1638 Calabrian earthquakes

Series of four earthquakes in Italy 1905 Calabria earthquake 1783 Calabrian earthquakes 1638 Calabria earthquakes yes Italy Calabria March 27, 1638 20:00 to 21:00 w 6.8–7.1 (March 27) 15 km mi 0 on 38.64 15.78 region:IT_type:event inline,title Calabria, Kingdom of Naples (present-day Italy) 11 Significant Earthquake Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/934 ngdc.noaa.gov NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 13 February 2022 Uncertain 9,581–30,000Jacques Monaco Tapponnier Tortorici 2001 A series of mainshocks struck Calabria on March 27–28 and June 9, 1638. The first three earthquakes had moment magnitudes estimated to be w y 6.6–7.1.CPTI15 v3.0 Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes https://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI15-DBMI15_v3.0/ National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology 13 February 2022 2022 10.13127/CPTI/CPTI15.3 Rovida Andrea Locati Mario Camassi Romano Lolli Barbara Gasperini Paolo Antonucci Andrea On June 9, another mainshock estimated at w 6.7 struck the same region, causing further damage and casualties. The four earthquakes resulted in as many as 30,000 fatalities. Tectonic setting 200px|thumb|right|Major faults associated with the Siculo-Calabrian rift The region of Calabria is located between the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas, where active extension is ongoing. Extension is accommodated by normal faults on the Tyrrhenian side in Calabria. The trend of normal faults extend southwards to the Strait of Messina, where they occur on the Ionian side in Sicily. Known as the Siculo-Calabrian rift, this active geological feature is characterized by its high seismicity of earthquakes up to w 7.1.Jacques Monaco Tapponnier Tortorici 2001 Geology Historical documents suggests three large earthquakes occurred between March 27 and 28. The earthquake of March 27 occurred within the Crati Valley fault system, with the Piano Lago and Savuto–Decollatura faults as possible sources. The March 28 earthquakes ruptured the Mesima fault system and Santa Eufemia–Feroleto fault. However, no proper studies have been undertaken to conclusively identify the faults responsible for the June earthquakes.Bosi Galli 2003 The Lake Fault, which produced a surface rupture, was responsible for the June 9 earthquake, based on rich historical documentation and paleoseismology. This normal fault dips at an angle to the west and offsets the surface vertically. Two slightly weaker earthquakes struck the same region in 1832 and 1836.Bosi Galli 2003 The June 9 earthquake caused a large surface-fault rupture measuring 96.6 km long and 0.8 m tall. The fault rupture was visible, extending from Petilia Policastro to Sila, near the eastern shore of Ampollino Lake.Domenico Martire, Calabria Sacra e Profana, Cosenza : Tipografia Migliaccio, 1877. Summary of events Based on analysis of the first-hand documentation, historiography and literary works during the 17th century, three mainshocks were identified: one on March 27 and two on March 28.Bosi Galli 2003 Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology only identified two mainshocks in their catalogue. Location Date Time Coordinates Magnitude (w) Magnitude (e, INGV) Intensity (MMI) Savuto Valley March 27 10:00 39.11 16.27 6.8–7.1 7.01638 03 27, 15:05 Calabria (Italy) https://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?00953IT CFTI5Med National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology 17 May 2024 XI Serre Calabresi March 28 "day" 38.68 16.23 6.6 - X Santa Eufemia plain March 28 "day" 38.96 16.26 6.6 - XI La Sila plateau June 9 "evening" 39.22 16.57 6.7 6.91638 06 08, 09:45 Crotonese (Italy) https://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?00958IT CFTI5Med National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology 17 May 2024 X–XI Damage and casualties The official number of deaths stood at 9,571, including 6,811 in Calabria Citeriore and 2,760 in Calabria Ulteriore. The total number of dead was likely higher as these figures did not account for the many deaths that occurred in the months following the first earthquake due to injuries and deprevation.Boschi E. Guidoboni E. Emanuela Guidoboni Ferrari G. Mariotti D. Valensise G. Gasperini P. Catalogue of Strong Italian Earthquakes from 461 B.C. to 1997 (Appendix to volume 43 N° 4, 2000) 2000 43 4 10.4401/ag-3668 https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/3668 Annals of Geophysics free On March 27, at 22:00, the first and most destructive earthquake struck with an epicenter in the Savuto Valle or near the upper Crati River. It reached a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity level of XI (Extreme) in the heavily populated communes of Martirano, Rogliano, Santo Stefano di Rogliano, Grimaldi, Motta Santa Lucia, Marzi and Carpanzano. The earthquake destroyed much of the settlements in those towns. The town of Amantea suffered total damage, while minor damage was reported at Maratea and Reggio Calabria. According to Ettore Capecelatro, a jurist and official of the Kingdom of Naples, more than 10,000 homes were destroyed, while another 3,000 were rendered unsafe for habitation.d'Orsi n.d. Luca Cellesi, the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Martirano, was injured during the collapse of his castle in the town of Pedivigliano, where he reported that the population of his diocese fell from 12,000 to 6,500 after the quake.Villella 1986 In Aiello Calabro, 408 homes were obliterated and 655 residents were killed. At least 116 inhabitants were killed in Belsito, 234 in Grimaldi, 495 in Carpanzano, 229 in Conflenti, 173 in Malito, 532 in Motta Sta Lucia, 1,200 in Nicastro, 102 in Piane Crati, 216 in Sambiase, 451 in Scigliano Diano and 126 in Feroleto.Tsunami Event Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/3131 ngdc.noaa.gov NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information The town of Martirano was destroyed and 517 inhabitants were killed.Annibale Riccò E. Camerana Mario Baratta Giovanni Di Stevano Il terremoto del 16 novembre 1894 in Calabria e Sicilia: Relazione scientifica della Commissione incaricata degli studi dal R. governo https://archive.org/details/ilterremotodeln00sicigoog 1907 Tipografia nazionale di G. Bertero e c. Roma it 18 Vero Racconto del seguito terremoto nella Calabria inferiore, sotto li 27. di Marzo 1638 ... con il neme (sic) delle citta, castelli e terre distrutte dal detto terremoto. – Venetia, Giuliani 1638 https://books.google.com/books?id=kTNbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 1638 Giuliani Venezia it Following the earthquake, the affected areas saw a decrease in population from migration. Many inhabitants of Motta Santa Lucia moved to Decollatura,Bonacci 1982 and residents of Pedivigliano and Pittarella moved to Sila.Marasco 1969 Survivors from Scigliano and Carpanzano relocated to the Ionian coast and formed the communes of Mandatoriccio and Savelli.Trumper Maddalon Chiodo 1995 The two earthquakes on March 28 occurred in the southern tip of Calabria on Palm Sunday. One of the two shocks' epicenters was near Nicastro, where 3,000 people were killed. At least 600 of the total deaths in the city resulted from the collapse of a church. Many more residents were killed in Lamezia Terme, Falerna, Feroleto Antico and Sant'Eufemia Lamezia. The quake caused a destructive tsunami in the Gulf of Saint Euphemia.https://ingvterremoti.com/2015/03/31/i-terremoti-nella-storia-marzo-1638-uno-spaventevole-terremoto-devasta-la-calabria-centro-settentrionale/ I terremoti nella STORIA: marzo 1638, uno "spaventevole terremoto" devasta la Calabria centro-settentrionale INGVterremoti 2015-03-31 it 2022-02-13 Damage at Sant'Eufemia Lamezia was so severe that the town was abandoned. A second shock occurred in the Serre Calabresi, causing fissures to appear in the ground. Sulfur and flames were reported emanating from the newly formed fissures. The earthquake was particularly destructive in Rosarno and Mileto, while the town centers of Borrello, Briatico and Castelmonardo was destroyed. The June 9 nighttime earthquake registered a magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X. It affected the region of Sila, where six villages were destroyed.d'Orsi n.d. Extreme damage was reported in Catanzaro and Crotone, as well as in 13 other villages. It was preceded by two strong foreshocks in the early morning and afternoon, alerting many residents to stay outdoors. Despite the severity of damage, only 52 people were killed.Significant Earthquake Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/8245 ngdc.noaa.gov NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 13 February 2022 Aftermath Shortly after the March earthquakes, Ettore Capecelatro, an official from the Kingdom of Naples was ordered to survey the damaged area. He returned to Naples in May. His survey became the basis for the government's decision on distributing aid and assistance. The Neapolitan court wanted to reduce revenue loss by rebuilding production and creating new business opportunities. Villages and towns where property were destroyed or had people killed were completely exempted from paying tax for five years. There were a total of 36 villages given the five-year tax relief. Forty-five villages which were categorised as "damaged but not destroyed" were given one year of tax relief. Several villages made appeals for their tax exemption re-evaluated after the June earthquake. See also List of earthquakes in Italy List of historical earthquakes References Bibliography Catastrophic 1638 earthquakes in Calabria (southern Italy): New insights from paleoseismological investigation Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001JB001713 Bosi Vittorio 108 ETG 1-1-ETG 1–20 Galli Paolo American Geophysical Union B1 10.1029/2001JB001713 2003 2003JGRB..108.2004G 55937014 free subscription Jacques E. Monaco C. Tapponnier P. Tortorici L. Winter T. Faulting and earthquake triggering during the 1783 Calabria seismic sequence Geophysical Journal International 2001 147 3 499–516 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01518.x 2001GeoJI.147..499J 59505619 1365-246X https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03597746/file/147-3-499.pdf I terremoti del '600 nella relazione di Limina dei Vescovi di Nicastro e Martirano. Villella V. Calabria Sconosciuta 1986 it 38 I terremoti delle due Calaurie op. cit d'Orsi Lutio n.d. Pietro Bonacci Decollatura, vicende sociali e religiose dal Seicento all'Ottocento 1982 Decollatura Grafica Reventino Soveria Mannelli e il suo territorio, Notizie e dati tratti dagli appunti di Ivone Sirianni Marasco Mario Felice Tipografia Sanvitese Ellerani 1969 San Vito al Tagliamento it L'influenza di eventi macrosismici su alcune discontinuità linguistiche (Calabria) Saggi dialettologici in area italo-romanza, nuova raccolta Trumper John B. 1995 it Maddalon Marta Chiodo Giovanna Pellegrini Giovan Battista Centro Studio per la Dialettologia Italiana «0. Parlangeli»; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Padova Category:Earthquakes in Italy Category:1638 in Italy Category:History of Naples Category:Tsunamis in Italy Category:17th century in Italy Category:Earthquake clusters, swarms, and sequences Category:History of Calabria Category:History of Abruzzo Category:Crotone Category:Lamezia Terme Category:Catanzaro Category:Province of Cosenza Category:Kingdom of Naples Category:1630s earthquakes Category:1638 disasters