1784 in science

none 1784 science 1784 The year 1784 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy September 10 – Edward Pigott identifies the variable star Eta Aquilae from York, England. October 19 – John Goodricke begins his observations of the variable star Delta Cephei from York. Biology Publication of the Annals of Agriculture edited by Arthur Young begins in Great Britain. Peter Simon Pallas begins publication of Flora Rossica, the first Flora of Russia. Chemistry L'Abbé René Just Haüy states the geometrical law of crystallization.René Just Haüy Essai d'une théorie sur la structure des crystaux Paris Gogué 1784 Antoine Lavoisier pioneers stoichiometry. Citric acid is first isolated by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallizes it from lemon juice.Scheele Carl Wilhelm Anmärkning om Citron-saft, samt sätt at crystallisera densamma Kungliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar [New Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science] 1784 5 105–109 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009215438;view=1up;seq=115 2nd series Note about lemon juice, as well as ways to crystallize it svGraham Thomas Elements of chemistry, including the applications of the science in the arts https://archive.org/details/elementschemist00grahgoog 2010-06-04 1842 Hippolyte Baillière London 944 Cholesterol is isolated. History of science Publication of David Bourgeois' Recherches sur l'art de voler, depuis la plus haute antiquité jusque'a ce jour in Paris, the earliest work on the history of flight. Mathematics Carl Friedrich Gauss, at the age of seven, pioneers the field of summation with the formula summing 1:n as (n(n+1))/2. Medicine 11 February – Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland chartered. 12 March — Appointment of the French Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism (the Commission's Report was presented to King Louis XVI on 11 August 1784). Madame du Coudray, pioneer of modern midwifery in France, retires. Benjamin Franklin makes the first known specific reference (in a letter) to the wearing of bifocal spectacles.The 'Inventor' of Bifocals? The College of Optometrists http://www.college-optometrists.org/en/knowledge-centre/museyeum/online_exhibitions/artgallery/bifocals.cfm 2011-06-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20110613044912/http://www.college-optometrists.org/en/knowledge-centre/museyeum/online_exhibitions/artgallery/bifocals.cfm 13 June 2011 John Hunter first describes the condition phlebitis. Paleontology The first description of a Pterodactylus fossil is made by Cosimo Alessandro Collini, although he is unable to determine what kind of creature it is.Collini C. A. 1784 Sur quelques Zoolithes du Cabinet d'Histoire naturelle de S.A.S.E. Palatine & de Bavière, à Mannheim Acta Theodoro-Palatinae Mannheim 5 Pars Physica 58–10310.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002 Taquet P. Padian K. 2004 The earliest known restoration of a pterosaur and the philosophical origins of Cuvier's Ossemens Fossiles Comptes Rendus Palevol 3 2 157–175Unwin David M. The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time 2006 Pi Press New York 0-13-146308-X Physics January 15 – Henry Cavendish's paper to the Royal Society of London, Experiments on Air, reveals the composition of water.Experiments on Air 106582 Henry Cavendish 1784 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 75 372–384 10.1098/rstl.1785.0023 https://zenodo.org/record/1432276/files/article.pdf free Jean-Paul Marat publishes Notions élémentaires d'optique (Elementary Notions of Optics) Surveying William Roy measures the baseline for the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) linking the observatories of Paris and Greenwich. The measurement is accurate to within a few inches in a distance of over 280,000 ft., an unprecedented accuracy for this time. Roy is awarded the Copley Medal in the following year.1785 Roy William An Account of the Measurement of a Base on Hounslow-Heath Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 75 385–480 https://archive.org/details/philtrans01222507 10.1098/rstl.1785.0024 free Technology April 28 – James Watt receives a British patent for his parallel motion and other improvements to the steam engine.No. 1432. June 4 – Élisabeth Thible becomes the first woman passenger in a hot-air balloon, at Lyon, France.Gazette d'Amsterdam 25 June 1784; Journal des sçavans November 1784 pp. 760-762. August 21 – Joseph Bramah receives his first lock patent in London. Rev. Dr. Edmund Cartwright designs his first power loom in England. Henry Cort of Funtley, England, applies the coal-fired reverbatory furnace to the puddling process for conversion of cast to wrought iron.W. K. V. Gales Ironworking Princes Risborough Shire 1981 0-85263-546-X 8 Awards Copley Medal: Edward WaringCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 21 July 2020 en Births March 12 – William Buckland, English geologist and paleontologist (died 1856) June 3 – William Yarrell, English zoologist and bookseller (died 1856) June 17 – Andrew Crosse, English 'gentleman scientist', pioneer experimenter in electricity (died 1855) July 22 – Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician (died 1846) September 1 – Thomas Frederick Colby, English cartographer (died 1852) Deaths May 12 – Abraham Trembley, Genevan naturalist (born 1710) September 1 – Jean-François Séguier, French astronomer and botanist (born 1703) September 4 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer (born 1714) References Category:18th century in science Category:1780s in science