1878 in science

none 1878 science 1878 The year 1878 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Astronomy English astronomer Richard A. Proctor describes the Zone of Avoidance, the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, for the first time. Biology Death of last confirmed Cape Lion.http://www.novinky.cz/domaci/169450-v-muzeu-emila-holuba-se-ukryval-kapsky-lev.html V muzeu Emila Holuba se ukrýval kapský lev Novinky.cz Czech 2009-05-22 2011-08-26 Chemistry The rare earth element holmium is identified in erbium by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in GenevaSur les spectres d'absorption ultra-violets des terres de la gadolinite Jacques-Louis Soret Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 87 1062 1878 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3043m/f1124.table and by Per Teodor Cleve in Sweden.Sur deux nouveaux éléments dans l'erbine Per Teodor Cleve Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 89 478 1879 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3046j/f499.table Conservation An Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom places Epping Forest in the care of the City of London Corporation to remain unenclosed. Exploration June 22 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld sets out on the year-long first navigation of the Northern Sea Route, the shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast. thumb|230px|August – Cleopatra's Needle (horizontal) being raised in London. Geology Clarence King publishes Systematic Geology. Charles Lapworth publishes his analysis of the change in graptolite fossils through sequences of exposed shales in southern Scotland, establishing the importance of using graptolites to understand stratigraphic sequences.Dob's Linn http://www.scottishgeology.com/outandabout/classic_sites/locations/dobs_linn.html https://archive.today/20110518035418/http://www.scottishgeology.com/outandabout/classic_sites/locations/dobs_linn.html dead 2011-05-18 Scottish Geology 2011-04-07 Mathematics Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt describes the D'Hondt method of voting. English mathematician Rev. William Allen Whitworth is the first to publish Bertrand's ballot theorem.An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications 1 William Feller William Feller 3rd Wiley 1968 69 Medicine Cesare Lombroso publishes L'uomo delinquente, setting out his theory of criminal atavism. Ádám Politzer publishes Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde, a major otology textbook.Mudry A. The Role of Adam Politzer in the History of Otology American Journal of Otology 21 753–763 2000 Dentists Act in the United Kingdom limits the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.Gelbier Stanley 125 Years of Developments in Dentistry British Dental Journal 2005 199 470 7 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812875 16215593 free Meteorology February 11 – The first weekly weather report is published in the United Kingdom. Paleontology 31 Iguanodon skeletons are discovered in a coal mine at Bernissart, Belgium. The sauropod genus Diplodocus is first named by Othniel Charles Marsh as well as the Theropod genus Allosaurus. These are both from the Jurassic aged Morrison formation. Physics January 18 – Romanian mathematician Spiru Haret defends his doctoral thesis,Sur l’invariabilité des grandes axes des orbites planétaires ("On the invariability of the major axis of planetary orbits"), University of Paris. which proves a result fundamental to the n-body problem in celestial mechanics. Technology February 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison. The oldest known audio recording is recovered from this device in 2012.Rosen Rebecca J. 2012-10-26 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/scientists-recover-the-sounds-of-19th-century-music-and-laughter-from-the-oldest-playable-american-recording/264147/#.UJFzCnboreA.facebook Scientists Recover the Sounds of 19th-Century Music and Laughter From the Oldest Playable American Recording The Atlantic 2013-06-15 March – The 'basic' process, enabling the use of phosphoric iron ore in steelmaking, developed at Blaenavon Ironworks by Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, is first made public.https://biography.wales/article/s-THOM-GIL-1850 William Llewelyn Davies Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist Welsh Biography Online 2009 2012-11-09 May 22 – John Philip Holland's experimental powered submarine Holland I is launched in Paterson, New Jersey. June 15 – Eadweard Muybridge produces the sequence of stop-motion still photographs Sallie Gardner at a Gallop in California, a predecessor of silent film (capable of being viewed as an animation on a zoopraxiscope) demonstrating that all four feet of a galloping horse are off the ground at the same time. August – Cleopatra's Needle is raised onto its base in London. October 14 – The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield. December 18 – Joseph Swan of Newcastle upon Tyne in England announces his invention of an incandescent light bulb.Stephen van Dulken Inventing the 19th Century: the great age of Victorian inventions London British Library 2001 978-0-7123-0881-6 80 December 31 – Karl Benz produces a two-stroke gas engine. William Crookes invents the Crookes tube which produces cathode rays.The Hutchinson Factfinder Helicon 1999 978-1-85986-000-7 Osbourn Dorsey obtains a patent in the United States for a "door-holding device".210,762. Gustav Kessel obtains a patent in Germany for an espresso machine.Invention of the Espresso Machine http://baristasroasting.com/page87.html Barista's Roasting Co 2012-06-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20120428183530/http://baristasroasting.com/page87.html 2012-04-28 dead Czech painter Karel Klíč perfects the photogravure process. Lester Allan Pelton produces the first operational Pelton wheel.http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=12863 Miners Foundry – Allans Machine Shop Founded 1856 Historical Marker Database 2011-09-03 2011-10-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20111020032200/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=12863 dead Remington, in the United States, introduce their No. 2 typewriter, the first with a shift key enabling production of lower as well as upper case characters. Institutions October 1 – Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College in the United States. Awards Copley Medal: Jean Baptiste BoussingaultCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Thomas Wright Births January 1 – A. K. Erlang, Danish mathematician (died 1929) January 7 – Samuel James Cameron, Scottish obstetrician (died 1959) January 25 – Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-born television pioneer (died 1975) February 5 – André Citroën, French automobile manufacturer (died 1935) February 8 – Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher (died 1965) February 10 – Jennie Smillie, Canadian gynecological surgeon (died 1981) February 28 – Pierre Fatou, French mathematician (died 1929) March 4 – Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (died 1947) April 11 – Percy Lane Oliver, British pioneer of voluntary blood donation (died 1944) April 16 – Owen Thomas Jones, Welsh geologist (died 1967) June 3 – Barney Oldfield, American automobile racer and pioneer (died 1946) June 12 – James Oliver Curwood, American novelist and conservationist (died 1927) July 12 – Peeter Põld, Estonian politician and pedagogical scientist (died 1930) August 28 – George Whipple, American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 1976) September 5 – Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (died 1913) September 13 – Matilde Moisant, American pilot (died 1964) October 1 – Helen Mayo, Australian pediatrician (died 1967) November 7 – Lise Meitner, Austrian-Swedish physicist (died 1968)Bailey Ogilvie Marilyn Harvey Joy The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z London Routledge 2000 978-0-41592-040-7 877 November 8 – Dorothea Bate, Welsh-born paleozoologist (died 1951) December 25 – Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born race driver and automobile builder (died 1941) December 25 – Joseph Schenck, Russian-born film executive (died 1962) Deaths January 18 – William Stokes, Irish physician (born 1804) January 18 – Antoine César Becquerel, French scientist (born 1788) January 19 – Henri Victor Regnault, French physical chemist (born 1810) February 8 – Elias Magnus Fries, Swedish botanist (born 1794) February 10 – Claude Bernard, French physiologist (born 1813) February 26 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (born 1818) March 16 – William Banting, English undertaker and dietician (b. c.1796) May 13 – Joseph Henry, American physicist (born 1797) June 6 – Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman and inventor (born 1790) July 23 – Baron Carl von Rokitansky, Bohemian pathologist (born 1804) September 25 – August Heinrich Petermann, German cartographer (born 1822) Friedrich Freese, German botanist (born 1794) References Category:19th century in science Category:1870s in science