1378 conclave

Election of Pope Urban VI May 2025 April 1378 7–9 April 1378 Old St. Peter's Basilica, Papal States Ange de Grimoard Pietro Corsini Hugues de Saint-Martial Bartolomeo Prignano Urban VI Nuremberg Chronicle f 232v Urbanus VI.jpg 1370 1370 conclave 1389 1389 conclave The 1378 papal conclave, held from 7–9 April 1378, was the papal conclave which was the immediate cause of the Western Schism in the Catholic Church. The conclave was one of the shortest in the history of the Catholic Church. The conclave was also the first held in the Vatican and in Old St. Peter's Basilica since 1159 (the elections and conclaves in Rome prior to the Avignon Papacy having been held mostly in the Basilica of St. John Lateran).Miller, William. 1902. Mediaeval Rome, from Hildebrand to Clement VIII, 1073-1600. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 150. Pope Gregory XI died on 26 March 1378, in Rome, having returned from Avignon to pursue his territorial interests in the Papal States during the War of the Eight Saints. Although the French cardinals constituted a majority of the College of Cardinals due to the preceding Avignon Papacy, they succumbed to the will of the Roman mob, which demanded the election of an Italian pontiff. They elected Bishop Bartolommeo Prignano, who took the name Pope Urban VI. This is the most recent time a non-cardinal has been elected pope.2002 Miranda Salvador Salvador Miranda (historian) https://cardinals.fiu.edu/conclave-xiv.htm#1378 The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Conclaves of the 14th Century (1303-1394) live https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183708/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xiv.htm#1378 3 March 201628 April 2025 Conclave explained: A simple guide to the papal election https://international.la-croix.com/religion/conclave-explained-a-simple-guide-to-the-papal-election 13 May 2025 La Croix International McDonald Matthew 8 May 2025 Surprising Firsts (and Lasts) in Papal-Election History https://www.ncregister.com/features/surprising-firsts-and-lasts-in-papal-elections 13 May 2025 National Catholic Register Proceedings July 2016 thumb|left|The conclave was the first held in Old St. Peter's Basilica. Before his death, Gregory XI substantially loosened the laws of the conclave: he instructed the cardinals to begin immediately after his death (rather than waiting the nine days prescribed by the Ordo Romanis) to prevent "factional coercion", he gave the cardinals permission to hold the conclave outside of Rome and move it as many times as necessary, and also seemingly suspended the two-thirds requirement, replacing it with "the greater part" (an ambiguous statement, in the original).Baumgartner, 2005, p. 55. The cardinals were divided into three factions: the first constituting the four Italian cardinals (two Romans, one Florentine, and one Milanese), the second constituting the seven "Limoges" cardinals (referred to individually as "Limousins"Baumgartner, 2005, p. 56.), and the third constituting the five remaining French cardinals.Pope Urban VI The conclave was delayed one day because of a violent storm, and thereafter the seven Limoges cardinals wishing to leave Rome as Gregory XI had authorized them to were persuaded by the others that such an act would place the college in even more danger. It was midnight on the second day before the servants of the cardinals succeeded in clearing the Old Basilica of those not permitted to remain in the conclave. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, even Robert of Geneva (future Antipope Clement VII) and Pedro Martínez de Luna y Gotor (future Antipope Benedict XIII)—the two claimants of the Avignon line during the ensuing Schism—were among those who voted for Prignano. Prignano had previously lived in France, which may have softened the blow of his election to many of his French electors.Williams, Henry Smith. 1904. The Historians' History of the World. Outlook Company. p. 249. The selection was supposedly "unanimous", with the exception of Giacomo Orsini, who claimed that he was not "free" enough to vote. Prignano was accompanied by several other prelates (to conceal the identity of the selected candidate) to the Vatican to accept his election. To further the confusion, Orsini gave the Habemus Papam without identifying Prignano. Upon the conclusion of the election, the Roman mob entered the site of the conclave, under the impression that an aged Roman cardinal Tebaldeschi (who had been left in possession of the papal insignia) had been elected, an impression that the remaining cardinals did not disabuse them of as they fled to their personal quarters. The remaining cardinal informed the crowd of the election of Prignano who was hiding in the "most secret room" until his election could be announced.Blumenfeld-Kosinski, 2006, p. 4. Cardinal electors Sixteen of the twenty-three active cardinals took part in the conclave. Two possible other cardinals—Piero Tornaquinci and Pietro Tartaro—were not accepted into the ranks of the college for the election. Six more cardinals remained in Avignon, and Jean de la Grange was absent as well. Elector Nationality Cardinalatial order and title Elevated Elevator Other ecclesiastical titles NotesPietro CorsiniFlorentineCardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina1370, 7 JuneUrban VSub-dean of the Sacred College of CardinalsJean du CrosFrenchCardinal-bishop of Palestrina1371, 30 MayGregory XIGrand penitentiaryCardinal-nephewGuillaume d'Aigrefeuille, iuniore, O.S.B.FrenchCardinal-priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio1367, 12 MayUrban VCamerlengo of the College of CardinalsFrancesco TebaldeschiRomanCardinal-priest of S. Sabina1368, 22 SeptemberUrban VBertrand Lagier, O.F.M.FrenchCardinal-priest of S. Cecilia1371, 30 MayGregory XIRobert de GenèveFrenchCardinal-priest of Ss. XII Apostoli1371, 30 MayGregory XIFuture Antipope Clement VIISimone BrossanoMilaneseCardinal-priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo1375, 20 DecemberGregory XIHugues de Montelais, le jeuneFrenchCardinal-priest of Ss. IV Coronati1375, 20 DecemberGregory XIGui de MaillesecFrenchCardinal-priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme1375, 20 DecemberGregory XICardinal-nephewPierre de SortenacFrenchCardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina1375, 20 DecemberGregory XIGérard du Puy, O.S.B.FrenchCardinal-priest of S. Clemente1375, 20 DecemberGregory XICardinal-nephewGiacomo OrsiniRomanCardinal-deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro1371, 30 MayGregory XIPierre FlandrinFrenchCardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio1371, 30 MayGregory XIVicar of RomeGuillaume NoelletFrenchCardinal-deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria1371, 30 MayGregory XIPierre de la VergneFrenchCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata1371, 30 MayGregory XIPedro Martínez de Luna y GotorAragoneseCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin1375, 20 DecemberGregory XIFuture Antipope Benedict XIII Absentee cardinals Elector Nationality Cardinalatial order and title Elevated Elevator Other ecclesiastical titles NotesPierre de MonterucFrenchCardinal-priest of S. Anastasia1356, 23 DecemberInnocent VIVice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church; protopriestRemained in Avignon; Cardinal-nephewJean de BlandiacFrenchCardinal-bishop of Sabina1361, 17 SeptemberInnocent VIRemained in AvignonGilles Aycelin de MontaiguFrenchCardinal-bishop of Frascati1361, 17 SeptemberInnocent VIRemained in AvignonHugues de Saint-MartialFrenchCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico1361, 17 SeptemberInnocent VIProtodeacon; archpriest of the Vatican BasilicaRemained in AvignonAnge de Grimoard, C.R.S.A.FrenchCardinal-bishop of Albano1366, 18 SeptemberUrban VDean of the College of Cardinals; archpriest of the Lateran BasilicaRemained in Avignon; Cardinal-nephewGuillaume de Chanac, O.S.B.FrenchCardinal-priest of S. Vitale1371, 30 MayGregory XIRemained in AvignonJean de la Grange, O.S.B.FrenchCardinal-priest of S. Marcello1375, 20 DecemberGregory XIPapal legate in Tuscany Aftermath Western Schism February 2016 thumb|right|Map showing support for Avignon (red) and Rome (blue) during the Western Schism; this breakdown is accurate until the Council of Pisa (1409), which created a third line of claimants.Caution: this map is highly inaccurate in some regions and borders, see its talk page. The following September, the French cardinals reunited in Avignon, moved to Fondi, and elected Antipope Clement VII, who gained the support of all thirteen of his electors (at the time the entire College numbered twenty-two due to the death of Francesco Tebaldeschi). Sources Inquisitor Nicholas Eymerich witnessed the conclave, and then went on to write one of the first tracts against Urban VI, Tractatus de potestate papali (1383), which argued in favor of the legitimacy of the Avignon line of papal claimants.Blumenfeld-Kosinski, 2006, p. 57. Several other eyewitnesses recorded the chant of the Roman crowd: "We want a Roman or at least an Italian" (it Romano lo volemo, o al manco Italiano).Blumenfeld-Kosinski, 2006, p. 3. The contemporary curial document Factum Urbani attested to the general atmosphere of confusion, fear, and panic. For example, canonist Gilles Bellemère recounted removing his clerical garb for fear of the mob and the constant ringing of bells. Pro-Urban sources—such as Alfonso de Jaén, the confessor of Bridget of Sweden, her daughter Catharine, and Dietrich of Nieheim—claim that the situation in Rome was less restless. The marked discrepancy between the classes of sources can be explained by the fact that the alleged duress of the mob became the primary argument in favor of the legitimacy of the Avignon claimants. Notes 2 References Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2005. Behind Locked Doors. Macmillan. 0-312-29463-8. Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Renate . 2006. Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378-1417. Penn State Press. 0-271-02749-5. Gayet, Louis. 1889. Le grand schisme d'Occident Les Origines 2 volumes (Paris-Florence-Berlin 1889). Heimann, c. 2001. Nicolaus Eymerich (Münster, 2001). Theodericus de Nyem [Dietrich Niem]: Georg Erler (editor), Theoderici de Nyem de scismate libri tres (Lipsiae 1890). Ullmann, Walter. 1948. The Origins of the Great Schism: A Study in Fourteenth-Century Ecclesiastical History (London 1948; Hamden CT: Archon Books 1967). Valois, Noël. July 1890, L' élection d'Urbain VI. et les origines du Grand Schisme d'Occident, Revue des questions historiques 48 (1890), 353–420. Valois, Noël. 1896. La France et le Grand Schisme d'Occident Tome premier (Paris: Alphonse Picard 1896). External links J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1378 retrieved 26 February 2016. J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1378: List of some important Contemporary Documents. retrieved 26 February 2016. 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