderrama was more outspoken in his support, appearing at campaign rallies for the 'Yes' vote and saying he wanted a better country for his children.Todo bien, todo bien a la paz http://caracol.com.co/radio/2016/09/29/nacional/1475159732_862392.html Caracol Radio es 29 September 2016 2 October 2016 1 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161001025159/http://caracol.com.co/radio/2016/09/29/nacional/1475159732_862392.html live Cyclist Nairo Quintana, who had won the Vuelta a España and come second in the Tour de France in 2016, asked his fellow Colombians to support the peace accord, describing it as "a step we had to take".El mensaje de paz de Nairo Quintana tras su victoria http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/nairo-quintana-y-su-mensaje-de-paz-tras-su-victoria-articulo-651927 El Espectador es 29 August 2016 2 October 2016 27 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160927011244/http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/nairo-quintana-y-su-mensaje-de-paz-tras-su-victoria-articulo-651927 live Novelist Héctor Abad Faciolince, whose father Héctor Abad Gómez had been murdered for his stance on human rights, expressed his happiness that an accord had been reached.Fin de las negociaciones de paz es un día de alegría, dice Héctor Abad Faciolince http://caracol.com.co/emisora/2016/08/25/medellin/1472148490_043090.html Caracol Radio es 25 August 2016 2 October 2016 5 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063952/http://caracol.com.co/emisora/2016/08/25/medellin/1472148490_043090.html live Internationally renowned sculptor Fernando Botero sent a sculpture of a white dove to the Colombian presidential palace, created in his signature "fat" style of portraying people and animals. It was accompanied by a message that he had wanted to create "this present for my country in order to express my support and my solidarity with this [peace] process".Pintor Fernando Botero regala 'Paloma de la paz' como homenaje a acuerdo en Colombia http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2016/09/24/nota/5818726/pintor-fernando-botero-regala-paloma-paz-como-homenaje-acuerdo El Universo es 27 September 2016 2 October 2016 27 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160927184318/http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2016/09/24/nota/5818726/pintor-fernando-botero-regala-paloma-paz-como-homenaje-acuerdo live A Twitter campaign to promote the peace process outside Colombia, entitled "#Peace4Colombia", attracted the support of Colombian-born Hollywood actor John Leguizamo and Spanish singer Miguel Bosé, who holds honorary Colombian nationality.Deisy Alejandra Avila #Peace4Colombia, la campaña que une al mundo por la paz del país http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/peace4colombia-la-campana-para-promover-la-paz-en-el-mundo/16708624 El Tiempo es 22 September 2016 2 October 2016 5 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161005071819/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/peace4colombia-la-campana-para-promover-la-paz-en-el-mundo/16708624 live Most displaced Colombian victims living outside of the country supported the Yes vote, and voted accordingly, although some were critical of having been excluded from the peace process.https://theconversation.com/what-displaced-colombians-living-abroad-think-about-the-peace-efforts-66467 What displaced Colombians living abroad think about the peace efforts Pugh Jeffrey D. The Conversation 15 June 2017 en 4 August 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170804220116/https://theconversation.com/what-displaced-colombians-living-abroad-think-about-the-peace-efforts-66467 live No The most prominent campaigner for the 'No' vote was current senator and former president Álvaro Uribe.Uribe dice que nada justifica participación de las Farc en política http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/expresidente-alvaro-uribe-se-ratifica-en-la-campana-por-el-no-en-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16683533 30 August 2016 El Tiempo 26 August 2016 es 30 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160830221457/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/expresidente-alvaro-uribe-se-ratifica-en-la-campana-por-el-no-en-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16683533 live Uribe built his career, including two terms as president, on promises to tackle the guerrilla groups in the country, and had been an outspoken critic of Santos, his successor as president, ever since Santos began negotiations with the FARC. Uribe was supported by senior members of his Democratic Center party, including the 2014 presidential candidate Óscar Iván Zuluaga, 2014 vice-presidential candidate Carlos Holmes Trujillo, and then-senator and eventual president Iván Duque Márquez. The party presented several arguments against the peace deal, among them that the guerrillas would not serve time in prison, that they would automatically be awarded ten seats in Congress, that the deal would legalize narcotrafficking, and that in pursuing the negotiations Santos had gone beyond the terms of the Colombian constitution.Centro Democrático promoverá el "no" en el plebiscito por la paz http://www.rcnradio.com/locales/centro-democratico-promoveria-no-plebiscito-la-paz/ RCN Radio es 2 August 2016 25 August 2016 6 January 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170106001429/http://www.rcnradio.com/locales/centro-democratico-promoveria-no-plebiscito-la-paz/ live Iván Duque Márquez Carlos Holmes Trujillo Óscar Iván Zuluaga Óscar Iván Zuluaga La verdadera paz empieza con el No http://www.eltiempo.com/multimedia/especiales/argumentos-del-centro-democratico-para-votar-no-en-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16684980 El Tiempo es 27 August 2016 2 October 2016 11 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211407/http://www.eltiempo.com/multimedia/especiales/argumentos-del-centro-democratico-para-votar-no-en-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16684980 live Other senior political figures who spoke out against the peace accord were conservative former Inspector General Alejandro Ordóñez, who feared it would legitimize violence within the country,'Si el 'No' pierde sería legitimar la violencia': Alejandro Ordóñez http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/alejandro-ordonez-habla-del-no-en-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16714897 El Tiempo es 29 September 2016 2 October 2016 1 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161001234603/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/alejandro-ordonez-habla-del-no-en-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16714897 live and former president Andrés Pastrana, rejecting the position of his own Conservative Party.Jorge Cantillo Barrios Pastrana se une a Uribe para apoyar el 'no' en el plebiscito http://www.elheraldo.co/politica/pastrana-se-une-uribe-para-apoyar-el-no-en-el-plebiscito-282207 El Heraldo es 29 September 2016 2 October 2016 3 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161003104850/http://www.elheraldo.co/politica/pastrana-se-une-uribe-para-apoyar-el-no-en-el-plebiscito-282207 live As Uribe's predecessor as president, Pastrana had himself attempted to negotiate a peace deal with the FARC between 1999 and 2002. Outside of politics, other well-known Colombians also rejected the peace deal. Novelist and filmmaker Fernando Vallejo, who was born in Colombia but who became a naturalized Mexican citizen in 2007, launched a strong attack against the negotiations during a debate at the World Summit of Art and Culture for Peace in Bogotá on 6 April 2016, describing president Santos as "shameless" and calling the FARC "thugs".La violenta diatriba del escritor Fernando Vallejo http://www.semana.com/cultura/articulo/fernando-vallejo-habla-de-los-dialogos-de-paz-con-las-farc/423208-3 Semana es 6 April 2016 2 October 2016 13 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161013152506/http://www.semana.com/cultura/articulo/fernando-vallejo-habla-de-los-dialogos-de-paz-con-las-farc/423208-3 live The strongly religious footballer Daniel Alejandro Torres, a regular starter in the Colombia national football team during 2016, published a video on his Instagram account in which he accused Santos of not placing Jesus at the heart of the negotiations.Señor presidente, el centro de esta negociación no es Jesucristo http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/daniel-torres-le-dice-a-juan-manuel-santos-que-el-centro-de-la-negociacion-no-es-jesucristo/495766 Semana es 27 September 2016 2 October 2016 2 October 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051440/http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/daniel-torres-le-dice-a-juan-manuel-santos-que-el-centro-de-la-negociacion-no-es-jesucristo/495766 live Jhon Jairo Velásquez (known as "Popeye"), the former hitman for Pablo Escobar and the Medellín drug cartel, also expressed his opposition to the accord. Opinion polls Attitudes among Colombians were aligned to support for Santos or Uribe: those who supported Uribe's party and his preferred candidates showed lower support for the peace process, while those who supported Santos did the opposite.Matanock Aila M. Garcia-Sanchez Miguel The Colombian Paradox: Peace Processes, Elite Divisions & Popular Plebiscites Daedalus 2017 146 4 152–166 10.1162/DAED_a_00466 57572347 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0dx82536 free It was also noted that the support for the peace process was lower if specific policies were linked to the FARC.Matanock Aila M. Garbiras-Diaz Natalia Considering Concessions: A Survey Experiment on the Colombian Peace Process Conflict Processes and Peace Science 23 November 2023 10.2139/ssrn.2822599 2822599 free The following table shows the results of opinion polling from the date of the announcement of the wording of the referendum question on 30 August 2016 up to the date of the referendum on 2 October 2016. Date(s) conducted Sample size Margin of error Polling organisation/client Yes No 31 Aug–1 Sep 2016 2,109 2.13% Datexco/W Radio & El TiempoEl 'sí' al plebiscito por la paz se impone en gran encuesta de Datexco http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/encuesta-del-plebiscito-por-la-paz-para-el-tiempo-y-w-radio/16689998 El Tiempo es 2 September 2016 22 September 2016 20 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160920144421/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/encuesta-del-plebiscito-por-la-paz-para-el-tiempo-y-w-radio/16689998 live 59.5% 33.2% 1–5 Sep 2016 1,526 4.9% Ipsos Napoleón Franco/RCN, La FM & SemanaEl Sí va ganando en el plebiscito http://www.semana.com/nacion/galeria/plebiscito-por-la-paz-en-las-encuestas-el-si-va-ganando/493335 Semana es 10 September 2016 22 September 2016 22 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160922031923/http://www.semana.com/nacion/galeria/plebiscito-por-la-paz-en-las-encuestas-el-si-va-ganando/493335 live 72% 28% 6–8 Sep 2016 2,109 2.13% Datexco/W Radio & El TiempoCosta Caribe, donde más votarían 'Sí' en el plebiscito http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/encuesta-de-datexco-sobre-el-plebiscito/16696621 El Tiempo es 9 September 2016 22 September 2016 12 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160912223305/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/encuesta-de-datexco-sobre-el-plebiscito/16696621 live 64.8% 28.1% 13–15 Sep 2016 2,109 2.13% Datexco/W Radio & El TiempoTercera gran encuesta: 'Sí', 55,3 %; 'No', 38,3 % http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/encuesta-sobre-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16704196 El Tiempo es 16 September 2016 22 September 2016 20 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160920182352/http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/encuesta-sobre-el-plebiscito-por-la-paz/16704196 live 55.3% 38.3% 14–18 Sep 2016 1,200 4.9% Invamer–Gallup Colombia/Caracol Televisión, Blu Radio & El EspectadorA 11 días del plebiscito por la paz, el "Sí" sigue siendo mayoría http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/11-dias-del-plebiscito-paz-el-si-sigue-siendo-mayoria-articulo-655892 El Espectador es 20 September 2016 22 September 2016 22 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160922061232/http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/11-dias-del-plebiscito-paz-el-si-sigue-siendo-mayoria-articulo-655892 live 67.6% 32.4% 15–20 Sep 2016 3,007 2.0% Cifras & Conceptos/Caracol Radio & Red + NoticiasEl Sí en el plebiscito lograría el 54% según encuesta sobre intención de voto http://caracol.com.co/programa/2016/09/23/6am_hoy_por_hoy/1474630703_980326.html Caracol Radio es 23 September 2016 23 September 2016 24 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160924004615/http://caracol.com.co/programa/2016/09/23/6am_hoy_por_hoy/1474630703_980326.html dead 54% 34% 21–25 Sep 2016 1,524 3.5% Ipsos Napoleón Franco/RCN, La FM & SemanaEl Sí pierde fuerza, pero le sigue ganando al NO http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/plebiscito-por-la-paz-ultima-encuesta-de-ipsos-para-semana-rcn-radio-y-rcn-television/495669 Semana es 27 September 2016 27 September 2016 28 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160928162648/http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/plebiscito-por-la-paz-ultima-encuesta-de-ipsos-para-semana-rcn-radio-y-rcn-television/495669 live 66% 34% 25–26 Sep 2016 1,471 3.7% Cifras & Conceptos/Caracol Radio & Red + NoticiasEl Sí logra el 62% en intención de voto para el plebiscito del domingo http://caracol.com.co/programa/2016/09/27/6am_hoy_por_hoy/1474976574_142867.html Caracol Radio es 27 September 2016 27 September 2016 28 September 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160928173523/http://caracol.com.co/programa/2016/09/27/6am_hoy_por_hoy/1474976574_142867.html live 62% 38% Results thumb|Votes from Colombians abroad (Colombia in yellow). 6382901 6438552 241464 34899945 CNE Aftermath Following the rejection, then-FARC commander-in-chief Timoleón Jiménez reaffirmed that the group was committed to peace.Timochenko dice que las FARC seguirán apostando por la paz https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-37537809 BBC News Mundo 2021-02-11 eshttps://www.dw.com/es/timochenko-las-farc-quieren-la-paz/a-35945137 Timochenko: "Las FARC quieren la paz" 2016-10-03 Deutsche Welle 2021-02-11 eshttps://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/palabras-de-timochenko-en-plebiscito-38955 'Timochenko' dice que las Farc le seguirán apostando a la paz 2021-02-11 2016-10-02 El Tiempo es On 5 October 2016, thousands of citizens took to the streets across 14 cities to protest against the referendum result.http://caracol.com.co/radio/2016/10/05/nacional/1475645583_181877.html Multitudinaria marcha de estudiantes por la paz 10 October 2016 5 October 2016 es Caracol Radiohttps://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2016/10/05/asi-se-vivio-la-marcha-por-la-paz-en-colombia/ Así se vivió la multitudinaria marcha por la paz en Colombia 2021-02-11 2016-10-06 CNN esMiles de colombianos salieron a marchar en el nombre de la paz (Published 2016) https://www.nytimes.com/es/2016/10/06/espanol/america-latina/miles-de-colombianos-salieron-a-marchar-en-el-nombre-de-la-paz.html The New York Times 2016-10-06 2021-02-11 es A 2018 study suggested one of the reasons for the "No" vote may have been a difficulty in comprehending the language of the agreements.http://editorial.konradlorenz.edu.co/2018/04/a-text-mining-approach-to-the-text-difficulty-of-latin-american-peace-agreement.html A Text Mining Approach to the Text Difficulty of Latin American Peace Agreement Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz 30 September 2018 Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología 50 1 22 June 2019 10.14349/rlp.2018.v50.n1.6 Correa Juan C. García-Chitiva María del Pilar García-Vargas Gustavo R. 55209435 free On the day of the referendum Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding along Colombia's northern coastal region, with the result that many people were unable to go out and vote in a region which strongly backed the "Yes" vote: it has been suggested that this may also have been a factor in the loss.Qué dice de Colombia que haya habido 62% de abstención en el histórico plebiscito por el proceso de paz https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-37539590 BBC Mundo es 3 October 2016 9 June 2024Arredonda Daza Eduardo José 8 June 2022 Fenómenos meteorológicos y elecciones: el caso del huracán Matthew y las elecciones del plebiscito de 2016 en Colombia https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/entities/publication/dff50c3c-6dd1-4c59-b447-5e5bc738735f es Master's University of the Andes 1992/58344 9 June 2024 A 2026 study found that while the hurricane did reduce turnout by 11-13%, it was unlikely to affect the referendum outcome.Bernal Raquel Lacouture Santiago Perez-Cardona Santiago Rettberg Angelika 2026 Peace, democracy, and the weather: did hurricane Matthew botch the 2016 Colombian peace referendum? https://academic.oup.com/jpr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jopres/xjag014/8659364 Journal of Peace Research en 10.1093/jopres/xjag014 1460-3578 subscription free References collapsed Peace agreement referendum Colombian peace agreement referendum Category:Colombian peace process Colombian peace agreement referendum 2016