1999 Jiji earthquake

Earthquake in Taiwan 921 earthquake the September 21, 2009, earthquake in Bhutan 2009 Bhutan earthquake April 2026 990921중앙119구조본부 대만 921 대지진 출동1.jpg Earthquake damage in Dali District, Taichung Taiwan 1 1999-09-20 17:47:16 1718616 usp0009eq0 1999 09 21 01:47:12 local time 7.7 w y7.3 L y 33 km mi 1 51,711 buildings destroyed, 53,768 buildings damaged Taiwan 23.772 N 120.982 E inline,title Jiji (Chi-Chi), Nantou, Taiwan 1.92 gM 7.7 – Taiwan https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009eq0#shakemap United States Geological Survey February 7, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20170920160823/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009eq0#shakemap September 20, 2017 live 318 cm/shttps://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1131695.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20220601061116/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1131695.pdf live June 1, 2022 How Fast Can the Ground Really Move? INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES November 3, 2021 2,415 dead, 11,305 injured, 29 missing 7 MMI X我國新地震震度分級制度 https://www.ncdr.nat.gov.tw/CEOCworkshop/cwb_2.pdf Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale March 7, 2025 zh June 21, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621004614/https://www.ncdr.nat.gov.tw/CEOCworkshop/cwb_2.pdf live Significant Earthquake Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5535 ngdc.noaa.gov NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information September 19, 2021 August 31, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220831103750/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5535 live The Chi-Chi earthquakeFault Dynamics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake: clues from nanometric geochemical analysis of fault gouges Wen-Hsien Li Chi-Hung Lee Ma-Hsuan Ma Ping Jung Huang Sheng Yun Wu Scientific Reports 2019 9 1 5683 10.1038/s41598-019-42028-w free 30952874 6451003 2019NatSR...9.5683L Here, we report on the results of studies made on the fault dynamics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw 7.6) through identifications of the changes in the grain-morphology and chemical composition resulting from fault movement. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/03/28/2003712326 Study on crustal changes after 921 quake unveiled Lin Chia-nan March 28, 2019 September 21, 2019 The team detailed their findings in a paper titled "Lower-crustal rheology and thermal gradient in the Taiwan orogenic belt illuminated by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake" which was published in the journal Science Advances. Taipei Times https://web.archive.org/web/20190903010840/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/03/28/2003712326 September 3, 2019 live https://archive.org/details/yearinreview199907univ/page/n51 2000 Year In Review; 2002 Year in Review 1999 52, 53, 92 Kao, H., and Chen, W.-P., 2000, The Chi-Chi earthquake sequence: Active out-of-sequeence thrust faulting in Taiwan: Science, 288: 2346-2349 Internet Archive (later also known as the Jiji earthquake,Taiwanese: 集集地動 Chi̍p-chi̍p Tē-tāng; Mandarin: 集集地震; Chi2-Chi2 Ti4-chên4 Jíjí dìzhèn 921 Earthquake, or the great earthquake of September 21Taiwanese: 九二一大地動; Kiú-jī-it Tōa-tē-tāng; Mandarin: 九二一大地震; Jiǔ-èr-yī dàdìzhèn no 921 earthquake), was a 7.3 ML or 7.7 Mw earthquake which occurred in Jiji (Chi-Chi), Nantou County, Taiwan on September 21, 1999, at 01:47:12 local time. 2,415 people were killed, 11,305 injured, and 300 billion worth of damage was done. It is the second-deadliest earthquake in Taiwan's recorded history, after the 1935 Shinchiku-Taichū earthquake. Rescue groups from around the world joined local relief workers and the Taiwanese military in digging out survivors, clearing rubble, restoring essential services and distributing food and other aid to the more than 100,000 people made homeless by the quake. The disaster, dubbed the "Quake of the Century" by the local media, had a profound effect on the economy of the island and the consciousness of the people, and dissatisfaction with the government's performance in reacting to it was cited by a Taiwanese sociologist as a factor in the unseating of the ruling Kuomintang party in the 2000 presidential election.September 21, 2022 Taiwan Marks Deadly but Seminal 1999 Earthquake https://www.voanews.com/a/taiwan-marks-deadly-but-seminal-1999-earthquake-/6756663.html January 10, 2025 Voice of America en January 10, 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20250110234440/https://www.voanews.com/a/taiwan-marks-deadly-but-seminal-1999-earthquake-/6756663.html live The Disaster Prevention and Protection Act was enacted on June 30, 2000, by Taiwan Government, designated September 21 as National Disaster Prevention Day zh 國家防災日. Every year on September 21 at 9:21 AM, a drill message is sent to all mobile phones through the Public Warning System in the form of a national alert.中央通訊社 September 21, 2023 921國家防災日 氣象署發布地震及海嘯警報演練訊息 生活 https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202309210040.aspx July 20, 2024 中央社 CNA zh-Hant-TW Geology thumb|USGS ShakeMap for the event thumb|right|Aftershock of Chi-Chi earthquake thumb|right|Magnitude map of 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake The earthquake struck at 01:47:12.6 TST on Tuesday, September 21, 1999 (i.e., 1999-09-21, hence "921"). The epicenter was at 23.77° N latitude, 120.98° E longitude, 9.2 km mi 1 southwest of Sun Moon Lake, near the town of Jiji (Chi-Chi), Nantou County. The tremor measured 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and 7.3 on the Richter scale,Chichi, Taiwan Earthquake (Mw 7.7): Report of a Quick Investigation J. Mori A. Ando H. Katao S. Ohmi Research Center for Earthquake Prediction, Disasaster Prevention Researth Institute, Kyoto University http://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/web_j/dprinews/news14/n14-taiwan.html September 21, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20070831204128/http://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/web_j/dprinews/news14/n14-taiwan.html August 31, 2007 live and the focal depth was 8.0 km mi 1. The Central Weather Bureau recorded a total of 12,911 aftershocks in the month following the mainshock.Edmonds and Goldstein, p.17. The total energy released is estimated to be 2.1 × 1017 J,2002AGUFM.S71E..09M Energy Budget of the 1999 Chichi, Taiwan Earthquake AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 71 S71E–09 2002 Mori, J. Tanaka, H. approximately the same as the yield of the Tsar Bomba. The earthquake was in an unusual location for Taiwan, which experiences the majority of its earthquakes off the eastern coast, with such quakes normally causing little damage.The Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake of September 21, 1999 Earthquake Engineering Research Institute http://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/taiwan_chi_chi_eeri_preliminary_report.pdf December 1999 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20080828210154/http://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/taiwan_chi_chi_eeri_preliminary_report.pdf August 28, 2008 dead One of the aftershocks, on September 26, measured 6.8 on the Richter scale and caused previously weakened buildings to collapse, killing another three people.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/27/4161 Fierce aftershock raises death toll Taipei Times September 27, 1999 1 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817085728/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/27/4161 August 17, 2009 live At the time of the quake, Taiwan had the most extensive network of sensors and monitoring stations in the world, resulting in "probably the best data set ever collected for an earthquake".Monastersky R. Taiwan Quake Floods Scientists with Data Science News 213 October 2, 1999 https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-56982341 https://archive.today/20130131210507/http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-56982341 Questia subscription dead January 31, 2013 At one station, a peak ground motion of 300 cm/s (3 m/s; 10 ft/s) was recorded, the highest ever measurement taken in an earthquake anywhere. Soil liquefaction was observed at Yuanlin and caused settlement of building foundations and filling in of water wells from sand boils. The earthquake occurred along the Chelungpu Fault in the western part of the island of Taiwan. The fault stretches along the foothills of the Central Mountains in Nantou County and Taichung County (now part of Taichung City). Some sections of land near the fault were raised as much as 7 m ft. Near Dongshih, near the northern end of the fault, a nearly 7 m ft 0 high waterfall was created by the earthquake as the surface rupture offset the channel of the Dajia River.Lee J.-C. Chu H.-T. Angelier J. Chan Y.-C. Hu J.-C. Lu C.Y. Rau R.-J. 2002 Geometry and structure of northern surface ruptures of the 1999 Mw=7.6 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake: influence from inherited fold belt structures Journal of Structural Geology 24 1 173–192 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00056-6 2002JSG....24..173L http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/172537/1/16.pdf The total surface rupture was about 100 km in length.Lin A. Ouchi T. Chen A. Marayuma T. 2001 Co-seismic displacements, folding and shortening structures along the Chelungpu surface rupture zone occurred during the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake Tectonophysics 330 3–4 225–244 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00230-4 2001Tectp.330..225L Damage thumb|left|Tunghsing Building, in Taipei City, after the quake Damage caused by the earthquake included 2,415 deaths, 29 missing, 11,305 severely wounded, with 51,711 buildings completely destroyed, 53,768 buildings severely damaged, and a total of NT$300 billion (US$10 billion) worth of damage.According to the National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior R.O.C https://web.archive.org/web/20050820020805/http://www.nfa.gov.tw/ August 20, 2005 Power was cut to a large portion of the island due to damage to power stations, transmission stations, and the automatic shutdown of Taiwan's three nuclear power plants, which were restarted two days later.http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf18.html Nuclear Power Plants and Earthquakes World Nuclear Association August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090722210420/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf18.html July 22, 2009 live National electricity provider Taipower stated that a day after the quake power had been restored to 59% of the country.Quake of the century http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/22/3502 September 22, 2009 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817085716/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/22/3502 August 17, 2009 live 102 major bridges were badly damaged, with many having to be torn down.Experiences, p.1. The Central Cross-Island Highway, at the time the only major complete route across the mountains in central Taiwan, was badly damaged. Subsequent storm damage and the high cost of restoration means that the highway remains partially closed as of 2018. There were a total of 132 landslides during the main quake and the aftershocks, some causing loss of life as rockfalls crushed houses.Experiences, p.6. 870 schools suffered damage, with 125 severely damaged, closing many down for months or even permanently in a few cases.Experiences, p.7. Central Taiwan thumb|400px|Collapsed Wuchang Temple (武昌宮) in Jiji (Chi-Chi), Nantou In Nantou County, towns such as Puli suffered heavy damage, with 846 deaths, 153 missing and 1,889 injuries. Due to the relatively remote location of many of the affected settlements, aid from the central government took some time to reach some survivors. About 80% of houses in Zhongliao were severely damaged or destroyed.China – Earthquake OCHA Situation Report No. 6 https://reliefweb.int/report/china-taiwan-province/china-earthquake-ocha-situation-report-no-6 OCHA ReliefWeb September 24, 1999 May 13, 2023 At least 1,074 deaths and 3,648 injuries were reported in Taichung County, where 3,211 houses were destroyed. The Port of Taichung, one of Taiwan's major commercial harbours, was badly damaged and had to be temporarily closed.Cybil Chou http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/quake/archives/1999/09/22/3506 Taipei Times September 22, 1999 Infrastructure dealt a crippling blow 2 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817083819/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/quake/archives/1999/09/22/3506 August 17, 2009 live Northern Taiwan In Taipei City, far from the epicentre of the quake, the 12-storey Tunghsing Building collapsed, resulting in 87 deaths. The building was later found to be unsoundly built: structural pillars and beams were stuffed with plastic bottles and newspaper instead of brick and concrete.http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64CBX6?OpenDocument ReliefWeb Taipei government ordered to pay quake victims 13.8 mln US dollars April 29, 2002 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090818040444/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64CBX6?OpenDocument August 18, 2009 live Blame for the collapse was levelled by survivors at both the construction company which built the high-rise and local government for lax enforcement of building codes and safety standards. Five people were indicted in the wake of the disaster. Economic damage The Taiwan Stock Exchange was closed for business for five days following the earthquake.Taipei Times http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/23/3634 The tragedy unfolds September 23, 1999 1 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817090122/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/23/3634 August 17, 2009 live A significant portion of the world supply of computer memory chips (RAM) was at the time made in Taiwan, and the six-day shutdown of Hsinchu Science Park and other factories resulting from the quake caused computer memory prices to triple on world markets.https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19991015&id=4N9HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1161,3553563 The Victoria Advocate Chip shortage raises computer prices October 15, 1999 With Taiwan struggling to recover from the after-effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the economic damage of the earthquake was great cause for concern, with estimates that the total cost would be some 10% of the entire gross domestic product of the country in 1999. Causes of building collapse and public reaction The immediate rescue efforts were still ongoing when public anger began to mount at shoddy construction that many felt was responsible for the high number of casualties. Criticism was directed at legal building codes, enforcement of those codes, and the construction companies themselves. Constructors and architects of modern buildings that collapsed were detained by the authorities, their assets frozen and travel documents seized.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/26/4034 Building firms under investigation September 26, 1999 Taipei Times 1 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817083700/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/26/4034 August 17, 2009 live One of the issues highlighted after the quake was "soft stories": high, open ground floors in high-rise buildings with little structural support. This led to the ground floor collapsing first in a quake, either toppling the other floors or starting a pancake collapse. Buildings in Taiwan over 50 m tall require a peer review process; no building that had undergone this process collapsed, contrasting with a number of dramatic failures of buildings just under 50 metres in height. + Statistics of Damage by Administrative Areas http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/com/h0934.htm zh-tw 921震災勞動情勢分析新聞稿 行政院勞委會 October 18, 1999 March 30, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130606125803/http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/html/com/h0934.htm June 6, 2013 http://www.cdc.gov.tw/info.aspx?treeid=075874dc882a5bfd&nowtreeid=875e420d705a97d9&tid=54D49B26AD3AD314 zh-tw 九二一集集大地震南投縣台中縣死亡情形調查報告，《疫情報導》 韓世寧、陳國東 衛生署疾病管制局 January 25, 2000 March 31, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111329/http://www.cdc.gov.tw/info.aspx?treeid=075874dc882a5bfd&nowtreeid=875e420d705a97d9&tid=54D49B26AD3AD314 March 4, 2016 County/City Deaths Serious Injuries Completely Collapsed Partially CollapsedNantou County 886 678 23,127 16,792 Taichung County 1,154 411 16,861 12,341 Taichung City 113 47 1,484 4,953 Changhua County 29 11 1,048 3,054 Yunlin County 85 60 916 321 Chiayi County 6 0 30 91 Tainan County 1 0 1 1 Taipei City 87 7 76 325 Taipei County 46 29 230 3,264 Miaoli County 6 196 529 473 Hsinchu City 2 1 5 0 Rescue efforts Immediately following the earthquake an emergency cabinet meeting was convened to discuss how to tackle the aftermath. The same day the ROC military was mobilised, with large numbers of conscripted soldiers heading to stricken regions to assist in distributing emergency supplies, clearing roads, and rescuing people trapped in the rubble. Helicopters were used to evacuate injured people from mountainous regions to hospitals, and to supply food to communities inaccessible by road.Yu Sen-lun 3 http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/rescue/archives/1999/09/22/3510 Taipei Times September 22, 1999 Rescue workers struggling with shortages as military moves in to disaster areas August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817083843/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/rescue/archives/1999/09/22/3510 August 17, 2009 live The military also assumed the leading role in recovering the dead from damaged structures. One of the last people to be rescued was a six-year-old boy pulled alive from the rubble of his collapsed home in Taichung County by a team of South Korean and Japanese search and rescue workers, some 88 hours after the quake.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/25/3913 Hoping against the odds Taipei Times September 25, 1999 1 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817090138/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/25/3913 August 17, 2009 live Even later, nearly 130 hours after the earthquake, two brothers emerged alive from the ruins of the Tunghsing Building in Taipei to the astonishment of rescuers. The brothers survived on the water sprayed from fire hoses, rotten fruit, and their own urine.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/27/4163 Tunghsing rescue arouses hope Taipei Times Chu Monique September 27, 1999 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817090151/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/27/4163 August 17, 2009 live International response There was widespread international sympathy for those affected by the earthquake, and over 700 rescue workers from more than 20 countries aided in the immediate aftermath.http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=17514&CtNode=122 Rescue; Relief aid and search teams pour into Taiwan in quake's aftermath October 1, 1999 Taiwan Today Chang FrankSeptember 2016 InternetArchiveBot yes Initially Taiwan's isolated diplomatic situation caused a delay in a response from the United Nations, which abides by the "One China Policy", and so chose not to act without the approval of the Beijing government because of its geopolitical clout. : A 5-member volunteer Search and Rescue team from Abbotsford, British Columbia, under the umbrella of a private company, and supported by the local Taiwanese community, provided Search and Rescue services for 96 hrs. : Relations between the two sides had been particularly strained shortly before the earthquake, with tensions high over the impending presidential elections in Taiwan. General secretary of the Communist party Jiang Zemin sparked hope of an improvement in relations when he expressed the sorrow of mainland Chinese at news of the disaster, and stated that "we are willing to offer any possible assistance to alleviate quake-caused losses." Jiang went on to say that "Compatriots of the two sides are as closely linked as flesh and blood. The catastrophe and agony of our Taiwan compatriots influences the hearts of all Chinese."http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/east/9909/20/taiwan.quake.04/ Massive earthquake jolts Taiwan; at least 1,100 killed CNN September 21, 1999 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817122607/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/east/9909/20/taiwan.quake.04/ August 17, 2009 dead However, after a few days the Taipei government was accusing Beijing of exploiting the earthquake for political ends and blocking speedy assistance from the international community getting to those in need. A Russian flight carrying search and rescue personnel was refused permission to cross Chinese airspace on its way to Taiwan, and the PRC insisted that any attempts to send aid to Taiwan from other nations needed the blessing of the Beijing government first, slowing the arrival of international help.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/25/3912 Taipei accuses China of exploiting quake September 25, 1999 Lin Irene Taipei Times 1 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817084431/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/25/3912 August 17, 2009 live A few years later according to an interview, the blockade news mentioned above was denied and unheard by Russians.Julian Clegg Media myth lives on https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/09/18/2003453864 April 25, 2013 Taipei Times September 18, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921230641/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/09/18/2003453864 September 21, 2012 live : President Jacques Chirac "addressed a message of sincere sympathy and condolences to all the victims of this catastrophe and their families. France is following the situation closely and is ready to provide the Taiwanese people with the support and emergency aid they may need." : Chancellor Gerhard Schröder spoke of his "deep compassion to the quake victims and their families". : US$500,000 in aid was pledged by the Japanese government, along with more than 100 rescue workers. Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi offered his condolences on behalf of the Japanese people. : A 4-member volunteer Search and Rescue team with 3 search dogs was assembled and arrived to Taiwan within 30 hours from the earthquake and provided services for 4 consecutive days. The costs for the team were covered by private individuals and corporate entities from Slovakia. The transport costs were covered by Eva Air and the local presence and accommodation was supported and coordinated by Taiwanese authorities.https://encyklopedia.sme.sk/c/5030901/zemetrasenie-v-ti-ti.html Zemetrasenie v Ťi-ťi August 17, 2021 August 17, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210817151557/https://encyklopedia.sme.sk/c/5030901/zemetrasenie-v-ti-ti.html live : The Mexican team of rescue workers was involved in tackling the Tunghsing Building collapse and earned widespread praise for their skill and commitment. : A team of 76 rescue workers was first dispatched by the Emergency Situations Ministry to help with the search and rescue efforts.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/react/archives/1999/09/22/3512 World leaders express their condolences Taipei Times Chen Lauren September 22, 1999 4 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817083830/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/react/archives/1999/09/22/3512 August 17, 2009 live : A medical team of five doctors and 12 combat medics was sent by the Singapore Armed Forces to provide medical support for 11 days.July 28, 2005 MINDEF – History – 1999 – The Humanitarian Work of the SAF: The Taiwan Earthquake (Volume 8 Issue 9) http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/maturing_saf/v08n09_history.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20050728075225/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/maturing_saf/v08n09_history.html July 28, 2005 February 6, 2023 : In addition to the cash grant, the Korea International Search and Rescue Team (Chief Commander Park Chung-wung) was deployed to the affected site for 2 weeks, and during the operation, the team rescued a 6-year-old boy who had lost both parents and his younger sister due to the building collapse caused by the earthquake. The boy had survived for 84 hours without external assistance such as water and food. : Having been hit by a devastating earthquake just the previous month, Turkish NGOs had recent experience in search and rescue operations. A 15-person team from Turkey left for Taiwan within hours of news of the quake being received. : Condolences were offered by Elizabeth II, who in a statement said, "The Queen was greatly saddened to learn of the terrible earthquake in Taiwan and the consequent tragic loss of life." A relief team of six people from Rapid UK, a disaster rescue group, was dispatched to help search for trapped survivors.https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/454489.stm Queen's sympathy for quake victims BBC September 22, 1999 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20091026234917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/454489.stm October 26, 2009 live : President Bill Clinton issued a statement, saying that "our thoughts are with all of those who have suffered losses and who may still be in need of assistance", while also pledging aid to assist in disaster recovery. Despite the lack of official diplomatic relations with Taiwan, US authorities liaised directly with their Taiwanese counterparts, and sent an 85-person team to assist in the aftermath. : Pope John Paul II expressed his concern in his Angelus of September 26, remarking that "at these days my thoughts have constantly turned to the beloved people of Taiwan as they recover from the recent quake and its devastating aftermath". Clean-up and reconstruction thumb|left|300px|Heavily damaged Guangfu Junior High School in Wufeng (921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan) On September 25 President Lee Teng-hui declared a state of emergency in the affected areas, giving sweeping powers to local authorities to ignore the usual bureaucratic and legal restrictions on measures to bring relief to people and locations most in need. This was the first time emergency powers had been used since the death of former President Chiang Ching-kuo in 1989.http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/26/4033 President Lee announces emergency decree Taipei Times September 26, 2009 Chen Lauren 1 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090817083646/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/26/4033 August 17, 2009 live Many charities, corporations, and private individuals contributed to the relief effort and the later reconstruction. Private donations directly to the government-run disaster fund totalled NT$33.9 billion,Experiences, p.20. while organisations including the Presbyterian Church of Taiwan, Rotary International, Cathay Life Insurance, Dharma Drum Mountain, I-Kuan Tao, the Tzu Chi Foundation and various temple, church, and community groups all contributed to aiding survivors and funding reconstruction.Experiences, pp.640–704. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints provided both direct relief and translation services for the foreign rescue teams,Experiences, p.643. while the Red Cross of the People's Republic of China contributed US$3m to the Red Cross Society of the Republic of China, which amassed a fund of NT$1.8bn towards disaster relief.Experiences, p.625. Following the election of President Chen Shui-bian in March 2000, the reconstruction policies were continued despite the change in ruling party. Chen said in his inaugural address in May 2000 that "our people experienced an unprecedented catastrophe last year, and the wounds are yet to be healed. The new cabinet feels that restoration cannot be delayed ... Reconstruction has to cover every victim and every earthquake-affected area."Experiences, p.24. One task that had to be undertaken was the setting of new land ownership boundaries in areas where the landscape had been significantly altered by the quake. The whole island was elongated about 1.5 m in the north–south axis and compressed west–east by the forces unleashed. One solution offered to land issues was to offer landowners an equivalent parcel of government land not located on a fault line.Edmonds and Goldstein, pp.14–15. Aftermath Following the earthquake, the Atomic Energy Council installed the automation seismic trip system (ASTS) to Taiwan's existing three nuclear power plants to further ensure plant safety. Installation and testing were completed in November 2007.http://www.aec.gov.tw/english/intro/aec_profile.pdf Archived copy February 21, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140227084552/http://www.aec.gov.tw/english/intro/aec_profile.pdf February 27, 2014 live Legacy thumb|300px|Waterworks pipe bent by the earthquake, 2 meters (7 ft) in width and 1.8 cm (0.7 inches) in thickness, originally underground in Fengyuan, Taichung County, exhibited at the Museum of Drinking Water, Zhongzheng District, Taipei The quake has become part of the Taiwanese consciousness, and is often referred to simply as 9-21 (九二一 Jiǔ'èryī no) after the date it occurred (September 21). Unhappiness with the government's performance in response to the disaster was reflected in a drop in support for vice-president Lien Chan who was standing as the Kuomintang candidate for the 2000 presidential election.Edmonds and Goldstein, p.16. In Wufeng, a township in southern Taichung County, the damage was especially devastating; the village's Guangfu Junior High School lay directly on the fault line and was severely damaged by the quake. Today the junior high school is the site of the National Museum of Natural Science's 921 Earthquake Museum, designated by Executive Yuan of Taiwan as one of the 921 Earthquake National Memorial Sites, along with Jiujiufeng Nature Preservation Area, Jiufen'er Shan National Earthquake Memorial Sites zh 九份二山, and the Caoling Geopark. A fault from the earthquake was discovered in Zhushan Township, Nantou County by a professor from National Taiwan University conducting research in the area in November 2002. To preserve the surface rupture, the Chelungpu Fault Preservation Park was established and opened to the public in 2013.http://www.nmns.edu.tw/nmns_eng/04exhibit/permanent/Chelungpu.htm National Museum of Natural Science -> Exhibition -> Permanent Exhibits -> Chelungpu Fault Preservation Park Nmns.edu.tw May 13, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20131221060203/http://www.nmns.edu.tw/nmns_eng/04exhibit/permanent/Chelungpu.htm December 21, 2013 dead A permanent fault shift in Shigang District resulted in serious damage to the Shigang Dam, as well as the necessity of patching affected roads and trails with inclines, in order to restore their usefulness. Two notable examples of this are the biking/hiking trail between Dongshi District and Fengyuan District, and Fengshi Road which also connects these two districts. Some locals humorously call this new inclination "Singapore", in Chinese (新加坡 newly-added slope no).September 2016 The tenth anniversary of the earthquake in 2009 was marked by commemorative activities in some of the areas affected. Taipei, Dongshi, Wufeng, Puli, Jiji (Chi-Chi) and Zhongxing New Village held various events to remember the victims of the earthquake, the rescuers who aided them, and the reconstruction efforts which followed.http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2009/07/02/214674/Cabinet-to.htm Cabinet to hold 921 earthquake commemorative activities: official China Post Kao Y.L. July 2, 2009 August 8, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090706174412/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2009/07/02/214674/Cabinet-to.htm July 6, 2009 dead The Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP),Project website: https://www.icdp-online.org/projects/world/asia/chelungpu/ https://web.archive.org/web/20210116084915/https://www.icdp-online.org/projects/world/asia/chelungpu/ January 16, 2021 co-led by Taiwanese scholars Kuo-Fong Ma, Yiben Tsai and international collaborators in the US and Japan, drilled research boreholes to investigate the Chelungpu Fault. This led to multiple discoveries about the causes of the earthquake and empirical breakthroughs in seismology, most notably the first measurement of an earthquake slip zone.Ma KF Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project Nature 2006 444 7118 473–476 10.1038/nature05253 17122854 2006Natur.444..473M 4413738 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05253 January 14, 2021 subscription The drilling project also uncovered that the earthquake was in part caused by the movement of underground water. The team defined such earthquakes as "isotropic event", an earthquake-like event caused by natural hydraulic fracturing.Isotropic Events Observed with a Borehole Array in the Chelungpu Fault Zone, Taiwan 2012 10.1126/science.1222119 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1222119 Ma Kuo-Fong Lin Yen-Yu Lee Shiann-Jong Mori Jim Brodsky Emily E. Science 337 6093 459–463 22837526 2012Sci...337..459M 33508855 subscription This finding has important implications for fracking operations.Erdbeben durch natürliches Fracking https://www.wissenschaft-aktuell.de/artikel/Erdbeben_durch_natuerliches_Fracking_1771015588601.html Wissenschaft Aktuell January 11, 2021 See also Taiwan Earth sciences John Walker, Chi-Chi earthquake benefit concerts List of deadly earthquakes since 1900 List of earthquakes in 1999 List of earthquakes in Taiwan Lists of 20th-century earthquakes National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) Notes References Experiences on Post-disaster Reconstruction for the 921 Earthquake Taiwan Historica 2006 978-986-00-7233-4 Taiwan in the Twentieth Century: A Retrospective View Edmonds Richard L. Goldstein Steven M. 2001 978-0-521-00343-8 Cambridge University Press External links National Museum of Natural Science 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223434/http://www.921emt.edu.tw/e_content/about/about01.aspx December 2, 2013 xe3Z1Tdz_uk 經典讀誦心經香港群星合唱迴向1999年, 台灣921大地震 http://blog.roodo.com/loveaction 1718616 The Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP) https://web.archive.org/web/20210116084915/https://www.icdp-online.org/projects/world/asia/chelungpu/ January 16, 2021 Category:1999 earthquakes Category:1999 disasters in Taiwan Category:Earthquakes in Taiwan Category:September 1999 in Asia