1895 in science

none 1895 science 1895 The year 1895 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space sciences Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposes a space elevator. Biology April 26 – The New York Zoological Society, the modern-day Wildlife Conservation Society, is chartered.April 27, 1895 Gov. Morton Signs the Bill Providing for a Zoological Garden in This City 7 The Sun https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116895334/ny-zool-soc-incorporation-news/ January 20, 2023 Newspapers.com David Bruce discovers the Trypanosoma parasite carried by the tsetse fly which causes the fatal cattle disease nagana.Bruce David https://archive.org/details/b21364655 Preliminary Report on Tsetse Fly Disease or Nagana in Zululand Bennet & Davis 1895 Durban, South Africa 14776707 David Bruce (microbiologist) Internet ArchiveDuggan A. J. 1977 Bruce and the African Trypanosomes https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/26/5_Part_2/article-p1080.xml?tab_body=abstract The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26 5 Pt 2 Suppl 1080–3 10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.1080 20787 subscription Chemistry March 26 – Scottish chemist William Ramsay isolates helium on Earth by treating the mineral cleveite.Brandt L W https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/ The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements Van Nostrand Reinhold 1968 0-442-15598-0 Hampel Clifford A. New York 256–7 Helium registration Open LibraryMunday Pat https://archive.org/details/americannational10garr/ American National Biography Oxford University Press 1999 Garrary JA, Carnes MC 10 808 Hillebrand, William Francis (12 Dec. 1853–7 Feb. 1925) Pat Munday registration Internet Archive These samples are identified as helium by Norman Lockyer and William Crookes.Ramsay William 1895 On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3, one of the lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 58 1 65–67 10.1098/rspl.1895.0006 free It is independently isolated from cleveite in the same year by Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet in Uppsala, Sweden, who determine its atomic weight.Emsley John https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6/ Nature's Building Blocks Oxford University Press 2001 0-19-850341-5 2002 reprint 177 Helium John Emsley registration Open LibraryLanglet N. A. 1895 Über das Atomgewicht des Heliums About the atomic weight of helium https://zenodo.org/record/1428078 Zeitschrift für Anorganische Chemie de 10 1 289–292 10.1002/zaac.18950100130 Zenodo free Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier first describe Fischer–Speier esterification.Fischer Emil Emil Fischer Speier Arthur December 1895 Darstellung der Ester Representation of the Esters Chemische Berichte 28 3 3252–3258 10.1002/cber.189502803176 Carl von Linde files for patent of the Linde cycle. Climatology December 11 – Svante Arrhenius delivers quantified data about the sensitivity of global climate to atmospheric carbon dioxide (the "Greenhouse effect") as he presents his paper "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon The Temperature of the Ground" to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.https://books.google.com/books?id=k1YwAAAAIAAJ&q=1896+april+svante+arrhenius&pg=PA237 On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon The Temperature of the Ground The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science April 1896 Ecology Eugen Warming publishes Plantesamfund (translated as Oecology of Plants, 1909) and founds the scientific discipline ecology. The first international meeting for the protection of birds is held in Paris.The Endangered Species Act – History Of Species Protection http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/3028/Endangered-Species-Act-HISTORY-SPECIES-PROTECTION.html Science Encyclopedia Library Index 2012-11-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20130701043332/http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/3028/Endangered-Species-Act-HISTORY-SPECIES-PROTECTION.html 2013-07-01 dead Mathematics Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries derive the Korteweg–de Vries equation, a description of the development of long solitary water waves in a canal of rectangular cross section.D. J. Korteweg G. de Vries On the Change of Form of Long Waves Advancing in a Rectangular Canal, and on a New Type of Long Stationary Waves The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 39 240 422–443 1895 10.1080/14786449508620739 https://zenodo.org/record/1431215 Georg Cantor publishes the first part of a paper on set theory containing the arithmetic of infinite cardinal numbers and the continuum hypothesis.Cantor Georg 1895 http://gdz-lucene.tc.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gcs/gcs?&&action=pdf&metsFile=PPN235181684_0046&divID=LOG_0044&pagesize=original&pdfTitlePage=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/pdftitle/?metsFile=PPN235181684_0046%7C&targetFileName=PPN235181684_0046_LOG_0044.pdf& Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre (1) Mathematische Annalen 46 4 481–512 10.1007/bf02124929 177801164 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140423224341/http://gdz-lucene.tc.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gcs/gcs?&&action=pdf&metsFile=PPN235181684_0046&divID=LOG_0044&pagesize=original&pdfTitlePage=http%3A%2F%2Fgdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fdms%2Fload%2Fpdftitle%2F%3FmetsFile%3DPPN235181684_0046%7C&targetFileName=PPN235181684_0046_LOG_0044.pdf& 2014-04-23 Henri Poincaré publishes his paper "Analysis Situs", providing the first systematic treatment of topology.Poincaré Henri 1895 Analysis situs Journal de l'École Polytechnique Paris 1 (2) 1–123 http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4337198/f7.image Gaston Tarry publishes a systematic algorithm for traversing a maze without prior knowledge of its layout.Tarry, Gaston (1895). "Le problème des labyrinthes". Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques. Série 3. 14: 187–190. Medicine The term naturopathy is coined by Dr John Scheel.http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13638.shtml https://web.archive.org/web/20090614085504/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13638.shtml dead 2009-06-14 Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97) 1997 American Medical Association Adolphe Pinard invents the Pinard horn, a fetal stethoscope. Physics May 7 – Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrates a radio receiver (containing a coherer) refined as a lightning detector to the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, recognized as the first practical application of electromagnetic waves.Popov's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication, 1895 IEEE Global History Network IEEE Milestones http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Popov%27s_Contribution_to_the_Development_of_Wireless_Communication,_1895 2013-02-23 November 8 – Wilhelm Röntgen discovers a type of electromagnetic radiation which he calls X-rays.W. Röntgen Eine neue Art von Strahlen Sityzungs-Berichteder Physikalisch-medicinisch Gesellschaft zu Würzburg 9 December 1895 Psychiatry Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer publish Studien über Hysterie (Studies on Hysteria). Technology February 13 – Brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière patent their cinematograph motion picture film camera/projector in France. March 18 – The world's first gasoline bus route is started in Germany, between Siegen and Netphen. March 22 – Auguste and Louis Lumière make what is probably the first presentation of a projected celluloid film moving picture, the 46-second Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, to members of the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale in Paris.Chardère B. Borgé G. Borgé M. Les Lumière 1985 Bibliothèque des Arts Paris 2-85047-068-6 French 71 March 30 – Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine in Germany. May 6 – The Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad is opened in ChicagoNew "L" Road Opens 1895-05-07 Chicago Daily Tribune 12 as the first electrically operated rapid transit system in the United States, including the first completed Scherzer rolling lift bridge.Cermak Road Bridge District City of Chicago 2003 http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/dca/general/Cermak_Road_Bridge_Historyreport.pdf 17 2012-02-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20120131142012/http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/dca/general/Cermak_Road_Bridge_Historyreport.pdf January 31, 2012 June 26 – Second prototype of Rudolf Diesel's Motor 250/400 (220/400) passes brake testing for the first time,Tschöke, Helmut Mollenhauer, Klaus Maier, Rudolf Handbuch Dieselmotoren 8th Springer Wiesbaden 2018 978-3-658-07696-2 6 using kerosene fuel.Roger Curry Engines of Change 2021 217 December 31 – Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted 552271 for an electric bicycle.Electrical Bicycle https://patents.google.com/patent/US552271 Google Patents 1895 2012-05-25William C. Morchin Henry Oman Electric Bicycles Hoboken Wiley 2006 978-0-471-67419-1 3 registration https://archive.org/details/electricbicycles00morc_0/page/3 The world's first portable handheld electric drill is developed by brothers Wilhelm and Carl Fein in Germany. Ernest A. Hummel,File:The Engineering and Mining Journal 1897-12-18- Vol 64 Iss 25 (IA sim engineering-and-mining-journal 1897-12-18 64 25).pdf a jeweler of St. Paul, Minnesota, invents the telediagraph. Other events May – Publication of H. G. Wells' first "scientific romance", the novella The Time Machine (serial publication completed and first book editions). July 25 – Maria Skłodowska marries Pierre Curie in the town hall at Sceaux. Awards Copley Medal: Karl WeierstrassCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Archibald Geikie Births January 11 – Laurens Hammond (died 1973), American inventor. January 15 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (died 1973), Finnish winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. January 21 – Robert Stumper (died 1977), Luxembourgish myrmecologist, chemist and international footballer. May 8 – Lionel Whitby (died 1956), English haematologist, clinical pathologist, pharmacologist and army officer. May 20 – R. J. Mitchell (died 1937), English aeronautical engineer. May 31 – Asatour Sarafian, later Oscar H. Banker (died 1979), Armenian American inventor. June 29 – Dorothy Stuart Russell (died 1983), Australian-born British pathologist October 19 – Lewis Mumford (died 1990), American historian & philosopher of science. October 22 – Rolf Nevanlinna (died 1980), Finnish mathematician. October 23 – Hans Ferdinand Mayer (died 1980), German physicist. October 30 Gerhard Domagk (died 1964), German bacteriologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Dickinson W. Richards (died 1964), American pulmonary physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. December 2 – W. Conway Pierce (died 1974), American chemist. December 24 – Marguerite Williams (died 1991?), African American geologist. Deaths January 26 – Arthur Cayley (born 1821), English mathematician. April 11 – Lothar Meyer (born 1830), German chemist. May 5 – Carl Vogt (born 1817), German scientist who published notable works in zoology, geology and physiology. June 29 – Sir Thomas Henry Huxley (born 1825), English biologist. August 10 – Felix Hoppe-Seyler (born 1825), German physiologist. August 26 – Friedrich Miescher (born 1844), Swiss biochemist. September 24 – Hermann Hellriegel (born 1831), German agricultural chemist who discovered the mechanism by which leguminous plants assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere. September 28 – Louis Pasteur (born 1822), French biologist. December 27 – Eivind Astrup (born 1871), Norwegian Arctic explorer. References 2 Category:19th century in science Category:1890s in science