1934 FIFA World Cup

Association football tournament in Italy June 2018 April 2018 FIFA World Cup 1934 World's CupFIFA book of statutes, Roma 1934, prtd. Gebr. Fey & Kratz, Zürich, FIFA internal library no. C br. 18, 1955.it Campionato Mondiale di CalcioItalia 1934 1934 fifa worldcup poster.jpg 200 Official poster Italy 27 May – 10 June 4 16 8 8 Italy 1861 1 Czechoslovakia Germany 1933 Austria 1230 17 70 main TCH Oldřich Nejedlý(5 goals) ITA 1861 Giuseppe Meazza ESP 1931 Ricardo Zamora 1930 1938 The 1934 FIFA World Cup was the 2nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams. It took place in Italy from 27 May to 10 June 1934. The 1934 World Cup was the first in which teams had to qualify to take part. Thirty-two nations entered the competition; sixteen teams qualified for the final tournament. Reigning champions Uruguay boycotted the tournament as only four European teams had accepted their invitation to the 1930 tournament. Italy beat Czechoslovakia 2–1 to become the second World Cup champions and the first European winners. The 1934 World Cup was marred by its status as a high-profile instance of a sporting event used for overt political gain. In particular, Benito Mussolini was keen to use this World Cup to promote fascism.de Carvalho 2014 Although some historians and sports journalists have made allegations of corruption and meddling by Mussolini to influence the competition to the benefit of Italy, Italy has always claimed that it deserved victory in the competition and the successful national team, considered one of the best in the country's history, emerged victorious also in two Central European International Cups, in the 1936 Summer Olympics hosted by Germany, and in the 1938 World Cup hosted by France. The Federale 102 ball, which was manufactured in Italy, was the match ball provided for the 1934 World Cup.FIFA World Cup 1934 Italy. Federale 102 https://www.worldcupballs.info/ball/world-cup-balls/1934-italy/pre-adidas-world-cup-match-ball-fifa-world-cup-1934-italy-federale-102-12-panels/ 9 July 2021 WorldCupBalls.info en-US 31 August 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210831175243/https://www.worldcupballs.info/ball/world-cup-balls/1934-italy/pre-adidas-world-cup-match-ball-fifa-world-cup-1934-italy-federale-102-12-panels/ live Host selection FIFA World Cup hosts After a lengthy decision-making process in which FIFA's executive committee met eight times,Freddi 2006 15 Italy was chosen as the host nation at a meeting in Stockholm on 9 October 1932.Hunt 2006 23 The decision was taken by the executive committee without a ballot of members. The Italian bid was chosen in preference to one from Sweden;History of FIFA – The first FIFA World Cup https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/fifa/first-fifa-world-cup.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130329051339/https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/fifa/first-fifa-world-cup.html 29 March 2013 14 June 2018 FIFA the Italian government assigned a budget of Lire 3.5 million to the tournament.Goldblatt 2007 255 Qualification and participants 1934 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time, teams had to play qualifying matches to enter the competition: 32 countries applied to enter the finals tournament, of which 16 qualified. Even so, there were several notable absentees. Reigning World Cup holders Uruguay declined to participate, in protest at the refusal of several European countries to travel to South America for the previous World Cup, which Uruguay had hosted in 1930.https://thesefootballtimes.co/2016/07/27/when-the-world-cup-rolled-into-fascist-italy-in-1934/ When the World Cup rolled into fascist Italy in 1934 Hart Jim 27 July 2016 These Football Times en 14 June 2018 2 August 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210802143756/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2016/07/27/when-the-world-cup-rolled-into-fascist-italy-in-1934/ live As a result, the 1934 World Cup is the only one in which the reigning champions did not participate.Glanville 2005 25 The British Home Nations, in a period of self-imposed exile from FIFA, also refused to participate, even though FIFA had offered England and Scotland direct entry to the tournament without qualification.https://www.fifa.com/development/news/y=1999/m=8/news=british-society-sports-history-71171.html https://web.archive.org/web/20151019043353/http://www.fifa.com/development/news/y=1999/m=8/news=british-society-sports-history-71171.html dead 19 October 2015 British football and FIFA, 1928-46: Going to war or peacefully coexistence? Beck Peter J. 1999 FIFA.com 27 February 2018 Football Association committee member Charles Sutcliffe called the tournament "a joke" and claimed that "the national associations of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland have quite enough to do in their own International Championship which seems to me a far better World Championship than the one to be staged in Rome".Matthew Taylor The Leaguers: The Making of Professional Football in England 1900-1939 217 https://books.google.com/books?id=mO0WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 Liverpool University Press Liverpool 2005 9781781387030 Despite their role as hosts, Italy were still required to qualify, the only time the host needed to do so. The qualifying matches were arranged on a geographical basis. Withdrawals by Chile and Peru meant that Argentina and Brazil qualified without playing a single match.Crouch 2002 14 Twelve of the sixteen places were allocated to Europe, three to the Americas, and one to Africa or Asia (including Turkey). Only 10 of the 32 entrants, and 4 of the 16 qualified teams (Brazil, Argentina, United States, and Egypt, the first African team to qualify for a World Cup finals tournament), were from outside Europe. The last place in the finals was contested between the United States and Mexico only three days before the start of the tournament in a one-off match in Rome, which the United States won.https://www.espnfc.com/fifa-world-cup/story/1834539/world-cup-history-1934 World Cup History: 1934 Brewin John Williamson Martin 1 May 2014 ESPN 15 June 2018 15 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180615112034/http://www.espnfc.com/fifa-world-cup/story/1834539/world-cup-history-1934 live List of qualified teams The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament. start Asia (0) None qualified Africa (1) EGY 1922 (debut) break North, Central America and Caribbean (1) USA 1912 South America (2) ARG 1861 BRA 1889 break Europe (12) AUT (debut) BEL Czechoslovakia (debut) FRA 1830 GER 1933 (debut) HUN 1920 (debut) ITA 1861 (hosts, debut) NED (debut) ROM ESP 1931 (debut) SWE (debut) SUI (debut) end Ten of these teams made their first World Cup appearance. This included 9 of the 12 European teams (Italy, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland) as well as Egypt. Egypt was the first team from Africa in the finals and did not qualify again until the next time the competition was held in Italy, in 1990. Venues The number of supporters travelling from other countries was higher than at any previous football tournament, including 7,000 from the Netherlands and 10,000 each from Austria and Switzerland.Murray 1998 69 Host cities and stadiums 1 350 350 right 41.85 12 5 circle 8 11,background,outline west Locations of the 1934 FIFA World Cup host cities Bologna 44.49381 11.33875 #0A36AF Bologna east Florence 43.77925 11.24626 #0A36AF Florence west Genoa 44.4048 8.9444 #0A36AF Genoa west Milan 45.4643 9.1895 #0A36AF Milan east Naples 40.8522 14.2681 #0A36AF Naples west Rome 41.89193 12.51133 #0A36AF Rome west Trieste 45.6495 13.7768 #0A36AF Trieste east Turin 45.07917 7.67611 #0A36AF Turin west +List of host cities and stadiumsCityStadiumCapacityImageBolognaStadio Littoriale 50,100200pxFlorenceStadio Giovanni Berta 47,290200pxGenoaStadio Luigi Ferraris 36,703200pxMilanStadio San Siro 55,000200pxNaplesStadio Giorgio Ascarelli 40,000200pxRomeStadio Nazionale PNF 47,300200pxTriesteStadio Littorio 8,000200pxTurinStadio Benito Mussolini 28,140200px Format The group stage used in the first World Cup was discarded in favour of a straight knockout tournament. If a match was tied after ninety minutes, then thirty minutes of extra time were played. If the score was still tied after extra time, the match was replayed the next day. The eight seeded teams – Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary – were kept apart in the first round. Summary a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament 1934 FIFA World Cup squads left|thumb|300px|Qualifying countries and their results All eight first-round matches kicked off at the same time.Hunt 2006 26 Hosts and favourites Italy won handsomely, defeating the USA 7–1; The New York Times correspondent wrote that "only the fine goal-tending of Julius Hjulian of Chicago kept the score as low as it was".Wangerin 2006 98 thumb|250px|From left to right: Italian manager Pozzo, Monzeglio, Bertolini, the goalkeeper and captain Combi, Monti (half-hidden) and the assistant manager Carcano (behind) before the start of extra time in the victorious final versus Czechoslovakia Internal disputes meant Argentina's squad for the tournament did not contain a single member of the team which had reached the final in 1930. In the end, La Albiceleste would partake with an amateur squad.Glanville 2005 26 Against Sweden in Bologna, Argentina twice took the lead, but two goals by Sven Jonasson and a winner by Knut Kroon gave Sweden a 3–2 victory.Freddi 2006 20 Fellow South Americans Brazil also suffered an early exit. Spain beat them comfortably, with 3–1 as the final score.Hunt 2006 27 For the only time in World Cup history, the last eight consisted entirely of European teams – Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. All four non-European teams who made the journey to Italy were eliminated after one match. In the quarter-finals, the first replayed match in World Cup history took place, when Italy and Spain drew 1–1 after extra time. The match was played in a highly aggressive manner with several players of both sides injured: rough play injured the Spanish goalkeeper Ricardo Zamora in the first match, leaving him unable to participate in the replay, while on the other side rough play by Spaniards broke the leg of the Italian Mario Pizziolo who would not play in the national team again.Baker 1988 248 Italy won the replay 1–0; their play so physical that at least three Spaniards had to depart the field with injuries.Wilson 2009 71 Italy then went on to beat Austria in the semi-finals by the same score. Meanwhile, Czechoslovakia secured their place in the final by beating Germany 3–1. The Stadium of the National Fascist Party was the venue for the final. With 80 minutes played, the Czechoslovaks led 1–0. The Italians managed to score before the final whistle and then added another goal in extra time to be crowned World Cup winners. Over the years, several allegations have been made that the tournament was marred by bribery and corruption, specifically that it could have been influenced by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who used it as a propaganda tool for fascism. According to these accusations, Mussolini personally selected referees for the matches where the Italy national team were playing, while the Italian government meddled in FIFA's organisation of events, reorganising the logistics of the matches to further promote fascism.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oS0yeCONIaM https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/oS0yeCONIaM 2021-11-14 live Fascism and Football 2009 BBC25 April 2013 Research: World Cup matches fixed in '34, '78 http://www.espn.com/soccer/news/story/_/id/1425310/researchers-say-dictators-fixed-world-cup-matches-1934-1978 9 July 2021 ESPN 2 July 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210702164110/https://www.espn.com/soccer/news/story/_/id/1425310/researchers-say-dictators-fixed-world-cup-matches-1934-1978 live http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/06/08/world.cup.soccer.politics/index.html When worlds collide: Soccer vs. politics Weiner Matthew 8 June 2010 CNN en 14 June 2018 5 May 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220505215705/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/06/08/world.cup.soccer.politics/index.html live Later commentary has described Italy's successful defence of the following World Cup in France in 1938 as an opportunity to counter the allegations surrounding the 1934 tournament.Martin Simon 5 Apr 2018 World Cup stunning moments: Mussolini's blackshirts' 1938 win https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/apr/01/world-cup-moments-1938-italy-benito-mussolini The Guardian 24 June 2018 1 July 2026 https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010522/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/apr/01/world-cup-moments-1938-italy-benito-mussolini live Niiler Eric 14 June 2018 World Cup 1938: When Nazi Germany Forced Austrians to Play For Them—And Lost https://www.history.com/articles/world-cup-nazi-germany-forced-austrian-players-lost dead https://web.archive.org/web/20250426073750/https://www.history.com/articles/world-cup-nazi-germany-forced-austrian-players-lost 26 April 2025 26 April 2025 History A&E Television Networks Squads For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see 1934 FIFA World Cup squads. Final tournament 1934 FIFA World Cup final tournament Bracket Bracket Round of 16 R16-1 R16-2 R16-3 R16-4 R16-5 R16-6 R16-7 R16-8 Quarter-finals QF1 QF2 QF3 QF4 Replay QF2r Semi-finals SF1 SF2 Match for third place TPP Final 1934 FIFA World Cup final Final Statistics Goalscorers With five goals, Oldřich Nejedlý was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 70 goals were scored by 45 players, with none of them credited as an own goal. 5 goals 35em yes TCH Oldřich Nejedlý 4 goals 35em yes GER 1933 Edmund Conen ITA 1861 Angelo Schiavio 3 goals 35em yes ITA 1861 Raimundo Orsi SUI Leopold Kielholz 2 goals 35em yes AUT Johann Horvath BEL Bernard Voorhoof TCH Antonín Puč EGY 1922 Abdulrahman Fawzi GER 1933 Karl Hohmann GER 1933 Ernst Lehner HUN 1920 Géza Toldi ITA 1861 Giovanni Ferrari ITA 1861 Giuseppe Meazza ESP 1931 José Iraragorri SWE Sven Jonasson 1 goal 35em yes ARG 1861 Ernesto Belis ARG 1861 Alberto Galateo AUT Josef Bican AUT Anton Schall AUT Karl Sesta AUT Matthias Sindelar AUT Karl Zischek BRA 1889 Leônidas TCH Jiří Sobotka TCH František Svoboda FRA 1830 Jean Nicolas FRA 1830 Georges Verriest GER 1933 Stanislaus Kobierski GER 1933 Rudolf Noack GER 1933 Otto Siffling HUN 1920 György Sárosi HUN 1920 Pál Teleki HUN 1920 Jenő Vincze ITA 1861 Enrique Guaita NED Kick Smit NED Leen Vente ROU Ștefan Dobay ESP 1931 Isidro Lángara ESP 1931 Luis Regueiro SWE Gösta Dunker SWE Knut Kroon SUI André Abegglen SUI Willy Jäggi USA 1912 Aldo Donelli Team of the Tournament FIFA selected the following players for the 1934 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team.https://fbref.com/en/awards/wc_all_star/FIFA-World-Cup-All-Star-Team FIFA World Cup All-Star Team Winners FBref 31 August 2026 GoalkeeperDefendersMidfieldersForwardsESP Ricardo ZamoraITA Eraldo MonzeglioESP Jacinto QuincocesESP Leonardo CilaurrenITA Attilio FerrarisITA Luis MontiITA Enrique GuaitaITA Giuseppe MeazzaCZE Oldřich NejedlýITA Raimundo OrsiAUT Matthias Sindelar Tournament ranking In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition and overall results (not counting replay results).FIFA World Cup — Mexico '86; Official Report FIFA Technical Study Group https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2bb4308f4d418319/original/pfnhnhmqhdwqvp62pm27-pdf.pdf#page=45 live https://web.archive.org/web/20100614213621/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf#page=45 230 Permanent table 14 June 2010 8 July 2021 FIFA The rankings for the 1934 tournament were as follows: Per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses. Per FIFA's ranking, the results of replays are not considered in the tournament ranking. main WDL 2 complete FIFAhttps://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/587cb8e67646ba42/original/knfuogw4prnsdacl3ozx-pdf.pdf Milestones & Superlatives, Statistical Kit for the FIFA World Cup – FIFA World Cup final rankings by tournament FIFA 23 6 April 2018 20 August 2026 live https://web.archive.org/web/20220325073347/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/587cb8e67646ba42/original/knfuogw4prnsdacl3ozx-pdf.pdf 25 March 2022 H ITA, TCH, GER, AUT, ESP, HUN, SUI, SWE, ARG, FRA, NED, ROU, EGY, BRA, BEL, USA 9 9 9 Italy's record including the replay: 5 pld, 4 won, 1 drawn, 0 lost, 12 GF, 3 GA, +9 GD, 9 pts. Spain's record including the replay: 3 pld, 1 won, 1 drawn, 1 lost, 4 GF, 3 GA, +1 GD, 3 pts. 0 0 1 2 3 2 0 2 7 7 0 0 1 2 5 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 1 9 6 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 1 2 3 3 0 1 11 8 1 0 1 5 4 3 1 0 11 3 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 4 2 1 0 1 4 4 1 0 1 5 5 0 0 1 1 7 ARG 1861 AUT BEL BRA 1889 TCH EGY 1922 FRA 1830 GER 1933 HUN 1920 ITA 1861 NED ROU ESP 1931 SWE SUI USA 1912 Final result #FFD700 Champions #C0C0C0 Runners-up #CD7F32 Third place Fourth place Eliminated inquarter-finals Eliminated inround of 16 yes yes yes 1st 2nd 3rd 4th QF QF QF QF R16 R16 R16 R16 R16 R16 R16 R16 References Match reports Report Bibliography Baker William Joseph 1988 Sports in the Western World University of Illinois Press Urbana, IL 978-0-252-06042-7 registration https://archive.org/details/sportsinwesternw00bake Crouch Terry 2002 The World Cup: The Complete History Aurum London 978-1-85410-843-2 de Carvalho José Eduardo 2014 History of World Cups O Estado de S.Paulo 9788584280032 Freddi Cris 2006 Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 HarperCollins London 0-00-722916-X Glanville Brian 2005 The Story of the World Cup Faber and Faber London 978-0-571-22944-4 Goldblatt David 2007 The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football Penguin London 978-0-14-101582-8 Hunt Chris 2006 World Cup Stories: The History of the FIFA World Cup Interact Ware 978-0-9549819-2-1 registration https://archive.org/details/historyoffifawor0000hunt Murray Bill 1998 The World's Game: A History of Soccer University of Illinois Press Urbana, IL 978-0-252-06718-1 Wangerin Dave 2006 Soccer in a Football World WSC Books London 978-0-9540134-7-9 Wilson Jonathan 2009 Inverting the Pyramid: The History of Football Tactics Orion London 978-1-4091-0204-5 External links World Cup 1934 1934 FIFA World Cup 1934 FIFA World Cup at FIFA.com 1934 FIFA World Cup at RSSSF.com 1930s Association football Italy 1934 World Cup Category:1933–34 in Italian football 1934 Category:May 1934 sports events in Europe Category:June 1934 sports events in Europe