1RXS J160929.1−210524

Star in the constellation of Scorpius April 2019 250px 1RXS J160929.1−210524 image taken with MIRI. The companion is the faint object above the star. NASA/ESA/CSA JWST; Ya-Lin Wu et al.; Processing: Meli_thev J2000 J2000 Scorpius 16 09 30.3075 −21 04 58.944 12.77Zacharias N. Finch C. T. Girard T. M. Henden A. Bartlett J. L. Monet D. G. Zacharias M. I. VizieR Online Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue (Zacharias+, 2012) Vizier Online Data Catalog 2012 2012yCat.1322....0Z pre-main sequence K7V10.1086/595870 Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Planetary-Mass Candidate Companion to a Young Solar Analog 2008 Lafrenière David Jayawardhana Ray Van Kerkwijk Marten H. The Astrophysical Journal 689 2 L153 2008ApJ...689L.153L 0809.1424 15685566 T Tauri star −10.195 (22) −23.307 (15) 7.2444 0.0176 0.850.20 0.10 1.35 4060300 200 5 million 2MASS J16093030-2104589, GSC 06213-01358, 1RXS J160929.1−210524 GSC+06213-01358 1RXS J160929.1−210524 (also known as GSC 6213-1358 or PZ99 J160930.3−210459) is a pre-main-sequence star approximately 450 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius. The star was identified as a member of the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus association by Thomas Preibisch and coauthors in 1998,Preibisch, Thomas Zinnecker, Hans May 1999 The History of Low-Mass Star Formation in the Upper Scorpius OB Association Astronomical Journal 117 5 2381 1999AJ....117.2381P 10.1086/300842 free and was originally assigned an age of 5 million years old based on its group membership. A more recent analysis of the ages of the stars in the Upper Scorpius group estimates the average age of the stars at 11 million years.Mark J. Pecaut Eric E. Mamajek Eric J. Bubar amp February 2012 A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History among the F-type Members of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB Association Astrophysical Journal 746 2 154 1112.1695 2012ApJ...746..154P 10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154 118461108 Stellar characteristics This star was identified as a young object belonging to the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus association in two papers published in 1998 and 1999, based on its lithium abundance, X-ray emission, and position in the H–R diagram.Preibisch Thomas May 1998 A lithium-survey for pre-main sequence stars in the Upper Scorpius OB association Astronomy and Astrophysics 333 619–628 1998A&A...333..619P The spectrum of 1RXS J160929.1-210524 reveals it to be cooler than the Sun with a spectral type that has been estimated at K7 or M0,Bowler Brendan P. Liu Michael C. Kraus Adam L. Mann Andrew W. March 2014 Spectroscopic Confirmation of Young Planetary-mass Companions on Wide Orbits https://authors.library.caltech.edu/43945/7/0004-637X_784_1_65.pdf The Astrophysical Journal 784 1 article 65, 21 pp 2014ApJ...784...65B 10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/65 1401.7668 2152/34644 33828576 so the star can be considered an orange dwarf or a red dwarf. The star is estimated to be around 0.85 times as massive as the Sun and to have an effective temperature of 4,060 K. The Upper Scorpius association is quite young and only stars earlier (hotter) than type A3 have reached the main sequence; less massive stars, such as 1RXS J160929.1−210524, are still in the process of contraction during the pre-main sequence phase. Originally, the association was estimated to be around 5 million years old, but a recent 2012 paper made a significant revision of this value to 11 million years, which is therefore considered to be the age of 1RXS J160929.1-210524. Substellar companion On 8 September 2008, it was announced that astronomer David Lafrenière and collaborators used the Gemini Observatory to take pictures of the star which appeared to show a planet (designated 1RXS J160929.1-210524 b). The apparent planet is very large—about eight times the mass of Jupiter,http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100630-science-space-planets-first-picture-confirmed/ "First" Picture of Planet Orbiting Sunlike Star Confirmed Andrew Fazekas National Geographic 30 June 2010 1 July 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100703024837/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100630-science-space-planets-first-picture-confirmed/ 3 July 2010 dead orbiting the star at a distance of 330 AU (roughly 50 billion kilometres or 31 billion miles).https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7617031.stm Exoplanet 'circles normal star' BBC News 15 September 2008 17 September 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080916120154/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7617031.stm 16 September 2008 live The orbital status of the companion planet was confirmed in a paper submitted on 15 June 2010 to The Astrophysical Journal. Lafrenière David Jayawardhana Ray van Kerkwijk Marten H. The Directly Imaged Planet around the Young Solar Analog 1RXS J160929.1-210524: Confirmation of Common Proper Motion, Temperature and Mass 2010 719 1 497 The Astrophysical Journal 1006.3070 2010ApJ...719..497L 10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/497 119215396 Kruesi Liz Astronomers verify directly imaged planet http://cs.astronomy.com/asycs/blogs/astronomy/2010/06/22/astronomers-verify-directly-imaged-planet.aspx Astronomy Magazine 22 June 2010 1 July 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100630110925/http://cs.astronomy.com/asycs/blogs/astronomy/2010/06/22/astronomers-verify-directly-imaged-planet.aspx 30 June 2010 dead This made it the smallest known exoplanet orbiting its host at such a distance. It is also the third announced directly imaged exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star (after GQ Lup b and AB Pic b), and the 8th directly imaged exoplanet candidate to have spectrum taken (after 2M1207b, DH Tau b, GQ Lup b, AB Pic b, CHXR 73 b, HD 203030 b and CT Cha b). The discoverers note that the object's location far from its star presents serious challenges to current models of planetary formation: the timescale to form a planet by core accretion at this distance from the star would be longer than the age of the system itself. One possibility is that the planet may have formed closer to the star and migrated outwards as a result of interactions with the disk or with other planets in the system. An alternative is that the planet formed in situ via the disk instability mechanism, where the disk fragments because of gravitational instability, though this would require an unusually massive protoplanetary disk. With the upward revision in the age of the Upper Scorpius group from 5 million to 11 million years, the estimated mass of 1RXS J1609b is approximately 14 Jupiter masses, i.e. above the deuterium-burning limit. An older age for the J1609 system implies that the luminosity of J1609b is consistent with a much more massive object, making more likely that J1609b may instead be a brown dwarf which formed in a manner similar to that of other low-mass and substellar companions. On the other hand, a 2026 study employing the same age estimate obtained a mass of 9.5 1.5 1.7 Jupiter masses, which is well within the planetary-mass regime. A 2013 study, using data from the Spitzer Space Telescope, detected a moderate excess of infrared radiation at 24 μm coming from this system, indicating the presence of a dusty debris disk, but could not determine whether the excess was coming from the star or the substellar companion (or both).Bailey, Vanessa A Thermal Infrared Imaging Study of Very Low Mass, Wide-separation Brown Dwarf Companions to Upper Scorpius Stars: Constraining Circumstellar Environments The Astrophysical Journal 767 1 article 31, 13 pp April 2013 2013ApJ...767...31B 10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/31 1302.0582 118542331 In 2015, observations with the Magellan Clay Telescope found evidence that the light from the substellar object is obscured and reddened by 4.5 visual magnitudes of circumstellar extinction, which indicated that the object is surrounded by a dusty disk responsible for the infrared excess. When considering the extinction in modeling the object's spectrum, its effective temperature was increased to 2,000 K and the spectral type to L2.Wu, Ya-Lin New Extinction and Mass Estimates of the Low-mass Companion 1RXS 1609 B with the Magellan AO System: Evidence of an Inclined Dust Disk The Astrophysical Journal Letters 807 1 artigo L13, 5 pp July 2015 2015ApJ...807L..13W 10.1088/2041-8205/807/1/L13 1506.05816 118449317 Bernardi Andrea Zurlo Alice Lazzoni Cecilia Desidera Silvano Mesa Dino Pérez Sebastian Nogueira Pedro Henrique Barbato Domenico Dasgupta Anuroop SaNDi-SHoP: Searching for Satellites'N'Disks with a Star-Hopping Program II. Spectrophotometric analysis and orbital monitoring of directly imaged companions 2026-07-15 astro-ph.EP 2607.13545 b 9.5 1.5 1.7 385 110 78 8600 4800 2900 0.21 0.14 0.12 ~1.7 150 13 12 See also Lists of exoplanets References 6243841249531772800 1RXS J160929.1-210524 2019-01-17 External links http://www.gemini.edu/node/11126 First Picture of Likely Planet around Sun-like Star 16 September 2008 Gemini Observatory 15 September 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080917215515/http://www.gemini.edu/node/11126 17 September 2008 live http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=1RXS1609 Notes for star 1RXS1609 Jean Schneider 2011 30 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20081023002147/http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=1RXS1609 23 October 2008 Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia dead Astronomy Picture of the Day – Companion of a Young, Sun-like Star Confirmed – 2010 July 4 16 09 30.3 - 21 04 58 10 Category:K-type pre-main-sequence stars Category:Scorpius Category:Planetary systems with one confirmed planet Category:T Tauri stars Category:ROSAT objects Category:Upper Scorpius