2011 Shan earthquake

Earthquake affecting Myanmar and Thailand December 2019 2011 Shan earthquake 2011-03-24 13:55:13 16357310 usp000hyfx yes 2011 03 24 20:25:13 (UTC+06:30) 6.8 w y 10 km on 3 Burma 20.665 N 99.885 E type:event_scale:50000000 inline,title Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, China 75–151 killed, 212 injured 10Classification of road damage due to earthquakes https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-011-0025-0 10.1007/s11069-011-0025-0 16 June 2024 2011 Nat Hazards Springer Science Panjamani Anbazhagan Sushma Srinivas Deepu Chandran 60 2 425–460 subscription $475 million (2011 USD) The 2011 Shan earthquake occurred on 24 March in Shan State, Myanmar. The earthquake measured w y 6.8 and had an epicenter northwest of the border between Myanmar, Thailand and Laos. It occurred in a region accommodating tectonic deformation brought by the collision between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. Strike-slip faulting along the Nan Ma Fault was identified as the cause. There were between 75 and 151 fatalities; including one death in Thailand. An additional 212 people were injured. Hundreds of buildings and some transport infrastructure were damaged in Myanmar and Thailand.National Earthquake Information Center M 6.9 – 27 km NNW of Tachilek, Myanmar https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000hyfx/executive United States Geological Survey 10 June 2023 24 March 2011 9 April 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230409111021/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000hyfx/executive live In the aftermath of the disaster, the Burmese government provided aid and relief supplies to the affected region. Neighbouring countries China, India and Thailand provided monetary assistance. Several international humanitarian organizations also supported in the relief and recovery. Tectonic setting Geology of Myanmar Myanmar lies at the junction of the Alpine–Himalayan Orogenic Belt and Indonesian Island Arc System. In northern Myanmar, continental collision is ongoing between the northward moving Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. Collision also occurs along the Indo-Burman Ranges (Patkai, Naga and Chin Hills) and Arakan Mountains of western Myanmar.Zaw Khin Swe Win Barber A. J. Crow M. J. Nwe Yin Yin 48 Geological Society, London, Memoirs 2017 The Geological Society of London 1–17 10.1144/M48.1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the geology of Myanmar In this zone of highly oblique collision, most of the motion is accommodated by the north–south trending Sagaing Fault, a major right-lateral strike-slip fault that runs through the western and central part of Myanmar. Additional deformation is distributed and accommodated within eastern Myanmar and Thailand extending into Laos. Deformation within the Shan Plateau is partly accommodated by a set of southwest–northeast trending left-lateral strike-slip faults. Major faults in the Shan Plateau include the Mae Chan, Nam Ma, Menxing, Menglian, Nantinghe, Wanding, and Longling faults.http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002aes.php Magnitude 6.8 – Myanmar 12 May 2012 United States Geological Survey 11 November 2012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110630101620/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002aes.php 30 June 2011 The faults closest to the epicenter are the Mae Chan and Nam Ma faults, about 400 km east of the Sagaing Fault.McCaughey Jamie Tapponnier Paul Myanmar earthquake of March 24, 2011 – Magnitude 6.8 http://www.earthobservatory.sg/media/news-and-features/295-myanmar-earthquake-of-march-24th-magnitude-68.html 12 August 2023 Earth Observatory of Singapore https://web.archive.org/web/20121024030242/http://www.earthobservatory.sg/media/news-and-features/295-myanmar-earthquake-of-march-24th-magnitude-68.html 24 October 2012 25 March 2011Morley C.K. 2007 Variations in Late Cenozoic–Recent strike-slip and oblique-extensional geometries, within Indochina: The influence of pre-existing fabrics Journal of Structural Geology 29 1 36–58 10.1016/j.jsg.2006.07.003 2007JSG....29...36M Earthquake thumb|right|Strong ground motion map The w y 6.8 earthquake occurred with a focal depth of 10 km and epicenter north-northwest of Tachilek, Shan State; north of the Golden Triangle region.ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2018) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php ISC 2022 International Seismological Centre Version 9.1 10 June 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20161125091901/http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php 25 November 2016 live It was one of the largest earthquake recorded in the area. A focal mechanism solution obtained for the earthquake indicated left-lateral slip along a vertical fault plane. Large earthquakes also struck the area in 1988 (w 7.0) and 1995 (w 6.8).Wang Yu Lin Yu-Nung Nina Simons Mark Tun Soe Thura Shallow Rupture of the 2011 Tarlay Earthquake (Mw 6.8), Eastern Myanmar Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2014 104 6 2904–2914 10.1785/0120120364 2014BuSSA.104.2904W https://authors.library.caltech.edu/53322/1/2904.full.pdf 10 June 2023 7 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230807184810/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/53322/1/2904.full.pdf live Geology The northeast–southwest trending Nan Ma Fault runs through Myanmar, northern Laos and China for a length of 215 km. Geomorphic studies along the central section of the fault where the Mekong River crosses it suggest it was previously a right-lateral fault. It produced up to 30 km of right-lateral displacement between 5 and 20 million years ago.Tun Soe Thura Wang Yu Khaing Saw Ngwe Thant Myo Surface Ruptures of the Mw 6.8 March 2011 Tarlay Earthquake, Eastern Myanmar Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2014 104 6 2915–2932 10.1785/0120130321 2014BuSSA.104.2915T The fault reactivated as a left-lateral fault and its average slip rate is estimated at 0.6–2.4 mm per year. The fault branches from a single structure into multiple subparallel splay segments at its westernmost end. The earthquake ruptured one of these segments at the westernmost Nan Ma Fault. Surface rupture The mainshock produced a 30 km long surface rupture along the westernmost segment of the Nam Ma Fault. The surface offset peaked at almost 2 m. Based on inferring InSAR data, the coseismic slip along the fault rupture was concentrated within the shallow 10 km of the crust. The maximum slip was estimated at 4 m at depths of 3–5 km. Clear surface faulting was observed on farmland; at the paddy fields 16 km southeast of the epicenter, 2 km of surface rupture was mapped. The measured offset ranged between 0.12 m and 1.25 m with an average of 0.81 m. In Tarlay, offsets were in the order of several tens of centimetres. Ground motion Spectral acceleration The earthquake was associated with 24 seconds of significant ground motion. Resonance may have occurred in the frequency range of 1.82–2.1, affecting many low to medium-rise buildings. The horizontal ground motion was the primary cause of building destruction during the earthquake.Mase Lindung Zalbuin Likitlersuang Suched Tobita Tetsuo Ground Motion Parameters and Resonance Effect During Strong Earthquake in Northern Thailand Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 2021 39 3 2207–2219 10.1007/s10706-020-01619-5 2021GGEng..39.2207M 226202384 The highest peak ground acceleration, 0.20 g, was instrumentally measured 28 km south of the epicenter in Mae Sai, Thailand. This measurement was the highest ever recorded in Thailand from an earthquake.Ornthammarath Teraphan A note on the strong ground motion recorded during the Mw 6.8 earthquake in Myanmar on 24 March 2011 Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 2013 11 1 241–254 10.1007/s10518-012-9385-4 2013BuEE...11..241O 109326024 Damage in Tarlay corresponded to a Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) of VIII (Severe), while damage to a road about 30 km mi from the epicenter was given MMI X (Extreme). Impact The death toll in Myanmar stood at 74 to 150;Reuters Quake kills 74 in Myanmar, aftershock rattles Thailand https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=213832 25 March 2011 The Jerusalem Post 25 March 2011 18 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120118051006/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=213832 liveAsia World At least 75 killed in Burma quake: officials Bangkok Post 25 March 2011 http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/228607/at-least-75-killed-in-burma-quake 25 March 2011 212 people were injured;http://earthquake-report.com/2012/01/09/catdat-damaging-earthquakes-database-2011-annual-review/ CATDAT Damaging Earthquakes Database 2011 – Annual Review Earthquake Report 9 January 2012 14 January 2012 usurped https://web.archive.org/web/20120530043215/http://earthquake-report.com/2012/01/09/catdat-damaging-earthquakes-database-2011-annual-review/ 30 May 2012 3,152 made homeless; and 18,000 were affected. Total damage of the earthquake was estimated at 3 billion kyat (US$475 million).https://go-api.ifrc.org/publicfile/download?path=/docs/appeals/11/&name=MDRMM004dref.pdf Myanmar: Earthquake IFRC 30 March 2011 31 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20240605160821/https://go-api.ifrc.org/publicfile/download?path=/docs/appeals/11/&name=MDRMM004dref.pdf 5 June 2024 live At least 413 buildings were damaged and one bridge collapsed in Shan State. Around 90 villages were moderately or heavily damaged; in 50 of those villages, more than half the building stock were damaged or destroyed. In 40 other villages, damage was more than 30 percent of all buildings.Myanmar: Earthquake homeless need urgent shelter https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-earthquake-homeless-need-urgent-shelter 13 June 2023 The New Humanitarian ReliefWeb 1 April 2011 7 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230807184825/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-earthquake-homeless-need-urgent-shelter live At least 40 people died and 50 others were injured in Tarlay; one hospital collapsed in the town.Myanmar earthquake: Over 70 people dead https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/myanmar-earthquake-over-70-people-dead-451184 11 June 2023 Associated Press NDTV 26 March 2011 11 June 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230611034535/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/myanmar-earthquake-over-70-people-dead-451184 live Ground subsidence of 1.5 m was observed at a bridge between Kengtung and Tachileik. In Tachileik, two people died and six were injured.Zhang Xiang 40 killed in Tarlay in Myanmar quake http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/25/c_13797933.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110515034544/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/25/c_13797933.htm dead 15 May 2011 25 March 2011 Xinhua News Agency 25 March 2011 Twenty-five people died and 57 were injured when a Baptist church collapsed during a service in Kyakuni village.Baptist church collapses after quake, killing 25 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/baptist-church-collapses-after-quake-killing-25 13 June 2023 BWAid ReliefWeb 24 March 2011 9 November 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20151109051944/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/baptist-church-collapses-after-quake-killing-25 live In Monglin, at least 128 homes were razed.Fang Yang Death toll of Myanmar's earthquake rises to 74, 111 people injured http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/25/c_13798341.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110515063751/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-03/25/c_13798341.htm dead 15 May 2011 25 March 2011 Xinhua News Agency 25 March 2011 Fourteen Buddhist monasteries and nine government infrastructure were damaged.Dozens killed as quake slams Myanmar, Thailand https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42249702 11 June 2023 NBC News 24 March 2011 11 June 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230611020957/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42249702 live In Mae Sai, Thailand, one person died when a wall collapsed. Sixteen people, including seven Burmese and five Chinese nationals were also injured. Buildings in the district cracked and the spire of an 11th-century stupa toppled. No structural collapses occurred but ground effects such as liquefaction and lateral spreading were observed. The MMI in Mae Sai corresponded to VI (Strong). Shaking also caused panic in Chiang Rai and Bangkok.Burma earthquake sends shockwaves across Thai border https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/24/thai-burma-earthquake-chiang-rai 11 June 2023 Associated Press The Guardian 24 March 2011 11 June 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230611010226/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/24/thai-burma-earthquake-chiang-rai live In Hanoi, Vietnam, windows shattered and some people evacuated from their homes.Mydans Seth Earthquake Hits Myanmar The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/world/asia/25myanmar.html 11 June 2023 24 March 2011 1 May 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130501115851/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/world/asia/25myanmar.html live Strong shaking was felt in the provinces of Luang Namtha and Bokeo in Laos without casualties or damage. In Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan, some homes and schools cracked.Sherpa Sherpem Quake hits Myanmar and the Golden Triangle area https://www.dw.com/en/quake-hits-golden-triangle-area/a-6483271 11 June 2023 Reuters DW News 25 May 2011 Lucas Grahame 11 June 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230611010956/https://www.dw.com/en/quake-hits-golden-triangle-area/a-6483271 live Tall buildings were temporarily evacuated in Chiang Rai, Menghai County, Nanning and Hanoi.Agence France-Presse Two dead as strong quake hits Myanmar https://timesofmalta.com/article/two-dead-as-strong-quake-hits-myanmar.356530 Times of Malta 25 March 2011Yan Myanmar quake rocks part of south China Xinhua News Agency 25 March 2011 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/25/c_13796749.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110512151025/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-03/25/c_13796749.htm 12 May 2011 24 March 2011 On 28 March, The Irrawaddy reported many injured survivors at the Tachilek Hospital had "disappeared". The hospital was overwhelmed by an estimated 700 patients a day before the alleged disappearances. Remaining patients and hospital workers said the survivors were "sent away" by local authorities after journalists reported and distributed media on damage and casualties. Locals also reported up to 200 may have died in Shan State.Naing Saw Yan Myanmar: Junta Possibly Concealing Earthquake Casualties http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21023 13 June 2023 The Irrawaddy 28 March 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110731153255/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21023 31 July 2011 Aftermath Economy of Myanmar#Foreign aid Most residents in Tachileik spent the night outdoors after being advised by government officials about aftershocks through loudspeakers. Many people in the town did not return to their homes and businesses were closed. Authorities were hampered by road closures in their effort to locate some injured people in the affected areas. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs received reports of intermittent disruption of services including power, water and telecommunications. A damaged bridge at Tarlay made access to the town challenging for aid and rescue.Ponnudurai Parameswaran Quake Toll Climbs https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/quake-03252011140322.html 13 June 2023 Radio Free Asia Khin May Zaw 25 March 2011 13 June 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230613080014/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/quake-03252011140322.html live More than US$3 million had been donated by various countries and organizations for the relief effort.Hseng Sai Zom Victims of Shan Quake Still Waiting for More Aid The Irrawaddy 3 May 2011 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/victims-shan-quake-still-waiting-more-aid 12 August 2023 ReliefWeb The government of Myanmar provided Ks 1,162 million worth of supplies to the area.Government of Myanmar State has provided quake-hit Tahlay with supplies worth K 1162.7 million Vice-President Dr Sai Mauk Kham inspects reconstruction tasks in quake-hit Tachilek, Tahlay https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/state-has-provided-quake-hit-tahlay-supplies-worth-k-11627-million-vice-president-dr 12 August 2023 ReliefWeb 26 June 2011 On 25 March, the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement supplied relief tents, tarpaulins, blankets, clothing and food items via a military plane.Government of Myanmar Myanmar: Relief aids supplied to earthquake victims 26 March 2011 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-relief-aids-supplied-earthquake-victims 13 June 2023 ReliefWeb 7 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230807184822/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-relief-aids-supplied-earthquake-victims live Two days later, government officials visited Tachilek and Tarlay, meeting affected residents. Affected families were also handled cash assistance, clothing and food. Patients at the Tachilek Station Hospital were also given cash. Government officials also surveyed repair works at the Kengtung–Tachilek Union Highway, Tachilek–Tahlay Road and Tahlay Bridge. By the afternoon of 27 March, buses and small vehicles could drive along the roads and bridge.Government of Myanmar Myanmar: Maj-Gen Aung Than Htut, Commander, SWRR Minister tour earthquake-hit township and villages, provide cash assistance, relief aids to earthquake victims 27 March 2011 https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-maj-gen-aung-htut-commander-swrr-minister-tour-earthquake-hit-township-and 13 June 2023 ReliefWeb https://web.archive.org/web/20230807184814/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-maj-gen-aung-htut-commander-swrr-minister-tour-earthquake-hit-township-and 7 August 2023 live The Chinese government provided US$500 thousand in disaster relief and reconstruction of damaged infrastructure.Government of the People's Republic of China Chinese Government Provided Disaster Relief for Quake-hit Myanmar http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/significantnews/201103/20110307469374.html 13 June 2023 28 March 2011 13 June 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230613082317/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/significantnews/201103/20110307469374.html live On 26 March, the Thai government donated ฿3 million to the Burmese government and announced further assistance would be provided.Suvansombut Nuppol Thailand donated 3 million THB to help quake stricken Myanmar http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news.php?id=255403260008 13 June 2023 National News Bureau of Thailand 26 March 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20110530181049/http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news.php?id=255403260008 30 May 2011 India's prime minister Manmohan Singh said his government would provide US$1 million for "relief and rehabilitation" in the affected area.India provides USD 1 million assistance to quake-hit Myanmar https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/india-provides-usd-1-million-assistance-quake-hit-myanmar 13 June 2023 The Times of India ReliefWeb 29 March 2011 7 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230807185308/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/india-provides-usd-1-million-assistance-quake-hit-myanmar live Korea also donated US$200 thousand to the Myanmar Red Cross Society.Government of Myanmar Cash donated for quake victims of Tahlay https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/cash-donated-quake-victims-tahlay 12 August 2023 ReliefWeb 5 May 2011 Malteser International provided €10 thousand in emergency relief; at its Yangon warehouse, shelters and non-food items were prepared for 300 families.Malteser International Earthquakes in Myanmar: Malteser International staff on its way to earthquake region https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/earthquakes-myanmar-malteser-international-staff-its-way-earthquake-region 13 June 2023 ReliefWeb 25 March 2011 7 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230807185317/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/earthquakes-myanmar-malteser-international-staff-its-way-earthquake-region live World Vision distributed water and food to over 1,300 residents.World Vision Myanmar: World Vision Responds in Tar Lay and Mong Lin Townships https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-world-vision-responds-tar-lay-and-mong-lin-townships 13 June 2023 ReliefWeb 26 March 2011 7 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230807195240/https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-world-vision-responds-tar-lay-and-mong-lin-townships live See also List of earthquakes in 2011 List of earthquakes in Myanmar List of earthquakes in Thailand 1912 Maymyo earthquake References External links 16357310 Category:2011 earthquakes Category:2011 in Thailand Category:2011 in Laos Category:2011 disasters in China Category:Earthquakes in Thailand Category:Earthquakes in Myanmar Category:Earthquakes in Asia Category:Natural disasters in Laos Category:History of Shan State Category:2011 in Vietnam Category:Earthquakes in Vietnam Category:March 2011 in Asia Category:Strike-slip earthquakes Category:2011 disasters in Myanmar