1892 United States presidential election

Second election of Grover Cleveland related races 1892 United States elections January 2026 November 2013 1892 United States presidential election United States 1891 presidential no 1888 United States presidential election 1888 November 8, 1892 1896 United States presidential election 1896 444 members of the Electoral College 223 electoral 75.8%http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789–Present United States Election Project CQ Press 4.7 pp 160x160px Stephen Grover Cleveland Portrait (3x4 close cropped).jpg Grover Cleveland Democratic Party (United States) New York Adlai Stevenson I 277 23 5,556,917 46.0% File:Pach Brothers - Benjamin Harrison (3x4 close cropped).jpg Benjamin Harrison Republican Party (United States) Indiana Whitelaw Reid 145 16 5,176,108https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1892 United States presidential election of 1892 Britannica 43.0% File:James B. Weaver 1892 (cropped) (cropped).jpg James B. Weaver Populist Party (United States) Iowa James G. Field 22 5 1,041,029 8.6% 350px Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Cleveland/Stevenson, red denotes those won by Harrison/Reid, and green denotes those won by Weaver/Field. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President Benjamin Harrison Republican Party (United States) Grover Cleveland Democratic Party (United States) Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 1892. In the fourth rematch in American history, the Democratic nominee, former president Grover Cleveland, defeated the incumbent Republican President Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland's victory made him the first U.S. president elected to nonconsecutive termsThe only other is Donald Trump in 2024. and win a rematch of a U.S. presidential election after losing. It was the first U.S. presidential election featuring multiple current or former presidents as candidates.The only other was 1912, with former president Theodore Roosevelt and then-incumbent William Howard Taft. Though some Republicans opposed Harrison's renomination, he defeated James G. Blaine and William McKinley on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Republican National Convention. Cleveland defeated challenges by David B. Hill and Horace Boies on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Democratic National Convention, becoming the fourth presidential candidate to be nominated for president in three elections, after Thomas Jefferson, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. Groups from The Grange and the Knights of Labor joined to form a new party called the Populist Party. It had a ticket led by former congressman James B. Weaver of Iowa. The campaign centered mainly on economic issues, especially the protectionist 1890 McKinley Tariff. Cleveland ran on a platform of lowering the tariff and opposed the Republicans' 1890 voting rights proposal. He was also a proponent of the gold standard, while the Republicans and Populists both supported bimetallism. Cleveland swept the Solid South and won several important swing states, taking a majority of the electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote. Weaver won 8.6% of the popular vote and carried several Western states, while John Bidwell of the Prohibition Party won 2.2% of the popular vote. The 1892 election was third in a streak of four presidential elections (from 1884 to 1896) that saw the incumbent party defeated; the only other such streak occurred from 1840 to 1852.Wolf Zachary B. 2024-11-09 Analysis: Trump's win was real but not a landslide. Here's where it ranks https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/09/politics/donald-trump-election-what-matters/index.html 2024-11-17 CNN en Nominations Democratic Party nomination 1892 Democratic National Convention 65px|center|link=Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party (United States)1892 Democratic Party ticket white Grover Cleveland white Adlai Stevensonfor Presidentfor Vice President center|200x200px center|200x200px 22ndPresident of the United States(1885–1889) First Assistant United States Postmaster General(1885–1889)Campaign400px By the beginning of 1892, many Americans were ready to return to Cleveland's policies. Although he was the clear front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination, he was far from the universal choice of the party's supporters; many, such as the journalists Henry Watterson and Charles Anderson Dana, thought that if nominated, he would lose in November, but few could challenge him effectively. Though he had remained relatively quiet on the issue of silver versus gold, often deferring to bimetalism, Senate Democrats in January 1891 voted for free coinage of silver. Furious, he sent a letter to Ellery Anderson, who headed the New York Reform Club, to condemn the party's apparent drift towards inflation and agrarian control, the "dangerous and reckless experiment of free, unlimited coinage of silver at our mints." Advisors warned that such statements might alienate potential supporters in the South and West and risk his chances for the nomination, but Cleveland felt that being right on the issue was more important than the nomination. After making his position clear, he worked to focus his campaign on tariff reform, hoping that the silver issue would dissipate.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1710–1711 A challenger emerged in the form of David B. Hill, former governor of and incumbent senator from New York. In favor of bimetalism and tariff reform, Hill hoped to make inroads with Cleveland's supporters while appealing to those in the South and Midwest who were not keen on nominating Cleveland for a third consecutive time. Hill had unofficially begun to run for president as early as 1890, and even offered former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson his support for the vice-presidential nomination. But he was not able to escape his past association with Tammany Hall, and lack of confidence in his ability to defeat Cleveland for the nomination kept Hill from attaining the support he needed. By the time of the convention, Cleveland could count on the support of a majority of the state Democratic parties, though his native New York remained pledged to Hill.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pg 1711–1714 In a narrow first-ballot victory, Cleveland received 617.33 votes, barely 10 more than needed, to 114 for Hill, 103 for Governor Horace Boies of Iowa, a populist and former Republican, and the rest scattered. Although the Cleveland forces preferred Isaac P. Gray of Indiana for vice president, Cleveland directed his own support to the convention favorite, Adlai E. Stevenson I of Illinois.William DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Gramercy 1997 As a supporter of using paper greenbacks and free silver to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in rural districts, Stevenson balanced the ticket, as Cleveland supported hard money and the gold standard. At the same time, it was hoped that his nomination represented a promise not to ignore regulars, and so potentially get Hill and Tammany Hall to support the Democratic ticket to their fullest in the election.https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Adlai_Stevenson.htm VP Adlai Stevenson Senate.gov 2016-08-18History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, p. 1719–1720 Republican Party nomination 1892 Republican National Convention 65px|center|link=Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party (United States)1892 Republican Party ticket white Benjamin Harrison white Whitelaw Reidfor Presidentfor Vice President center|200x200px center|200x200px 23rdPresident of the United States(1889–1893) 28thU.S. Ambassador to France(1889–1892)400px thumb|197x197px|Benjamin Harrison, the incumbent president in 1892, whose term expired on March 4, 1893 Harrison's administration was widely viewed as unsuccessful, and as a result, Thomas C. Platt (a political boss in New York) and other disaffected party leaders mounted a dump-Harrison movement coalescing around veteran candidate James G. Blaine from Maine, a favorite of Republican party regulars. Blaine had been the Republican nominee in 1884, losing to Cleveland. Privately, Harrison did not want to be renominated for the presidency, but he remained opposed to the nomination of Blaine, who he was convinced intended to run, and thought himself the only candidate capable of preventing that. But Blaine did not want another fight for the nomination and rematch against Cleveland in the general election. His health had begun to fail, and three of his children had recently died (Walker and Alice in 1890, and Emmons in 1892). Blaine refused to run actively, but the cryptic nature of his responses to a draft effort fueled speculation that he was not averse to such a movement. For his part, Harrison curtly demanded that he either renounce his supporters or resign as secretary of state, with Blaine doing the latter a scant three days before the National Convention. A boom began to build around the "draft Blaine" effort, with supporters hoping to cause a break toward their candidate.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1708 Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who had been the leading candidate for the nomination at the 1888 Republican Convention before Harrison won it, was also brought up as a possible challenger. But like Blaine, he was averse to another bitter battle for the nomination and "like the rebels down South, [I] want to be let alone." This inevitably turned attention to Ohio Governor William McKinley, who was indecisive about his intentions despite his ill feeling toward Harrison and popularity among the Republican base. Although not averse to receiving the nomination, he did not expect to win it either. But should Blaine and Harrison fail to win the nomination after a number of ballots, he felt he could be brought forth as a harmony candidate. Despite the urging of Republican power broker Mark Hanna, McKinley did not put himself forward as a candidate, afraid of offending Harrison's and Blaine's supporters, while also feeling that the coming election would not favor the Republicans.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1706–1707 In any case, Harrison's forces had the nomination locked up by the time delegates met in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on June 7–10, 1892. Richard Thomas of Indiana delivered Harrison's nominating speech. Harrison was nominated on the first ballot with 535.17 votes to 182 for McKinley, 181.83 for Blaine, and the rest scattered. McKinley protested when the Ohio delegation threw its entire vote in his name, despite not being formally nominated, but Joseph B. Foraker, who headed the delegation, managed to silence him on a point of order.History of American Presidential Elections, Volume II, Pgs 1716 With the ballots counted, many observers were surprised at the strength of the McKinley vote, which almost overtook Blaine's. Whitelaw Reid of New York, editor of the New York Tribune and recent United States Ambassador to France, was nominated for vice president. The incumbent vice president, Levi P. Morton, was supported by many at the convention, including Reid himself, but Morton did not wish to serve another term, as he was more interested in positioning himself to run for governor of New York in 1894. Harrison did not want Morton on the ticket either.August 2024 Populist Party nomination 1892 Populist National Convention 85x85px 1892 People's Party ticket white James B. Weaver white James G. Fieldfor Presidentfor Vice President center|200x200px center|200x200px U.S. Representativefor Iowa's 6th(1879–1881 & 1885–1889) 13thAttorney General of Virginia(1877–1882) Populist candidates: James B. Weaver, former U.S. representative from Iowa James H. Kyle, U.S. senator from South Dakota Leonidas L. Polk, former representative from North Carolina (died) Walter Q. Gresham, Appellate judge from Indiana thumb|right|300px|Weaver/Field campaign poster On May 19, 1891, the National Union Conference was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss the formation of a new political party. The conference held another meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 22, 1892. Mary Elizabeth Lease, William A. Peffer, Jerry Simpson, and James B. Weaver toured the south in support of the agrarian third party. The Supreme Council of the Farmers' Alliance met in November and said it would support whatever the St. Louis convention did. 860 delegates, 246 from the Farmers' Alliance and 82 from the Knights of Labor, attended the convention. It adopted a declaration of union and independence, but did not form a new party due to opposition from Leonidas F. Livingston and southern southerners.Knoles 1971 96-98 Another convention was held in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 4, with 1,366 in attendance despite initially planning for 1,776.Knoles 1971 99-101 Alva Adams, Edward Bellamy, Robert Beverly, Marion Cannon, Ignatius L. Donnelly, James G. Field, Walter Q. Gresham, James H. Kyle, C. W. Macune, Mann Page, Leonidas L. Polk, Terence V. Powderly, Leland Stanford, William M. Stewart, Alson Streeter, Ben Terrell, Thomas E. Watson, Weaver, and Charles Van Wyck were speculated as possible presidential candidates.Knoles 1971 106 Polk was the initial front-runner for the presidential nomination. He had been instrumental in the party's formation and greatly appealed to its agrarian base, but unexpectedly died in Washington, D.C., on June 11. Gresham, an appellate judge, had made a number of rulings against the railroads that made him a favorite of some farmer and labor groups, and it was felt that his rather dignified image would make the Populists appear as more than minor contenders. He had been considered for the Republican presidential nomination in 1884 and 1888. Both Democrats and Republicans feared his nomination for this reason, and while Gresham toyed with the idea, he ultimately was not ready to make a complete break with the two parties, declining petitions for his nomination up to and during the Populist Convention. Gresham later endorsed Grover Cleveland for president.History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1721–1722Knoles 1971 106 Weaver, the Greenback Party's 1880 presidential nominee,Knoles 1971 107 was nominated for president on the first ballot, now lacking any serious opposition. While his nomination brought with it significant campaigning experience from over several decades, he also had a longer track record that Republicans and Democrats could criticize, and alienated many potential supporters in the South, having participated in Sherman's March to the Sea. James G. Field of Virginia was nominated for vice president in an attempt to rectify this problem while also attaining the regional balance often seen in Republican and Democratic tickets.History of American Presidential Elections Volume II 1848–1896; Schlesinger; Pgs 1722–1723 Presidential BallotJuly 5, 1892 Weaver. The Man from Iowa Nominated on the First Ballot. 1 The Colorado Daily Chieftain https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/ December 28, 2022Knoles 1971 108 Vice Presidential BallotKnoles 1971 109 Ballot1st Ballot1stJames B. Weaver 995James G. Field 733James H. Kyle 265Ben Stockton Terrell 554Seymour F. Norton 1Mann Page1Leland Stanford1 border:1px dashed red; width: 65%; background: #ccccff; font-size: 130%; text-align: center; color:black; font-size: 80%; Populist Convention Balloting by State Delegation The Populist platform called for nationalization of the telegraph, telephone, and railroads, free coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and creation of postal savings banks. Prohibition Party nomination 1892 Prohibition National Convention 1892 Prohibition Party ticket white John Bidwell white James B. Cranfillfor Presidentfor Vice President center|200x200px center|200x200pxU.S. Representativefor California's 3rd(1865–1867)Pastorfrom Texas Prohibition candidates: John Bidwell, former U.S. representative from California Gideon T. Stewart, Prohibition Party Chairman from Ohio William Jennings Demorest, magazine publisher from New York Candidates gallery thumb|300px|right|National Prohibition Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1892. The sixth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Music Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio from June 29 to 30, 1892. There were 972 delegates present from all states except Louisiana and South Carolina.Knoles 1971 110-111 Two major stories about the convention loomed before it assembled. In the first place, some members of the national committee sought to merge the Prohibition and Populist parties. While there appeared a likelihood that the merger would materialize, it was clear that it was not going to happen by the time that the convention convened. Secondly, the southern states sent a number of black delegates. Cincinnati hotels refused to serve meals to blacks and whites at the same time, and several hotels refused service to the black delegates altogether. John Bidwell, Gideon T. Stewart, and William Jennings Demorest sought the party's presidential nomination and a poll of delegates by the New York Herald showed Bidwell with the most support. John St. John, the party's 1884 nominee, nominated Bidwell.Knoles 1971 113-114 Bidwell won the nomination on the first ballot. Prior to the convention, the race was thought to be close between Bidwell and Demorest, but the New York delegation became irritated with Demorest and voted for Bidwell 73–7. James B. Cranfill from Texas was nominated for vice-president on the first ballot with 417 votes to 351 for Joshua Levering from Maryland and 45 for others.Hinshaw Seth Ohio Elects the President: Our State's Role in Presidential Elections 1804–1996 Book Masters 2000 Mansfield 62 Presidential BallotKnoles 1971 114 Ballot1stJohn Bidwell 590Gideon T. Stewart 179William Jennings Demorest 139H. Clay Bascom 3 Socialist Labor Party nomination 1892 Socialist Labor National Convention The Socialist Labor national convention was held in New York City on August 28, 1892.Knoles 1971 118 Despite running on a platform that advocated abolishing the positions of president and vice president, the party nominated candidates for both positions: Simon Wing and Charles H. Matchett, respectively.August 29, 1892 Named Wing For President 2 Chicago Tribune https://www.newspapers.com/image/349834774/?terms=Simon%20Wing%20Charles%20Matchett&match=1 May 13, 2022 It was unanimously resolved to nominate a Presidential ticket and the following candidates were put up: President, Simon Wing of Boston; Vice-President, Charles H. Matchett of Brooklyn. They were on the ballot in five states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.Guide to U.S. Elections CQ Press 2010 978-1-60426-536-1 Kalb Deborah Washington, DC 804 Woman suffrage Wyoming had become a state in 1890 and had included woman suffrage in its state constitution. Thus, Wyoming women were able to vote in the 1892 presidential election, the first time that any American women were able to do so.Knoles 1971 227-228 A "national nominating convention of woman suffragists" met on September 21, 1892, and nominated notorious suffrage and former free-love advocate (at the time, "free love" meant the freedom to marry, divorce and bear children without social restriction or government interference http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/free-love-advocate-victoria-woodhull-excited-bloomington/article_2c2cb275-b36e-5a6a-bc6a-dd4821121900.html 'Free love' advocate Victoria Woodhull excited Bloomington The Pantagraph November 15, 2016 April 13, 2016 Kemp Bill) Victoria Woodhull for president and Marietta Stow for vice president.Daily Public Ledger. (Maysville, Ky.), 23 Sept. 1892. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069117/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-3/ Both had been nominated for these positions before, Woodhull in 1872The First Woman To Run For President: Victoria Woodhull (U.S. National Park Service) https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-first-woman-to-run-for-president-victoria-woodhull.htm 2023-02-23 www.nps.gov en and Stow in 1884. Both had been nominated by the National Equal Rights Party, which did not nominate a ballot in 1892; instead, the woman suffrage nominating convention, headed by Anna M. Parker and consisting of 50 delegates from 29 states, stepped in. Women in most states were not yet allowed to vote in 1892, but the convention's platform urged "election officers throughout the country to allow them to cast a ballot this fall."The Morning Call. (San Francisco [Calif.]), 23 Sept. 1892. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94052989/1892-09-23/ed-1/seq-1/ They were not successful in this, and it was almost 30 more years until the Nineteenth Amendment prohibited discrimination in voting on the basis of sex. General election Campaign Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign thumb|225px|Cleveland/Stevenson poster On July 27, James S. Clarkson, who opposed Harrison's renomination, was replaced as chair of the Republican National Committee by William James Campbell. Campbell resigned on July 6, and Thomas H. Carter was selected to replace him on July 16.Knoles 1971 122-124 It was believed that Calvin S. Brice, the current chair of the Democratic National Committee, would seek reelection, but he declined and William F. Harrity was selected without opposition. Donald M. Dickinson was selected to chair the DNC's campaign committee.Knoles 1971 130-132 Campbell, J.N. Huston, E. Rosewater, R.G. Evans, and Henry Clay Payne managed Harrison's campaign in the west. William Brookfield and Charles W. Hacket led his campaign in New York.Knoles 1971 125-126 Edward Murphy and William F. Sheehan were selected to lead Cleveland's campaign in New York despite Cleveland's opposition. Murphy and Sheehan were opponents of Cleveland, but William Collins Whitney argued that they should be given the positions for party unity.Knoles 1971 133-134 The Republicans launched their national campaign on June 21, in New York City at Carnegie Hall. The Democrats launched their campaign at two meetings. Tammany Hall held one on July 4, and the Democrats held another one at Madison Square Garden on July 20.Knoles 1971 143-144 The Prohibitionists launched their campaign in San Francisco on August 4.Knoles 1971 199 The tariff issue dominated this rather lackluster campaign. Harrison defended the protectionist McKinley Tariff passed during his term. For his part, Cleveland assured voters that he opposed absolute free trade and would continue his campaign for a reduction in the tariff. He also denounced the Lodge Bill, a voting rights bill that sought to protect the rights of African American voters in the South.Sig Synnestvedt, The White Response to Black Emancipation: Second-class Citizenship in the United States Since Reconstruction. (1972). p 41. Harrison initially planned on conducting a speaking tour in New York, but chose to care for his ill wife Caroline Harrison. Reid conducted tours of Illinois, Ohio, and New York. McKinley extensively campaigned for Harrison from Iowa to Maine. Stevenson launched his campaign activities in his hometown of Bloomington, Illinois, and traveled across Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia for sixteen days.Knoles 1971 167-169 Weaver started campaigning in July and conducted a tour of the western and southern United States.Knoles 1971 179-180; 187 The campaign took a somber turn when, in October, Caroline died. Despite the ill health that had plagued Mrs. Harrison since her youth and had worsened in the last decade, she often accompanied Mr. Harrison on official travels. On one such trip, to California in the spring of 1891, she caught a cold. It quickly deepened into her chest, and she was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis. A summer in the Adirondack Mountains failed to restore her to health. An invalid the last six months of her life, she died in the White House on October 25, 1892, just two weeks before the national election. As a result, all of the candidates ceased campaigning. Fusion The Democrats and Populists conducted a partial fusion campaign in Oregon by having Democratic elector Robert A. Miller drop out, while the Democratic Party of Oregon endorsed Populist elector I. Nathan Pierce in his place. The Democrats believed that the Populists would do the same for two electors, but the Populists refused.Knoles 1971 181-182 The Minnesota Democratic Party initially announced that it would not conduct a fusion campaign, but later withdrew four of its electors in favor of Populist electors.Knoles 1971 184 The Nevada Democratic Party passed a resolution at its convention stating that it would not support the party's presidential nominee if they did not support free silver. A majority of the party supported Weaver while a minority ran electors pledged to Cleveland. The Silver Party voted to have its Nevada presidential electors support the Populists. The Nevada Republican Party held a convention to select its presidential electors, but party chair Enoch Strother and 49 delegates left the convention after a caucus showed free silver delegates held the majority. These delegates nominated electors pledged to Harrison while the 85 silver delegates endorsed the Silver Party's electors.Knoles 1971 182-183 The Wyoming Democratic Party endorsed the Populist electors in exchange for the Populists supporting the Democratic state candidates. The North Dakota Democratic Party endorsed the Independent Party's electors, who were pledged to Weaver, in exchange for the Independent Party supporting its state candidates. The Kansas Democratic Party reached an agreement with the Populists in which the Democrats would run candidates for some state and federal offices while leaving the rest, including presidential electors, to the Populists.Knoles 1971 184-186 The Republican Party of Louisiana agreed to divide the electors between five for Harrison and three for Weaver. The Republican Party of Florida did not nominate any electors and its members supported Weaver.Knoles 1971 195 Results right|thumb|400px|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Harrison (Republican), and shades of green are for Weaver (Populist). 34.9% of the voting age population and 78.3% of eligible voters participated in the election.Abramson Aldrich Rohde 1995 99 The margin in the popular vote for Cleveland was 400,000, the largest since Grant's reelection in 1872. The Democrats won the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since 1856. President Harrison's reelection bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count, unlike President Cleveland's reelection bid four years earlier, in which he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote. This was the second time that a party lost reelection after a single four-year term, which would not occur again until 1980, and for Republicans until 2020. At the county level, Cleveland fared much better than Harrison. The Republicans' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats'. In 1892, it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East, Midwest, and West and was barely visible south of the Mason–Dixon line. In the South, the party was holding on in only a few counties. In East Tennessee and tidewater Virginia, the vote at the county level showed some strength, but it barely existed in Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas.Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data, Donald R. Deskins, Jr., Hanes Walton, Jr., and Sherman C. Puckett, pg. 250 Additionally, Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to be reelected with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections. The other four are James Madison in 1812, Andrew Jackson in 1832, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, and Barack Obama in 2012. Cleveland became the fourth presidential nominee to win a significant number of electoral votes in at least three elections.As of 2024, the other seven were Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, William Jennings Bryan, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard Nixon, and Donald Trump. Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote in at least three elections. Jefferson, Cleveland, Roosevelt, and Trump were also their respective party's nominees for three consecutive elections. Cleveland also became the first president to win a nonconsecutive second term, which did not happen again until Donald Trump was elected for the second time in 2024. Cleveland remains the only president to win a rematch of an election he lost. This election and the 1888 election are one of only two pairs of consecutive elections in which the incumbent president was defeated, the other being the 1976 and 1980 elections. In a continuation of its collapse there during the 1890 congressional elections, the Republican Party even struggled in its Midwestern strongholds, where general electoral troubles from economic woes were acutely exacerbated by the promotion of temperance laws and, in Wisconsin and Illinois, the aggressive support of state politicians for English-only compulsory education laws. Such policies, which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of nativist and anti-Catholic attitudes amongst their supporters, resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities, especially Germans, to the Democratic Party. Cleveland carried Wisconsin and Illinois with their 36 combined electoral votes, a Democratic victory not seen in those states since 1852Counting the Votes; Wisconsin https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231737/http://www.countingthevotes.com/wisconsin January 1, 2017 and 1856Counting the Votes; Illinois https://web.archive.org/web/20170110085559/http://www.countingthevotes.com/illinois January 10, 2017 respectively, and which would not be repeated until Woodrow Wilson's election in 1912. While not as dramatic a loss as in 1890, it would take until the next election cycle for more moderate Republican leaders to pick up the pieces left by the reformist crusaders and bring alienated immigrants back to the fold.Jensen, Richard J. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896, ch. 4: Iowa, Wet or Dry? & ch. 5: Education, the Tariff, and the Melting Pot. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971. pp. 89–153. Of the 2,683 counties making returns, Cleveland won in 1,389 (51.77%), Harrison carried 1,017 (37.91%), while Weaver placed first in 276 (10.29%). One county (0.04%) split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison. Populist James B. Weaver, calling for free coinage of silver and an inflationary monetary policy, received such strong support in the West that he became the only third-party nominee between 1860 and 1912 to carry a single state. The Democratic Party did not have a presidential ticket on the ballot in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, North Dakota, or Wyoming, and Weaver won the first four of these states.Nathan Fine, Farmer and Labor Parties in the United States, 1828–1928. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928; pg. 79. Weaver also performed well in the South as he won counties in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Populists did best in Alabama, where electoral chicanery probably carried the day for the Democrats.Charles W. Calhoun (ed.), The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006; pg. 295. The Prohibition ticket received 270,879 votes, or 2.2% nationwide. It was the largest total vote and the highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition presidential candidate.Knoles 1971 235 Wyoming, having attained statehood two years earlier, became the first state to allow women to vote in a presidential election since 1804. (Propertied unmarried women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state's original constitution, but this was rescinded in 1807.) Wyoming was also one of six states (along with North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, and Idaho) participating in their first presidential election. This was the most new states voting since the first election. The 0.09% difference between the tipping point state (Illinois) and the national popular vote is tied with 1932 for the smallest in history. The election witnessed many states splitting their electoral votes. Electors from the state of Michigan were selected using the congressional district method (the winner in each congressional district wins one electoral vote, the winner of the state wins two electoral votes). This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland.1892 Presidential Election Results In California, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: eight for Cleveland and one for Harrison. In Ohio, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland. Cleveland was the first Democratic presidential nominee to win Illinois since 1856 and Wisconsin since 1852.Knoles 1971 243 10.45% of Harrison's votes came from the 11 states of the former Confederacy. He took 25.34% of the vote in that region to Weaver's 15.87%.Sherman 1973 263 61 of 67 counties in New England, where Connecticut was the only state won by Cleveland, supported Harrison. Weaver placed fourth, behind the Prohibitionists, in every New England state. 3% of the vote in New England went to third parties, with the Prohibitionists accounting for 70% of it. 343 of the counties in the upper south supported Cleveland, 165 supported Harrison, and 2 supported Weaver. 619 counties in the deep south supported Cleveland, 47 supported Weaver, 32 supported Harrison, and 8 supported fusion electors.Knoles 1971 237-240 Harrison won 226 counties, Cleveland won 206, and Weaver won 1 in the midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.Knoles 1971 242 File: United States Electoral College 1892.svg Grover Cleveland Democratic New York 5,553,898 46.02% 277 Adlai E. Stevenson I Illinois Benjamin Harrison (incumbent) Republican Indiana 5,190,819 43.01% 145 Whitelaw Reid New York James B. Weaver Populist Iowa 1,026,595 8.51% 22 James G. Field Virginia John Bidwell Prohibition California 270,879 2.24% 0 James B. Cranfill Texas Simon Wing Socialist Labor Massachusetts 21,173 0.18% 0 Charles H. Matchett New York 4,673 0.04% 12,068,037 444 223 Source (Popular Vote): 1892 July 27, 2005 Source (Electoral Vote): 1892 July 31, 2005 Popular vote 600px 410px Cleveland Democratic Party (US) 46.02 Harrison Republican Party (US) 43.01 Weaver #0BDA51 8.61 Bidwell #ff9955 2.24 Others #777777 0.22 Electoral vote 600px 410px Cleveland Democratic Party (US) 62.39 Harrison Republican Party (US) 32.66 Weaver #0BDA51 4.95 Geography of results 650px|thumb|left Cartographic gallery Results by state Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1892&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0 1892 Presidential General Election Data – National Uselectionatlas.org May 7, 2013 States/districts won by Cleveland/StevensonStates/districts won by Harrison/ReidStates/districts won by Weaver/Field Grover ClevelandDemocratic Benjamin HarrisonRepublican James WeaverPopulist John BidwellProhibition Simon WingSocialist Labor Margin State Total State electoralvotes # % electoralvotes # % electoralvotes # % electoralvotes # % electoralvotes # % electoralvotes # % # state/dist. Alabama 11 138,135 59.40 11 9,184 3.95 – 84,984 36.55 – 240 0.10 – – – – 53,151 22.86 232,543 AL Arkansas 8 87,834 59.30 8 47,072 31.78 – 11,831 7.99 – 113 0.08 – – – – 40,762 27.52 148,117 AR California 9 118,174 43.83 8 118,027 43.78 1 25,311 9.39 – 8,096 3.00 – – – – 147 0.05 269,609 CA Colorado 4 – – – 38,620 41.13 – 53,584 57.07 4 1,687 1.80 – – – – −14,964 −15.94 93,891 CO Connecticut 6 82,395 50.06 6 77,032 46.80 – 809 0.49 – 4,026 2.45 – 333 0.20 – 5,363 3.26 164,595 CT Delaware 3 18,581 49.90 3 18,077 48.55 – – – – 564 1.51 – – – – 504 1.35 37,235 DE Florida 4 30,153 85.01 4 – – – 4,843 13.65 – 475 1.34 – – – – 25,310 71.35 35,471 FL Georgia 13 129,446 58.01 13 48,408 21.70 – 41,939 18.80 – 988 0.44 – – – – 81,038 36.32 223,126 GA Idaho 3 – – – 8,599 44.31 – 10,520 54.21 3 288 1.48 – – – – −1,921 −9.90 19,407 ID Illinois 24 426,281 48.79 24 399,288 45.70 – 22,207 2.54 – 25,871 2.96 – – – – 26,993 3.09 873,647 IL Indiana 15 262,740 47.46 15 255,615 46.17 – 22,208 4.01 – 13,050 2.36 – – – – 7,125 1.29 553,613 IN Iowa 13 196,367 44.31 – 219,795 49.60 13 20,595 4.65 – 6,402 1.44 – – – – −23,428 −5.29 443,159 IA Kansas 10 – – – 157,241 48.40 – 163,111 50.20 10 4,553 1.40 – – – – −5,870 −1.81 324,905 KS Kentucky 13 175,461 51.48 13 135,462 39.74 – 23,500 6.89 – 6,441 1.89 – – – – 39,999 11.73 340,864 KY Louisiana 8 87,926 76.53 8 26,963 23.47 – – – - - - - - - - 60,963 53.06 114,889 LA Maine 6 48,049 41.26 - 62,936 54.05 6 2,396 2.06 - 3,066 2.63 - - - - -14,887 -12.78 116,451 ME Maryland 8 113,866 53.39 8 92,736 43.48 - 796 0.37 - 5,877 2.76 - - - - 21,130 9.91 213,275 MD Massachusetts 15 176,813 45.22 - 202,814 51.87 15 3,210 0.82 - 7,539 1.93 - 649 0.17 - -26,001 -6.65 391,028 MA Michigan 2 201,624 43.26 - 222,708 47.79 2 19,931 4.28 - 20,857 4.48 - - - - -21,084 -4.52 466,045 MI MI-1 1 19,990 51.33 1 18,323 47.05 - 291 0.75 - 340 0.87 - - - - 1,667 4.28 38,944 MI-1 MI-2 1 22,427 47.67 1 20,947 44.89 - 1,072 2.30 - 2,401 5.15 - - - - 1,480 3.17 46,667 MI-2 MI-3 1 15,750 37.01 - 21,233 49.98 1 2,938 6.92 - 2,562 6.03 - - - - -5,477 -12.89 42,483 MI-3 MI-4 1 20,084 46.16 - 21,402 49.19 1 - - - 2,024 4.65 - - - - -1,381 -3.17 43,510 MI-4 MI-5 1 20,187 47.72 1 18,173 42.96 - 1,980 4.68 - 1,967 4.65 - - - - 2,014 4.76 42,307 MI-5 MI-6 1 19,500 43.16 - 21,324 47.19 1 2,070 4.58 - 2,286 5.06 - - - - -1,734 -3.84 45,180 MI-6 MI-7 1 15,984 46.57 1 15,723 45.80 - 1,842 5.37 - 777 2.26 - - - - 201 0.59 34,326 MI-7 MI-8 1 15,298 44.55 - 16,672 48.55 1 1,149 3.35 - 1,218 3.35 - - - - -1,374 -4.00 34,337 MI-8 MI-9 1 12,853 43.36 - 14,036 47.35 1 1,062 3.58 - 1,693 5.71 - - - - -1,183 -3.99 29,664 MI-9 MI-10 1 14,972 47.91 1 14,370 45.98 - 1,167 3.73 - 741 2.37 - - - - 602 1.93 31,250 MI-10 MI-11 1 12,743 35.16 - 18,379 50.75 1 3,143 8.68 - 1,961 5.41 - - - - -5,645 -15.59 36,217 MI-11 MI-12 1 16,888 42.68 - 18,811 50.06 1 1,023 2.59 - 1,851 4.68 - - - - -2,923 -7.39 39,573 MI-12 Minnesota 9 100,920 37.76 - 122,823 45.96 9 29,313 10.97 - 14,182 5.31 - - - - -21,903 -8.20 267,238 MN Mississippi 9 40,030 76.22 9 1,398 2.66 - 10,118 19.27 - 973 1.85 - - - - 29,912 56.95 52,519 MS Missouri 17 268,400 49.56 17 227,646 42.03 - 41,204 7.61 - 4,333 0.80 - - - - 40,754 7.52 541,583 MO Montana 3 17,690 39.79 - 18,871 42.44 3 7,338 16.50 - 562 1.26 - - - - -1,181 -2.66 44,461 MT Nebraska 8 24,943 12.46 - 87,213 43.56 8 83,134 41.53 - 4,902 2.45 - - - - -4,079 -2.04 200,192 NE Nevada 3 714 6.56 - 2,811 25.84 - 7,264 66.78 3 89 0.82 - - - - -4,453 -40.94 10,878 NV New Hampshire 4 42,081 47.11 - 45,658 51.11 4 293 0.33 - 1,297 1.45 - - - - -3,577 -4.00 89,329 NH New Jersey 10 171,066 50.67 10 156,101 46.24 - 985 0.29 - 8,134 2.41 - 1,337 0.40 - 14,965 4.43 337,623 NJ New York 36 654,868 48.99 36 609,350 45.58 - 16,429 1.23 - 38,190 2.86 - 17,956 1.34 - 45,518 3.41 1,336,793 NY North Carolina 11 132,951 47.44 11 100,346 35.80 - 44,336 15.82 - 2,637 0.94 - - - - 32,605 11.63 280,270 NC North Dakota 3 0 0.00 1 17,519 48.50 1 17,700 49.01 1 899 2.49 - - - - -181 -0.50 36,118 ND Ohio 23 404,115 47.53 1 405,187 47.66 22 14,850 1.75 - 26,012 3.06 - - - - -1,072 -0.13 850,164 OH Oregon 4 14,243 18.15 - 35,002 44.59 3 26,965 34.35 1 2,281 2.91 - - - - -8,037 -10.24 78,491 OR Pennsylvania 32 452,264 45.09 - 516,011 51.45 32 8,714 0.87 - 25,123 2.50 - 898 0.09 - -63,747 -6.36 1,003,010 PA Rhode Island 4 24,336 45.75 - 26,975 50.71 4 228 0.43 - 1,654 3.11 - - - - -2,639 -4.96 53,196 RI South Carolina 9 54,680 77.56 9 13,345 18.93 - 2,407 3.41 - - - - - - - 41,335 58.63 70,504 SC South Dakota 4 9,081 12.88 - 34,888 49.48 4 26,544 37.64 - - - - - - - -8,344 -11.83 70,513 SD Tennessee 12 136,468 51.36 12 100,537 37.83 - 23,918 9.00 - 4,809 1.81 - - - - 35,931 13.52 265,732 TN Texas 15 239,148 56.65 15 81,144 19.22 - 99,688 23.61 - 2,165 0.51 - - - - 139,460 33.04 422,145 TX Vermont 4 16,325 29.26 - 37,992 68.09 4 44 0.08 - 1,424 2.55 - - - - -21,667 -38.83 55,796 VT Virginia 12 164,136 56.17 12 113,098 38.70 - 12,275 4.20 - 2,729 0.93 - - - - 51,038 17.46 292,238 VA Washington 4 29,802 33.88 - 36,460 41.45 4 19,165 21.79 - 2,542 2.89 - - - - -6,658 -7.57 87,969 WA West Virginia 6 84,467 49.37 6 80,292 46.93 - 4,167 2.44 - 2,153 1.26 - - - - 4,175 2.44 171,079 WV Wisconsin 12 177,325 47.72 12 171,101 46.05 – 10,019 2.70 – 13,136 3.54 – – – – 6,224 1.68 371,581 WI Wyoming 3 – – – 8,454 50.52 3 7,722 46.14 – 530 3.17 – – – – −732 −4.37 16,735 WY TOTALS: 444 5,553,898 46.02 277 5,190,799 43.01 145 1,026,595 8.51 22 270,889 2.24 – 21,173 0.18 – 363,099 3.01 12,068,027 US States that flipped from Republican to Democratic California Illinois Indiana New York Wisconsin States that flipped from Republican to Populist Colorado Kansas Nevada Close states Margin of victory less than 1% (35 electoral votes): California, 0.05% (147 votes) Ohio, 0.13% (1,072 votes) North Dakota, 0.50% (181 votes) Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (158 electoral votes): Indiana, 1.29% (7,125 votes) Delaware, 1.35% (504 votes) Wisconsin, 1.68% (6,224 votes) Kansas, 1.81% (5,870 votes) Nebraska, 2.04% (4,079 votes) West Virginia, 2.44% (4,175 votes) Montana, 2.66% (1,181 votes) Illinois, 3.09% (26,993 votes) (tipping point state) Connecticut, 3.26% (5,363 votes) New York, 3.41% (45,518 votes) New Hampshire, 4.00% (3,577 votes) Wyoming, 4.37% (732 votes) (margin over James Weaver) New Jersey, 4.43% (14,965 votes) Michigan, 4.52% (21,084 votes) Rhode Island, 4.96% (2,639 votes) Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (101 electoral votes): Iowa, 5.29% (23,428 votes) Pennsylvania, 6.36% (63,747 votes) Massachusetts, 6.65% (26,001 votes) Missouri, 7.52% (40,754 votes) Washington, 7.57% (6,658 votes) Minnesota, 8.20% (21,903 votes) Idaho, 9.90% (1,921 votes) Maryland, 9.91% (21,130 votes) See also 1892 United States House of Representatives elections 1892–1893 United States Senate elections American election campaigns in the 19th century History of the United States (1865–1917) History of the United States Democratic Party History of the United States Republican Party Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland Notes References 30em Works cited Abramson Paul Aldrich John Rohde David Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections CQ Press 1995 0871878399 Knoles George The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1892 Stanford University Press 1971 https://archive.org/details/presidentialcamp0000knol 040450969X Sherman Richard The Republican Party and Black America From McKinley to Hoover 1896–1933 University of Virginia Press 1973 0813904676 Further reading Ander, O. Fritiof. "The Swedish-American Press and the Election of 1892." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 23.4 (1937): 533–554. online Blaine, James G. "The Presidential Election of 1892." The North American Review 155#432 (1892): 513–525. online, a primary source Faulkner Harold U. Politics, Reform and Expansion, 1890–1900 https://archive.org/details/politicsreformex0000faul registration 1959 New York Harper Jensen Richard The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 1971 Chicago University of Chicago Press 0-226-39825-0 registration https://archive.org/details/winningofmidwest0000jens Josephson Matthew Matthew Josephson The Politicos: 1865–1896 1938 New York Harcourt, Brace and Co. Keller Morton Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America https://archive.org/details/affairsofstatepu0000kell registration 1977 Cambridge Belknap Press 0-674-00721-2 Kleppner Paul The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures https://archive.org/details/thirdelectoralsy0000klep registration 1979 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press 0-8078-1328-1 Knoles, George Harmon. "Populism and Socialism, with Special Reference to the Election of 1892." Pacific Historical Review 12.3 (1943): 295–304. online https://web.archive.org/web/20230823091045/https://phr.ucpress.edu/content/ucpphr/12/3/295.full.pdf August 23, 2023 Morgan H. Wayne From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 1969 Syracuse Syracuse University Press Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932) Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, the major resource on Cleveland. Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. A History of the United States since the Civil War. Volume V, 1888–1901 (1937). pp 169–244. Sievers, Harry J. "The Catholic Indian school issue and the presidential election of 1892." Catholic Historical Review 38.2 (1952): 129–155. online Steelman, Joseph F. "Vicissitudes of Republican Party Politics: The Campaign of 1892 in North Carolina." North Carolina Historical Review 43.4 (1966): 430–442. online History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Mckinley–Bryan Campaign of 1896 8 Rhodes James Ford James Ford Rhodes 1920 Macmillan New York Primary sources Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956 External links Presidential Election of 1892: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress 1892 popular vote by counties 1892 State-by-state Popular vote Election of 1892 in Counting the Votes https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041329/http://www.countingthevotes.com/1892/ March 4, 2016 Category:Presidencies of Grover Cleveland Category:Grover Cleveland Category:Benjamin Harrison Category:Adlai Stevenson I Category:November 1892 in the United States Category:1892 in American politics