1965 Algerian coup d'état

none December 2019 1965 Algerian coup d'état File:Location Algeria AU Africa.svg 19 June 1965 Algiers, Algeria 36 45 14 N 3 3 32 E region:DZ_type:city inline,title Algeria yes 200px Green pog.svg 10 Nexus of coup in Algiers (marked green), Algeria Coup attempt succeeds with minimum disruption. President Ahmed Ben Bella removed from office. Defence Minister Houari Boumédiène installed as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Houari BoumédièneTahar ZbiriAbdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ben Bella ProtestersSupported by:CubaUnited Arab RepublicYugoslavia No casualties reported. The 1965 Algerian coup d'état, also called the Revolutionary Correction,https://www.google.no/books/edition/Algeria_a_Country_Study/ALHjoSJm-PsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+1965+Algerian+coup+d'%C3%A9tat,+also+called+the+The+Revolutionary+Rectification++,&pg=PA259&printsec=frontcover Algeria, a Country Study American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area Studies 16 July 1979 [Department of Defense], Department of the Army Google Books brought Colonel Houari Boumédiène to power as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Algeria. The bloodless coup d'état saw Algeria's first President, Ahmed Ben Bella, arrested and his closest supporters imprisoned by Boumédiène and his allies, principally in the Algerian Land Forces. The arrest of Ben Bella occurred on 19 June 1965. Background thumb|Ahmed Ben Bella, first president of the Algerian Republic.thumb|Houari Boumédiène, at the time Algerian Minister of Defence. Following the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962), with the help of then Chief of Staff Houari Boumédiène and the National Liberation Army (ALN), Ahmed Ben Bella was elected as Prime Minister in September 1962, ousting former Prime Minister Benyoucef Benkhedda. Owing to his support of Ben Bella, Boumédiène was appointed Defense Minister by Ben Bella and remained in this position until 1976.Ania et al. 1976 163 From 1962 to 1965, Ben Bella governed in an often erratic manner and centralized more and more government institutions by appointing himself the Secretary General of the Party, minister of the Interior, and the head of other bodies.Ania et al. 1976 163 Concerns of Ben Bella's demagogic behavior pervaded the Algerian government, with many government cadres coming to Boumédiène to voice their worries and complaints about the President.Ania et al. 1976 161 Boumédiène spent time traveling in early 1965, making trips to Baghdad, Cairo, and Moscow. In Cairo, he represented Algeria at a summit of Arab countries and met with Soviet leadership in Moscow.Balta et al. 1978 343 In April 1965, Ben Bella ordered local police to report directly to him rather than through the normal channels in the Ministry of Interior. The interior minister, Ahmed Medeghri, one of Boumédiène's closest associates, resigned in protest.Metz Helen Chapin Helen Chapin Metz https://www.loc.gov/item/94043019/ Algeria: A country Study 1994 Federal Research Division Washington, DC 60 2 May 2020 By late May, Boumédiène had begun having serious conversations with leading government figures, mostly in the army, on removing Ben Bella. The three central initial conspirators allied to Boumédiène were Abdelkader Chabou, Djamel, and Hocine, however by early June the circle of conspirators had grown to include Chief of Staff of the ANP, Tahar Zbiri, the commander of the 1st military region ("l'Algerois"), and other regional officers throughout Algeria.Ania et al. 1976 163 Final impetuses for the coup include: Ben Bella's announcement on 12 June of a politburo meeting on the 19th. The purpose of the meeting: to discuss the reorganization of the armed forces and cabinet, and reshuffle the military leadership. He did not specify who was to be replaced, which put all of these government officials in danger of losing their positions if they did not act quickly.Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce https://books.google.com/books?id=kvjp13fc1eoC&pg=PA39 The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics 27 September 2011 978-1-5417-6819-2 39 1046071084 Ben Bella's plans for the armed forces: since independence, the ALN had been the military of Algeria but regional militias also existed. Ben Bella drafted plans to expand the people's militias while simultaneously reducing the role of the military.Sudduth Jun Koga 2017 Coup risk, coup-proofing and leader survival https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/57847/1/Sudduth_JPR2016_Coup_risk_coup_proofing_strategy_and_leader_survival.pdf Journal of Peace Research en-US January 1, 2017 54 1 3–15 10.1177/0022343316676885 115087226 0022-3433 Ben Bella's plans for the removal of minister for foreign affairs and Boumédiène ally, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who later became President of Algeria in 1999. Bouteflika was scheduled to be removed on the 22nd, just three days after the coup took place.Alger : Histoire d'un complot https://www.nouvelobs.com/culture/20050624.OBS1285/alger-histoire-d-un-complot.html L'Obs July 2005 fr 2020-05-04 Ben Bella's current location: he had left Algiers for the city of Oran on 12 June, which gave Boumédiène time to organize the coup. Ben Bella gave a speech in Oran on the 17th, and returned to Algiers on the 18th, only hours before the coup was to be executed.1965-06-25 Algeria: A Crash of Glass en-US Time http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,833766,00.html 2020-05-03 0040-781X 20 June 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200620232811/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,833766,00.html dead By mid June, there was a feeling of emergency within the army, leading many commanders to agree to execute a plan that they had no real knowledge of. The coup plan was designed carefully, with Boumédiène's goal being to execute "the most elegant coup d'etat" in recent memory.Ania et al. 1976 166 A friend of Ben Bella attempted to warn him about the coup on the 16th, but Ben Bella dismissed him. "Marionnettes (puppets) such as them are not capable of carrying out a coup," he replied.Algérie/19 juin 1965 : un jour, deux destins – Jeune Afrique https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/238187/politique/19-juin-1965-un-jour-deux-destins/ 2015-06-24 JeuneAfrique.com fr-FR 2020-05-14 Coup On the evening of 18 June 1965, the leaders of the coup set the plan to remove Ben Bella in motion. That night, Boumédiène remained at his office where he supervised the coup execution that was broadly entrusted to commander Chabou, one of the first conspirators. As president, Ben Bella took residence at a place named the ‘Villa Joly’, located in Algiers. Typically, guards of the Compagnies nationales de securite (CNS) protected the compound and the guards changed shifts at 8:00 pm every night; however, on 18 June Ahmed Draia, director of security, ensured that the new guards for the night shift were djounoud loyal to the military.Ania et al. 1976 168 At 1:00 am, Boumédiène ordered tanks to be deployed throughout the capital at strategic positions such as Grande Poste d'Alger, Radio-Télévision Algérienne, and Place de l'Émir-Abdelkader fr Place de l'Émir-Abdelkader (Alger) (the seat of the party at the time).Ania et al. 1976 169 The film The Battle of Algiers was being shot in the capital at the time, and many onlookers thought the military movement was connected to shooting the movie.Guy Sitbon, "Reportage de Guy Sitbon", Nouvel Observateur, no 32, 24 June 1965, p. 11-22 (0029-4713). Around 1:30 am, Tahar Zbiri, Said Abid, and colonel Abbes approached Villa Joly and were let in by the replacement guards at the entrance. Tahar Zbiri awoke Ben Bella, who slept on the sixth floor, and stated “On behalf of the Revolutionary Council, I have orders to arrest you on the charge of high treason.” The three military officers allowed Ben Bella to get dressed and then took him in a car to a location in the city of Maison-Carrée, 20 kilometers from Algiers, where he was placed under house arrest. Zbiri reported to Boumédiène: "Mission accomplished."Ania et al. 1976 169 Ben Bella would remain under house arrest until 1980 and would not return publicly to Algeria until 1990.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/11/ahmed-ben-bella Ahmed Ben Bella obituary Joffe Lawrence 11 April 2012 The Guardian By 3:00 am on 19 June, the coup was effectively over with no bloodshed. Aftermath On 19 June, Boumédiène broadcast a radio address which stated that the removal of Ben Bella was necessary to ensure continuity of the revolution. He accused Ben Bella of attempting to hijack the Afro-Asian Unity Conference for personal gain without regard to the other countries of the organization. Boumédiène announced that Algeria would not be able to host the conference under these circumstances but expressed his support for the ideals of the organization.Balta et al. 1978 69 However, the Pan-African Cultural Festival (PANAF) with attendees from all over the world, including the Black Panthers, would be organized by the Boumédiène administration in 1969 and held in Algiers. In the speech he also called Ben Bella a charlatan and an adventurist, possibly a reference to Ben Bella's support of Niger rebels using Algeria as a safe haven for their activity against the Diori government in Niger, something Boumédiène never supported.Van Walraven Klaas 2005 From Tamanrasset: The Struggle of Sawaba and the Algerian Connection, 1957-1966 The Journal of North African Studies Another radio announcement by Kaïd Ahmed on the same day stated that the "instability, demagogy, anarchy, lies, and improvisation" of Ben Bella's government were over.McDougall James https://books.google.com/books?id=QtklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 A History of Algeria 4 April 2017 Cambridge University Press 9781108165747 250 On 19 and 20 June people began protesting against the coup and chanting pro-Ben Bella slogans; the new government attempted to disperse the protests, but the local police, not military elements were used to maintain order in most instances.Ania et al. 1976 170-1811965-06-20 1965: Students protest after Algiers coup en-GB http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/20/newsid_2943000/2943388.stm 2020-05-03 In Algiers, between two and three thousand people roamed the streets, calling for the assassination of Boumédiène. Radio addresses repeatedly called for calm, and sometimes threatened the protesters. Several people were arrested, including 50 French far-left supporters of Ben Bella. On 5 July, Boumédiène announced the creation of the Revolutionary Council (RC) with himself serving as president of the RC, Minister of Defense, and President of the Council of Ministers. Boumédiène announced that the RC's two main goals were economic self-reliance and independent of foreign influence to the Algerian people and internally the RC sought to end regionalism, solidify the state, and to reform the wilayahs.Ania et al. 1976 170-181 Boumédiène's first travel abroad was in September 1965 to Casablanca at an Arab summit followed by a summit for the Organization of African Unity (today the African Union) in October. The RC began the country's first census in December at the same time Boumédiène visited Moscow for the second time in 1965. On the anniversary of the coup, he addressed the Algerian people again and reemphasized his goals to end regionalism, move progressively toward socialism, keep Algeria 'Algerian', resist foreign influence, support former freedom fighters, and remove remaining French bases from the Sahara.Balta et al. 1978 72-79 One year after the coup, Boumédiène pursued these goals by visiting the Eastern, Western, Tiaret, and Oasis wilayahs and progressively nationalizing industries such as mining to guard against foreign interference. He also reorganized the FLN in June 1966.Balta et al. 1978 343 In 1965, there were 2 million unemployed workers and Boumédiène pursued a realist-based policy approach to stabilize the Algerian economy, state, and society while building "a socialism which conforms to the realities of the country."St. John Peter July 1968 Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédiène Royal Institute of International Affairs 290–296 References Bibliography Un algérien nommé Boumédien[n]e Ania Francos 1976 Stock Séréni Jean Pierre 2234005582 Paris 2837798 Ania et al. 1976 La Strategie de Boumédiène Balta Paul Rulleau Claudine Sindbad 1978 978-2727400301 Balta et al. 1978 Other sources Ben Bella revient. (1982). Jean Picollec: Paris, France. 978-2864770435 Van Walraven, Klaas. (2005). From Tamanrasset: The struggle of Sawaba and the Algerian connection, 1957–1966. The Journal of North African Studies, United Kingdom. Category:1960s revolutions Category:1960s coups d'état Category:1960s in Algiers Category:1965 crimes in Algeria Category:1965 in politics Category:1965 conflicts Category:June 1965 in Africa Category:Coups d'état in Algeria Category:Aftermath of the Algerian War