1892 legislative session of the Hawaiian Kingdom

None August 2018 thumb|350px|The Legislative Assembly of 1892 met at the seat of government at Aliʻiōlani Hale (pictured) which was situated across the street from ʻIolani Palace The 1892 session of the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Longest Legislature, was a period from May 28, 1892, to January 14, 1893, in which the legislative assembly of the Hawaiian Kingdom met for its traditional bi-annual session. This unicameralOsorio 2002 118Van Dyke 2007 145 body was composed of the upper House of Nobles and the lower House of Representatives. This would be the first session during the reign of Queen Liliʻuokalani and the last meeting of the legislative assembly during the Hawaiian monarchy. Three days after the prorogation of the assembly, many of the political tension developed during the legislative debates and the queen's attempt to promulgate a new constitution while her legislators were not in session led to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893. Members of this legislative session included citizens and subjects of the kingdom of either full or mixed Native Hawaiian, Euro-American and Asian descent, who were divided across different party lines. They included the insurgents who would play an eventual role in the deposition of the queen, and also the political resistance leaders who would lead the opposition to the overthrow and attempts to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. Background thumb|Political cartoon depicting the coup d'état which resulted in the signing of the Bayonet Constitution, 1887 In 1887, King Kalākaua was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution under duress by the Hawaiian League, a group of foreign businessman and Hawaiian subjects of American missionary descent including Lorrin A. Thurston. This constitution limited the absolute power of the monarch and strengthened the power of the executive cabinet. It also raised property requirements for suffrage, disenfranchised many poor Native Hawaiians and naturalized Asian citizens, and gave the vote to unnaturalized foreign residents of European or American descent. It also changed membership in the House of Nobles, the upper house of the legislature, from life appointments by the king to elected offices for the first time. A new cabinet headed by Thurston was imposed on the king and the king's previous administration headed by Walter Murray Gibson was ousted.Kuykendall 1967 344–372 The instigators of this coup d'état formed the Reform Party, drawing its memberships from Hawaiian conservatives and citizens of foreign descent, and won the majority of the seats in the legislature in the election of 1887, which was mandated by the new constitution.Kuykendall 1967 406–410Osorio 2002 238, 245–248 In the election of 1890, the Hui Kālaiʻāina (Hawaiian Political Association) and the Mechanics' and Workingmen's Political Protective Union joined together to form the National Reform Party in opposition to the Reform Party in this session. The Reform Party lost their majority control in the legislature and the Thurston cabinet was removed by a legislative vote of want of confidence.Kuykendall 1967 448–455, 460–460 Following the prorogation of the legislature of 1890, King Kalakaua died while in San Francisco and was succeeded by his sister Queen Liliʻuokalani on January 29, 1891.Kuykendall 1967 474–475 Election of 1892 The general election of 1892 proved the most contentious. The four major parties were the Reform, National Reform, National Liberal, and the Native Sons of Hawaii which ran the same candidates as the National Reformers. The National Reform Party became the administration or governmental party and gained the personal support of the new queen. They joined with the Reformers and Native Sons in opposing the more radical elements of the National Liberal. The National Liberal Party, which became the party of the opposition, advocated for increased Native Hawaiian participation in the government and a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution to replace the unpopular Bayonet Constitution. However, the Liberals soon became divided between radicals and more conciliatory groups. Joseph Nāwahī and William Pūnohu White became the leaders of the factions of the Liberals loyal to the queen against the more radical members led by John E. Bush and Robert William Wilcox, who were advocating for drastic changes such as increased power for the people and a republican form of government.Kuykendall 1967 514–522, 547, 554–555 The election resulted in a divided legislature, although the conservatives painted it as a victory for their coalition. It was hard to tell where the exact loyalty of many of the elected nobles and representatives lay because of internal disagreement. According to historian Ralph S. Kuykendall, "the party composition of the 1892 legislature (the forty-eight elected members) appeared to be: Reform Party, twenty-three; Liberal Party, thirteen; National Reform Party, nine; Independent, three".Kuykendall 1967 521 Legislative session From May 28, 1892, to January 14, 1893, the legislature of the Kingdom convened for an unprecedented 171 days, which later historians such as Albertine Loomis and Helena G. Allen dubbed the "Longest Legislature". This would be the first session during the reign of Queen Liliʻuokalani and the last meeting of the legislative assembly during the Hawaiian monarchy.Loomis 1963 7–27; Allen 1982 269–270 At the opening of the legislature, forty-eight elected politicians, consisting of twenty-four nobles (including thirteen holdovers continued their terms from the 1890 legislature) and twenty-four representatives from the four main Hawaiian Islands met at the legislative halls of Aliʻiōlani Hale in Honolulu. The legislature met as a unicameral body composed of the upper House of Nobles and the lower House of Representatives with Noble John Smith Walker presiding as President of the Legislative Assembly and Noble John Kauhane as Vice-President. The body included politicians of Native Hawaiian descent, Euro-American descent, mixed Hawaiian and Euro-American descent, and even three members of Chinese-Hawaiian descent. The appointed cabinet ministers also had the right to participate as ex-officio members of the legislature with the right to vote on all matters except on votes for their removal. In the course of the session, five members would resign and three new members chosen in special elections to replace with two of the five members reclaiming their vacated seats.Kuykendall 1967 521; Hawaii Lydecker 1918 182 This session was dominated by political infighting within and between and the different parties. Debates heard on the floor of the houses concerned the popular demand for a new constitution, the passage of a lottery bill and an opium licensing bill, aimed at alleviating the economic crisis caused by the McKinley Tariff.Kuykendall 1967 523–581; Loomis 1963 7–27 By the end of the session, the queen had also signed into law the lottery bill and opium licensing bill, which were extremely controversial in the foreign community and especially with the leaders of the Reform Party.Kuykendall 1967 543–545, 574–581 Petitions asking for a new constitution were submitted by seven legislators: Noble David William Pua and Representatives Joseph Nāwahī, William Pūnohu White, Jose Kekahuna Iosepa, Anakalea Kauhi, T. S. Nahinu, Luther W. P. Kanealii and George Panila Kamauoha.Kuykendall 1967 528–529, 548Liliuokalani 1898 384 Attempts were made to call a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution in both the 1890 session and the 1892 session. Both National Liberals and National Reformers campaigned on the promise of a new constitution, however many National Reformers supported a middle path and advocated for changes via amendments. The conservative Reformers would not tolerate any changes to the existing constitution. There was also disagreement on the legality of how to execute the change. No clear comparable precedents existed, since previous constitutions had been promulgated by the sovereign.Kuykendall 1967 461–465, 547–548, 575–576 The main issue of contention between the new monarch and the legislators was the retention of her cabinet ministers; political division prevented Liliʻuokalani from appointing a balanced council. The 1887 constitution retained the monarch's right to appoint her own cabinet minister but gave the legislature the power to vote for the dismissal of her cabinet.Kuykendall 1967 549–559 Seven resolutions of want of confidence were introduced during this session, and four of her self-appointed cabinets (the Widemann, Macfarlane, Cornwell, and Wilcox cabinets) were ousted by votes of the legislature.Moblo 1998 229–232 During this session, Nāwahī also proposed a bill to the legislature to amend the constitution to give women the right to vote. The bill failed to pass. Had it been made into law, Hawaii would have preceded New Zealand as the first nation to allow women to vote.Steele Julia Daughters of Haumea: Women, power and the fight for suffrage in Hawaiʻi Hana Hou! Honolulu October–December 2020 23 4 https://hanahou.com/23.4/daughters-of-haumea December 11, 2020 May 15, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220515083623/https://hanahou.com/23.4/daughters-of-haumea dead On January 13, 1893, after the legislature dismissed the Wilcox cabinet (which had political sympathies to the Reform Party), Liliʻuokalani appointed the new Parker cabinet, which had ties to the National Reform Party and consisted of Samuel Parker, as minister of foreign affairs; John F. Colburn, as minister of the interior; William H. Cornwell, as minister of finance; and Arthur P. Peterson, as attorney general.Kuykendall 1967 562–563, 573–581; Allen 1982 174–175; Moblo 1998 229–232 thumb|Queen Liliʻuokalani leaving Aliiolani Hale following the prorogation ceremony, 1893 The legislative assembly was prorogued January 14, at a noon ceremony officiated by the queen at Aliʻiōlani Hale, which was situated across the street from ʻIolani Palace.Kuykendall 1967 579; Alexander 1896 30–31; The Legislature The Daily Bulletin Honolulu January 14, 1893 3 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1893-01-14/ed-1/seq-3/ December 25, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130301/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1893-01-14/ed-1/seq-3/ December 26, 2017 live mdy-all Aftermath Following the prorogation of the legislative session, Liliʻuokalani attempted to promulgate a new constitution while the legislature was not in session. In reaction to the legislative stand still on the constitution convention bill, the queen met in secret with the two leaders of the Liberal Party: Representatives Nāwahī and White and Samuel Nowlein, the captain of her Royal Guards, to draft a new constitution.Kuykendall 1967 582–586 In the afternoon of January 14, she met with her cabinet ministers while members of Hui Kālaiʻāina and a delegation of native legislators marched to ʻIolani Palace with a sealed package containing the constitution for her to promulgate. According to historian William DeWitt Alexander, this was pre-planned by the queen.Kuykendall 1967 582–586; Allen 1982 281–282; Twigg-Smith 1998 64–67; Alexander 1896 29–36 However, she discovered the ministers were either opposed to or reluctant to sign the new constitution and the queen had to postpone her plans and dismiss the delegations of political leaders and the assembled crowds from the palace. She later wrote, "I told them I would not have taken such a step if they had not encouraged me. They had led me out to the edge of a precipice, and now were leaving me to take the step alone."Liliuokalani 1898 385 The political fallout of the queen's actions led to citywide political rallies and meetings in Honolulu. Anti-monarchists, annexationists, and leading Reformist politicians, including legislators Lorrin A. Thurston, William Owen Smith, and William Chauncey Wilder, formed the Committee of Safety in protest of the "revolutionary" action of the queen and conspired to depose her. In response, royalists and loyalists formed the Committee of Law and Order and met at the palace square on January16. White, Nāwahī, Bush, Wilcox, and Antone Rosa and other pro-monarchist leaders gave speeches in support for the queen and the government.Kuykendall 1967 586–594; Alexander 1896 37–51; Twigg-Smith 1998 135–166 These actions and the radicalized political climate eventually led to the overthrow of the monarchy, on January17, 1893, by the Committee of Safety, with the covert support of United States Minister John L. Stevens and the landing of American forces from the USS Boston. After a brief transition under the Provisional Government, the oligarchical Republic of Hawaii was established on July4, 1894, with Sanford B. Dole as president.Kuykendall 1967 586–605, 649; Loomis 1963 25–26Silva 2004 129–163 During this period, the defacto government was composed largely of residents of American and European ancestry, although a few Native Hawaiians from the 1892 legislature: John Ena, John Kauhane, and Jose Kekahuna Iosepa signed the constitutional convention for the Republic while Kauhane and George Panila Kamauoha would serve multiple terms in the legislature of the Republic.Blount 1895 1371; Hawaii Lydecker 1918 225–226, 231, 236, 239, 247 Many of the former legislators of the 1892 session, including Robert William Wilcox and Joseph Nāwahī, would lead the opposition to the overthrow and resistance to annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. In 1893, Nawahi and many former 1892 legislators founded the Hui Aloha ʻĀina (Hawaiian Patriotic League), a patriotic group founded to protest annexation, while Wilcox led an unsuccessful counter-revolution in 1895 to restore the monarchy.Silva 2004 138; Blount 1895 1294–1298; Patriotic Leaguers – They Determine On Secret Actions – A Demand for the Restoration of the Monarchy Favored The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu May 2, 1893 5 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-05-02/ed-1/seq-5/ February 8, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171226073905/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-05-02/ed-1/seq-5/ December 26, 2017 live mdy-all Members of the Legislative Assembly House of Nobles thumb|350px|The makeup of the House of Nobles according to The Pacific Commercial Advertiser #FFAF2C Hawaiian National Liberal Party: 2 seats #1B7538 National Reform Party (Hawaii): 10 seats #D03939 Reform Party (Hawaii): 14 seats #CBCBCB N/A: 1 seatThis incomplete breakdown of party allegiance are based on The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, a contemporary newspaper, reporting at the beginning of the legislative session and the report of Noble Edward C. MacFarlane in the Blount Report. Name District Party at election Party (Blount Report) Notes SourcesRobert Renton HindHawaiiReformIndependentHawaii Lydecker 1918 182List Of Candidates The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu February 3, 1892 4 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1892-02-03/ed-1/seq-4/ December 14, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20171125080827/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1892-02-03/ed-1/seq-4/ November 25, 2017 live mdy-all; Legislature Of 1892 The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu February 26, 1892 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1892-02-26/ed-1/seq-1/ December 14, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20171125080830/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1892-02-26/ed-1/seq-1/ November 25, 2017 live mdy-allBlount 1895 1138Hind, Robert Renton office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH3ede/00e74d1a.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220103253/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH3ede/00e74d1a.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allJohn Meirs HornerHawaiiReformReformHorner, John Meirs office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHff4a/aca129e6.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220101134/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHff4a/aca129e6.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allJohn Green HoapiliHawaiiNational LiberalNational ReformHoapili, J. G. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHa031/bf309656.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220113211/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHa031/bf309656.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allJohn KauhaneHawaiiReformReformServed as Vice-President of the Legislative AssemblyKauhane, J. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHd1fa/9fae8732.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220103559/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHd1fa/9fae8732.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allJoseph Marsden Joseph Marsden (Hawaii)HawaiiReformReformMarsden, Joseph office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH019b/b559fbdb.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220105624/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH019b/b559fbdb.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allAlexander Young Alexander Young (engineer)HawaiiReformReformYoung, Alexander office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050236/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01f8/1345e81e.dir/Young%2C%20Alexander.jpg March 4, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01f8/1345e81e.dir/Young,%20Alexander.jpg dead September 12, 2015 James Anderson James Anderson (Hawaii)Maui, Molokai, LanaiReformReformAnderson, James office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01ae.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220111034/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01ae.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allHenry Perrine BaldwinMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformReformBalwin, Henry Perrine office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0707.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220101155/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0707.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allWilliam H. CornwellMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformNational ReformResigned on November 1 and appointed Minister of Finance. Re-elected on December 5.Cornwell, William H. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0189/9759e5cb.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220112919/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0189/9759e5cb.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allWilliam Yates HornerMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformReformHorner, W. Y. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0147/74cecff9.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220103008/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0147/74cecff9.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allLorrin A. ThurstonMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformReformRussell D. WalbridgeMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformReformWalbridge, Russell D. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0139/73fcf24f.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220111623/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0139/73fcf24f.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allCharles Otto BergerOahuNational ReformNational ReformBerger, Charles Otto office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01a1/8eb58e73.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220100432/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01a1/8eb58e73.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allJohn Adams CumminsOahuNational ReformNational ReformCummins, John A. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0652.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220095455/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0652.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allJohn Ena John Ena Jr.OahuNational ReformNational ReformEna, John office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH32a0.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220102159/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH32a0.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allCharles Louis Kāmohoaliʻi HopkinsOahuNational ReformN/AServed from October 7 after the resignation of MacfarlaneKuykendall 1967 554–555Hopkins, Charles office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH175a/43e06e64.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170211084556/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH175a/43e06e64.dir/doc.pdf February 11, 2017 live mdy-allEdward C. MacfarlaneOahuNational ReformNational ReformResigned on September 12 and appointed Minister of FinanceMacfarlane, Edward Creamer office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01ce/51ba1ad5.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170205070432/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01ce/51ba1ad5.dir/doc.pdf February 5, 2017 live mdy-allC. B. MaileOahuNational ReformN/AServed from October 7 after the resignation of Neumann.Kuykendall 1967 554–555Maile, C. B. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0186/f775b2b0.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082831/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0186/f775b2b0.dir/doc.pdf February 11, 2017 live mdy-allPaul Neumann Paul Neumann (Attorney General)OahuNational ReformNational ReformResigned on August 29 and appointed Attorney GeneralNeumann, Paul office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192440/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH0180/8da9d121.dir/Neumann%2C%20Paul.jpg March 3, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH0180/8da9d121.dir/Neumann,%20Paul.jpg dead September 12, 2015 Arthur P. PetersonOahuNational ReformNational ReformPeterson, Arthur P. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH015d/149da075.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220100827/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH015d/149da075.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allDavid William PuaOahuNational LiberalNational ReformPua, David W. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHd727/f7ba9971.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170208143531/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHd727/f7ba9971.dir/doc.pdf February 8, 2017 live mdy-allJohn Smith WalkerOahuNational ReformNational ReformServed as President of the Legislative AssemblyWalker, John Smith office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0155/963b815a.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220114453/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0155/963b815a.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allJohn Norman Spencer WilliamsOahuNational ReformNational ReformWilliams, John Norman Spencer office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0140/492a6b97.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220110718/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0140/492a6b97.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allAugust DreierKauai and NiihauReformIndependentDrier, August office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHff6a.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220111458/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHff6a.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allPaul P. KanoaKauai and NiihauReformReformKanoa, Paul Puhiula office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01fe/e09a49e2.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092711/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01fe/e09a49e2.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allAlexander M. McBrydeKauai and NiihauN/AN/AServed from December 19 when he replaced Wilcox after he was appointed Minister of the InteriorMcBryde, Alexander M. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH5f3a/acf788ba.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170220101104/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH5f3a/acf788ba.dir/doc.pdf February 20, 2017 live mdy-allGeorge Norton WilcoxKauai and NiihauReformReformResigned on November 18 and appointed Minister of the InteriorWilcox, George N. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172616/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHe02d/a4206862.dir/Wilcox%2C%20George%20N.jpg March 3, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHe02d/a4206862.dir/Wilcox,%20George%20N.jpg dead September 12, 2015 House of Representatives thumb|350px|The makeup of the House of Representatives according to The Pacific Commercial Advertiser #FFAF2C Hawaiian National Liberal Party: 13 seats #D03939 Reform Party (Hawaii): 8 seats #CBCBCB Independent: 3 seats Name District Islands Party at election Party (Blount Report) Notes SourcesAlbert Horner, Jr.North HiloHawaiiReformReformHorner, Albert Jr. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH64d2/f0fe65fa.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017George Panila KamauohaKohalaHawaiiNational LiberalNational LiberalKamauoha, George P. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH709d/a138f3f0.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170207203412/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH709d/a138f3f0.dir/doc.pdf February 7, 2017 live mdy-allJohn N. KapahuKauHawaiiNational LiberalN/AKapahu, J. N. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH012c/3164efbc.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20180822023844/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH012c/3164efbc.dir/doc.pdf August 22, 2018 liveJohn K. KaunamanoHamakuaHawaiiIndependentNational ReformKaunamano, J. K. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH7937/aaf96a5a.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 August 21, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200821035512/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH7937/aaf96a5a.dir/doc.pdf deadK. M. KoahouCentral HiloHawaiiNational LiberalNational LiberalKoahou, K. M. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH8b5d/4a6b6b8b.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017Joseph NāwahīSouth HiloHawaiiNational LiberalNational LiberalResigned on November 1 and appointed Minister of Finance. Re-elected on December 24.Nawahi, Joseph office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171845/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH1525/588f4c4b.dir/Nawahi%2C%20Joseph.jpg March 3, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH1525/588f4c4b.dir/Nawahi,%20Joseph.jpg dead September 12, 2015 James H. WaipuilaniKonaHawaiiReformNational ReformWaipuilani, J. H. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH011e/608b1b5f.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20180822023844/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH011e/608b1b5f.dir/doc.pdf August 22, 2018 liveWilliam Edmonds William Edmonds (Hawaii)South WailukuMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformN/AEdmonds, William office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH2a3b.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017Jose Kekahuna IosepaHanaMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformReformIokepa, Joseph K. Sr. Rev. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH87cc/b46c549a.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20180822023844/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH87cc/b46c549a.dir/doc.pdf August 22, 2018 liveJohn KalunaMakawaoMaui, Molokai, LanaiReformReformKaluna, John office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01f5/5e08ddbd.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20180822023844/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01f5/5e08ddbd.dir/doc.pdf August 22, 2018 liveLuther W. P. KanealiiNorth WailukuMaui, Molokai, LanaiNational LiberalNational LiberalKanealii, L. W. P. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0113/c7ed96df.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017T. S. NahinuSometime given as G. S. Nahinu.Hon. Nahinu In Town is in a Little Trouble for Visiting the Lepers Without a Permit The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu February 9, 1892 2 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1892-02-09/ed-1/seq-2/ December 21, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20180822023844/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1892-02-09/ed-1/seq-2/ August 22, 2018 liveMolokai – The "Dark Horse" Got There – Election of Nahinu Confirmed – Nazareta, the Liberal Candidate Retired The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu April 11, 1892 4 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1892-04-11/ed-1/seq-4/ note MolokaiMaui, Molokai, LanaiIndependentNational LiberalNahinu, T. S. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHb2e2/39804ca8.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017William Pūnohu WhiteLahainaMaui, Molokai, LanaiNational LiberalNational LiberalWhite, William office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH2267/8ab0233f.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074236/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH2267/8ab0233f.dir/doc.pdf February 5, 2017 live mdy-allSamuel K. AkiWard 4, HonoluluOahuNational LiberalNational LiberalAki, Samuel K. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH1ab1.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20191229090715/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH1ab1.dir/doc.pdf December 29, 2019 liveClarence W. AshfordWard 3, HonoluluOahuNational LiberalNational LiberalAshford, Clarence W. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHb19e.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20191229090654/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHb19e.dir/doc.pdf December 29, 2019 liveJohn W. BipikaneWard 2, HonoluluOahuNational LiberalNational LiberalBipikane, J. W. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHca46.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017John E. Bush John E. Bush (politician)Ward 6, KoolauOahuNational LiberalNational LiberalBush, John Edward office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01ce/4c213443.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 August 21, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200821031835/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH01ce/4c213443.dir/doc.pdf deadAnakalea KauhiWard 8, EwaOahuIndependentIndependentKauhi, Anakalea office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH9c23/c7a44730.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017Samuel K. PuaWard 5, HonoluluOahuNational LiberalNational LiberalPua, Samuel K. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH1b2d/0d57117f.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170208140820/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH1b2d/0d57117f.dir/doc.pdf February 8, 2017 live mdy-allRobert William WilcoxWard 7, WaialuaOahuNational LiberalNational LiberalWilcox, Robert W. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20120306202732/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH016c/5f9ce0ff.dir/Wilcox%2C%20Robert%20W.jpg March 6, 2012 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH016c/5f9ce0ff.dir/Wilcox,%20Robert%20W.jpg dead September 12, 2015 William Chauncey WilderWard 1, HonoluluOahuReformReformWilder, William Chauncey Sr. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH8c7e/79296f4e.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017Joseph Apukai AkinaWaimeaKauai and NiihauNational LiberalNational LiberalAkina, Joseph A. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH90bf.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083528/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH90bf.dir/doc.pdf February 11, 2017 live mdy-allWilliam Owen SmithLihueKauai and NiihauReformReformSmith, William Owen office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20120403155743/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01e2/28c60283.dir/Smith%2C%20William%20Owen.jpg April 3, 2012 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01e2/28c60283.dir/Smith,%20William%20Owen.jpg dead September 12, 2015 Albert Spencer WilcoxHanaleiKauai and NiihauReformReformWilcox, Albert Spencer office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHc99b/c8210535.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 Cabinet ministers Liliʻuokalani's Cabinet ministers According to Article 42 of the 1887 Constitution, "The Cabinet holds seats ex officio, in the Legislature, with the right to vote, except on a question of want of confidence in them."Blount 1895 809 Each cabinet were named after the leading cabinet ministers.A New Cabinet – Some New Ministers for the Public to Swallow The Pacific Commercial Advertiser Honolulu January 14, 1893 XVII 3277 4 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-01-14/ed-1/seq-4/ November 12, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170109053928/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1893-01-14/ed-1/seq-4/ January 9, 2017 live mdy-allMinister of Finance office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH9d1e.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20190104023441/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH9d1e.dir/doc.pdf January 4, 2019 live Name Position Assumed office Left office Party Notes Sources The Widemann CabinetWilliam Austin WhitingAttorney GeneralFebruary 25, 1891July 27, 1892National ReformWhiting, William Austin office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050331/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/import/import/Government%20Office%20Holders%20-%20Name%20IMJ/W/Whiting%2C%20William%20Austin.jpg March 4, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/import/import/Government%20Office%20Holders%20-%20Name%20IMJ/W/Whiting,%20William%20Austin.jpg dead September 12, 2015 Charles Nichols SpencerMinister of the InteriorFebruary 25, 1891September 12, 1892National ReformSpencer, Charles Nicholas office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH514b/adba02ee.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170223152316/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH514b/adba02ee.dir/doc.pdf February 23, 2017 live mdy-allHermann A. WidemannMinister of FinanceFebruary 25, 1891January 28, 1892March 10, 1891September 12, 1892National ReformResigned in 1891 and reappointed in 1892Widemann, Hermann A. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183837/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH015e/1ccf4a86.dir/Widemann%2C%20Hermann%20A.jpg March 3, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH015e/1ccf4a86.dir/Widemann,%20Hermann%20A.jpg dead September 12, 2015 John Mott-SmithMinister of FinanceJuly 28, 1891October 17, 1891ReformMott-Smith, John office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHd930/1b68f03a.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20200102073332/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHd930/1b68f03a.dir/doc.pdf January 2, 2020 liveSamuel Parker Samuel Parker (Hawaii politician)Minister of Foreign AffairsFebruary 25, 1891September 12, 1892National ReformFirst term, Parker also served as acting Minister of Finance between March 10, 1891 and July 28, 1891 after Widemann's resignation and between October 17, 1891 and January 28, 1892 after Mott-Smith's resignationParker, Samuel office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204030/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01b2/5010b520.dir/Parker%2C%20Samuel.jpg March 3, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01b2/5010b520.dir/Parker,%20Samuel.jpg dead September 12, 2015 The Macfarlane CabinetPaul Neumann Paul Neumann (Attorney General)Attorney GeneralSeptember 12, 1892November 1, 1892National ReformFormer member of the House of NoblesCharles T. GulickMinister of the InteriorSeptember 12, 1892November 1, 1892National ReformFirst termGulick, Charles T. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205518/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01e6/502328b2.dir/Gulick%2C%20Charles%20T.jpg March 3, 2016 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASH01e6/502328b2.dir/Gulick,%20Charles%20T.jpg dead September 12, 2015 Edward C. MacfarlaneMinister of FinanceSeptember 12, 1892November 1, 1892National ReformFormer member of the House of NoblesSamuel Parker Samuel Parker (Hawaii politician)Minister of Foreign AffairsSeptember 12, 1892November 1, 1892National ReformSecond term The Cornwell CabinetCharles F. CreightonAttorney GeneralNovember 1, 1892November 1, 1892N/ACreighton, Charles F. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH0129/2857b8da.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017Charles T. GulickMinister of the InteriorNovember 1, 1892November 1, 1892National ReformSecond termWilliam H. CornwellMinister of FinanceNovember 1, 1892November 1, 1892National ReformFirst term. Former member of the House of Nobles.Joseph NāwahīMinister of Foreign AffairsNovember 1, 1892November 1, 1892National LiberalFormer member of the House of Representatives. The Wilcox CabinetCecil Brown Cecil Brown (Hawaii politician)Attorney GeneralNovember 8, 1892January 12, 1893ReformBrown, Cecil office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHc9be.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017George Norton WilcoxMinister of the InteriorNovember 8, 1892January 12, 1893ReformPeter Cushman JonesMinister of FinanceNovember 8, 1892January 12, 1893ReformJones, Peter Cushman office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://web.archive.org/web/20120403155848/http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHef71/51c42875.dir/Jones%2C%20Peter%20Cushman.jpg April 3, 2012 http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/collect/governme/index/assoc/HASHef71/51c42875.dir/Jones,%20Peter%20Cushman.jpg dead September 12, 2015 Mark Prever RobinsonMinister of Foreign AffairsNovember 8, 1892January 12, 1893ReformRobinson, Mark Prever office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHbbde/7ae2a485.dir/doc.pdf September 12, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20181203104111/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASHbbde/7ae2a485.dir/doc.pdf December 3, 2018 live The Parker CabinetArthur P. PetersonAttorney GeneralJanuary 12, 1893January 17, 1893National ReformJohn F. ColburnMinister of the InteriorJanuary 12, 1893January 17, 1893National ReformColburn, John F. office record state archives digital collections state of Hawaii https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH010d/497375c7.dir/doc.pdf February 3, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20200703192504/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm1/index/assoc/HASH010d/497375c7.dir/doc.pdf July 3, 2020 liveWilliam H. CornwellMinister of FinanceJanuary 12, 1893January 17, 1893National ReformSecond term. Former member of the House of Nobles.Samuel Parker Samuel Parker (Hawaii politician)Minister of Foreign AffairsJanuary 12, 1893January 17, 1893National ReformThird term Notes note References 30em Bibliography Alexander William DeWitt William DeWitt Alexander History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893 https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterye00alexrich 1896 Hawaiian Gazette Company Honolulu 11843616 Allen Helena G. The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917 https://books.google.com/books?id=i2d0AAAAMAAJ 1982 A. H. Clark Company Glendale, CA 978-0-87062-144-4 9576325 Blount James Henderson James Henderson Blount The Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Third Session of the Fifty-Third Congress, 1893–'94 in Thirty-Five Volumes http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/blount.php 1895 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 191710879 Hawaii Lydecker Robert Colfax Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918 Honolulu Hawaiian Gazette Company 1918 https://archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich 60737418 Hawaii Lydecker 1918 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson Ralph Simpson Kuykendall The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en 3 1967 University of Hawaii Press Honolulu 978-0-87022-433-1 500374815 Liliuokalani Liliuokalani Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani https://archive.org/details/hawaiisstorybyh00goog Boston Lee and Shepard 1898 978-0-548-22265-2 2387226 Loomis Albertine The Longest Legislature Seventy-First Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1962 1963 71 Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 10524/35 7–27 https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/35/2/AR71.pdf Moblo Pennie Institutionalising the Leper: Partisan Politics and the Evolution of Stigma in Post-Monarchy Hawaiʻi http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=5014 The Journal of the Polynesian Society 107 3 1998 The Polynesian Society Wellington 6015242891 229–262 December 21, 2016 February 13, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180213202012/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=5014 dead Osorio Jon Kamakawiwoʻole Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887 https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC Honolulu University of Hawaii Press 2002 0-8248-2549-7 48579247 Silva Noenoe K. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC 2004 Duke University Press Durham 0-8223-8622-4 191222123 Twigg-Smith Thurston Thurston Twigg-Smith Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter? 1998 Goodale Publishing Honolulu 978-0-9662945-0-7 39090004 Van Dyke Jon M. 2007 Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai'i? https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZPcGb2R08C University of Hawaii Press 978-0-8248-3211-7 257449971 Further reading Loomis Albertine For Whom Are the Stars? An Informal History of the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in 1893 and the Ill-Fated Counterrevolution It Evoked https://books.google.com/books?id=LkB1AAAAMAAJ 1976 University Press of Hawaii and Friends of the Library of Hawaii Honolulu 978-0-8248-0416-9 2213370 Journal of the House of Representatives, 1892, Volume 1 Ka Huli Ao Digital Archives http://punawaiola.org/fedora/get/Punawaiola:720001892002/CompositePDF720001892002 February 8, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031828/http://punawaiola.org/fedora/get/Punawaiola:720001892002/CompositePDF720001892002 December 29, 2016 dead mdy-all Journal of the House of Representatives, 1892, Volume 2 Ka Huli Ao Digital Archives http://punawaiola.org/fedora/get/Punawaiola:720001892004/CompositePDF720001892004 February 8, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031230/http://punawaiola.org/fedora/get/Punawaiola:720001892004/CompositePDF720001892004 December 29, 2016 dead mdy-all Category:1892 in Hawaii Category:1893 in Hawaii Category:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom Category:Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom