1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision

1956 mid-air collision over Arizona Grand Canyon mid-air collision the 1986 mid-air collision 1986 Grand Canyon mid-air collision July 2025 August 2023 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collisionTWA Flight 2United Air Lines Flight 718 Chuar & Temple Buttes (TWA & UAL).jpg The location of the two crash sites in the Grand Canyon 1956 06 30 Mid-air collisiondue to inadequate ATC system Accident Grand Canyon, Arizona, United States 4 128 0 Trans World Airlines - TWA Lockheed L-1049A Super Constellation Star of the Seine N6902C in flight.jpg N6902C, the Lockheed L-1049A Super Constellation involved in the collision Lockheed L-1049A Super Constellation Trans World Airlines TW2 TWA2 TWA 2 N6902C Star of the Seine Los Angeles International Airport, California, United States Kansas City Downtown Airport, Kansas City, Missouri, United States 64 6 70 70 0 Douglas DC-7, United Airlines JP6922268.jpg A United Air Lines Douglas DC-7 Mainliner, similar to the one involved in the collision Douglas DC-7 Mainliner United Air Lines UA718 UAL718 UNITED 718 N6324C Mainliner Vancouver Los Angeles International Airport, California, United States Chicago Midway Airport, Illinois, United States 53 5 58 58 0 On June 30, 1956, a Lockheed L-1049A Super Constellation operating as TWA Flight 2, was struck by a Douglas DC-7 Mainliner operating as United Air Lines Flight 718 over Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. The Constellation fell into the canyon, while the DC-7 slammed into a cliff. All 128 people on board both aircraft died, making it the first commercial airline incident to exceed one hundred fatalities. Both aircraft had departed Los Angeles International Airport minutes apart from each other and headed for Chicago and Kansas City, respectively. The collision took place in uncontrolled airspace, where it was the pilots' responsibility to maintain separation ("see and be seen"). This highlighted the antiquated state of air traffic control, which became the focus of major aviation reforms. Flight history TWA Flight 2, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation named Star of the Seine, with Captain Jack Gandy (age 41), First Officer James Ritner (31), and Flight Engineer Forrest Breyfogle (37), departed Los Angeles on Saturday, June 30, 1956, at 9:01 am PST with 64 passengers (including 11 TWA off-duty employees on free tickets) and six crew members (including two flight attendants and an off-duty flight engineer), and headed to Kansas City Downtown Airport. Flight 2, initially flying under instrument flight rules (IFR), climbed to altitude 19000 ft and stayed in controlled airspace as far as Daggett, California. At Daggett, Captain Gandy turned right to a heading of 059 degrees magnetic, toward the radio range near Trinidad, Colorado.CAB Docket 320, File 1, History of Flights, Section 1, issued 1957/04/17 The Constellation was now "off airways", otherwise known as flying in uncontrolled airspace.CAB Docket 320, File 1, History of Flights, Section 2, issued 1957/04/17 United Air Lines Flight 718, a Douglas DC-7 named Mainliner Vancouver, was piloted by Captain Robert "Bob" Shirley (age 48), First Officer Robert Harms (36), and Flight Engineer Girardo "Gerard" Fiore (39). They departed Los Angeles at 9:04 am PST with 53 passengers and 5 crew members (including two flight attendants), bound for Chicago's Midway Airport. Climbing to an authorized altitude of 21000 ft, Captain Shirley flew under IFR in controlled airspace to a pointThe "Palm Springs" intersection was at about 33.92N 116.28W. northeast of Palm Springs, California, where he turned left toward a radio beacon near Needles, California, after which his flight plan was direct to Durango in southwestern Colorado.The report says their flight plan was Needles direct to Durango, but it's unclear what "Durango" means. There never was an LF/MF radio range there, and the VOR wasn't there in 1956. (There was an AM radio station.) United's DC-7, though still under IFR, was now, like TWA's Constellation, en route in uncontrolled airspace. Shortly after takeoff TWA's Captain Gandy requested permission to climb to 21,000 feet to avoid thunderheads that were forming near his flight path. As was the practice at the time, his request had to be relayed by a TWA flight dispatcher to air traffic control (ATC), as neither crew was in direct contact with ATC after departure. ATC denied the request; the two airliners would soon be reentering controlled airspace (the Red 15 airway running southeast from Las Vegas) and ATC had no way to provide the horizontal separation required between two aircraft at the same altitude. Captain Gandy then requested "1,000 on top" clearance (flying 1000 ft m above the clouds, and thus in visual meteorological conditions). This was approved by ATC, and meant that the Constellation was still under IFR but free of separation restrictions normally applied by ATC. It transferred to Gandy and Ritner the responsibility for maintaining safe separation from other aircraft, on the principle then termed "see and be seen" (more recently "see and avoid"). This division of responsibilities between aircrew and ATC is especially useful when two aircraft are transitioning to or from an airfield approach when VFR conditions exist above cloud layers.IFR Rules and Procedures – En Rouite and Holds, Langley Flying School http://www.langleyflyingschool.com/Pages/IFR%20Groundschool--IFR%20Rules%20and%20Procedures--En%20Route%20and%20Holds.html https://web.archive.org/web/20130703152806/http://www.langleyflyingschool.com/Pages/IFR%20Groundschool--IFR%20Rules%20and%20Procedures--En%20Route%20and%20Holds.html 2013-07-03 live 2013-07-02 It is less common en route. Upon receiving "1,000 on top" clearance, Captain Gandy increased his altitude to 21,000 ft m. Both crews were then at this altitude, and both had estimated that they would cross the Painted Desert line at about 10:31 am Pacific time.CAB Docket 320, File 1, History of Flights, Section 1, Paragraph 5, issued 1957/04/17CAB Docket 320, File 1, History of Flights, Section 2, Paragraph 5, issued 1957/04/17 The Painted Desert line was about 200 mi in long, running between the VORs at Bryce Canyon, Utah, and Winslow, Arizona, at an angle of 335 degrees relative to true north – wholly outside of controlled air space. Owing to the different headings taken by the two planes, TWA's crossing of the Painted Desert line, assuming no further course changes, would be at a 13-degree angle relative to that of the United flight, with the Constellation to the left of the DC-7. As the two aircraft approached the Grand Canyon, at the same altitude and nearly the same speed, the pilots were likely maneuvering around towering cumulus clouds. (The Constellation's clearance required it to stay in clear air – and above cloud.) As they were maneuvering near the canyon, it is believed the planes passed the same cloud on opposite sides.Nance (1986), pp. 90–92 Accident thumb|Illustration of the collision At 10:32 am, the two aircraft collided over the canyon at an angle of about 25 degrees.CAB Docket 320, File 1, Analysis, Paragraph 5, issued 1957/04/17 Post-crash analysis determined that the United DC-7 was banking to the right and pitching down at the time of the collision, suggesting that one or possibly both of the United pilots spotted the TWA Constellation and attempted evasive action.CAB Docket 320, File 1, Analysis, Paragraph 6, issued 1957/04/17 The DC-7's upraised left wing clipped the top of the Constellation's vertical stabilizer and struck the fuselage immediately ahead of the stabilizer's base, causing the tail assembly to break away from the rest of the airframe.May 2024 The propeller on the DC-7's left outboard, or number one engine, concurrently chopped a series of gashes into the bottom of the Constellation's fuselage. Explosive decompression would have instantaneously occurred from the damage, a theory substantiated by light debris, such as cabin furnishings and personal effects, being scattered over a large area. thumb|The severed tail assembly of the TWA Constellation with the unique three vertical stabilizers missing, as photographed by park rangers during the CAB investigation The separation of the tail assembly from the Constellation resulted in immediate loss of control, causing the aircraft to enter a near-vertical, terminal velocity dive.May 2024 Plunging into the Grand Canyon at an estimated speed of more than 700 ft/s m/s kn mph km/h, the Constellation slammed into the north slope of a ravine on the northeast slope of Temple Butte and disintegrated on impact, instantly killing all aboard. An intense fire, fueled by aviation gasoline, ensued. The severed tail assembly, badly battered but still somewhat recognizable, came to rest nearby. The DC-7's left wing to the left of the number one engine was mangled by the impact and was no longer capable of producing substantial lift. The engine had been severely damaged as well, and the combined loss of lift and propulsion left the crippled airliner in a rapidly descending left spiral from which recovery was impossible. The Mainliner collided with the south side cliff of Chuar Butte and disintegrated, instantly killing all aboard. Aftermath Search and recovery thumb|The wreckage of TWA Flight 2 The airspace over the canyon was not under any type of radar observation and there were no homing beacons, cockpit voice recorders, or flight data recorders aboard either aircraft. The last position reports received from the flights did not reflect their locations at the time of the collision. Also, there were no credible witnesses to the collision itself or the subsequent crashes. The only immediate indication of trouble was when United company radio operators in Salt Lake City and San Francisco heard a garbled transmission from Flight 718 (the DC-7), the last from either aircraft.May 2024 Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) accident investigation engineers later deciphered the transmission – which had been preserved on magnetic tape – as the voice of co-pilot Robert Harms declaring, "Salt Lake, [ah], 718 ... we are going in!" The shrill voice of Captain Shirley was heard in the background as, presumably futilely struggling with the controls, he implored the airplane to "[Pull] up! [Pull] up!" (bracketed words were inferred by investigators from the context and circumstances in which they were uttered).CAB Docket 320, File 1, Investigation, Paragraphs 41–43, issued 1957/04/17 After neither flight reported their current position for some time, the two aircraft were declared to be missing, and search and rescue procedures started. The wreckage was first seen late in the day near the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers by Henry and Palen Hudgin, two brothers who operated Grand Canyon Airlines, a small air taxi service.Nance (1986), pp. 96–97 During a trip earlier in the day, Palen had noted dense black smoke rising near Temple Butte, the crash site of the Constellation, but had dismissed it as brush set ablaze by lightning. However, upon hearing of the missing airliners, Palen decided that what he had seen might have been smoke from a post-crash fire. He and his brother flew a light aircraft (a Piper Tri-Pacer) deep into the canyon and searched near the location of the smoke. The Constellation's empennage was found, and the brothers reported their findings to authorities. The following day, the two men pinpointed the wreckage of the DC-7. Numerous helicopter missions were subsequently flown down to the crash sites to find and attempt to identify victims, as well as recover wreckage for accident analysis, a difficult and dangerous process due to the rugged terrain and unpredictable air currents.CAB Docket 320, File 1, Investigation, Paragraphs 2–3, issued 1957/04/17 thumb|The aft fuselage fragment of United Flight 718, with text reading "[D]C-7 Mainliner", on Chuar Butte. The airlines hired the Swiss Air-Rescuehttps://www.rega.ch/en/about-us/history/1946-1959.aspx The beginnings of air-rescue 1946–1959 https://web.archive.org/web/20190727170916/https://www.rega.ch/en/about-us/history/1946-1959.aspx 2019-07-27 Rega and some Swiss mountain climbers to go to the scene where the aircraft fuselages had crashed. They were to gather the remains of the passengers and their personal effects. This was given considerable publicity in U.S. news releases at the time because of the ruggedness of the terrain where the fuselages came to rest.September 2018 thumb|Burial site and memorial for the TWA passengers and crew, Citizens Cemetery, Flagstaff, Arizona. 1956 funeral photo from Life magazine. thumb|right|Close-up of plaque honoring TWA passengers and crew, Citizens Cemetery Owing to the great violence of the impacts, no bodies were recovered intact and positive identification of most of the remains was not possible. On July 9, 1956, a mass funeral for the victims of TWA Flight 2 was held,https://www.nytimes.com/1956/07/11/archives/29-dc7-dead-identified-mass-services-to-be-held-for-29-others-in.html 29 DC-7 Dead Identified; Mass Services to Be Held for 29 Others in Canyon Crash The New York Times 1956-07-11 1 at the canyon's south rim.July 2023 Twenty-nine victims of the United flight were identified. The remains of the remaining twenty-nine victims were interred in four caskets at the Grand Canyon Pioneer Cemetery. Only four of the seventy TWA passengers and crew were identifiable. The remaining sixty-six were buried in a mass grave at Citizens Cemetery in Flagstaff. A number of years elapsed following this accident before most of the wreckage was removed from the canyon. Some pieces of the aircraft still remain at the crash sites. Investigation The investigation of this accident, led by Jack Parshall, was particularly challenging due to the remoteness and topography of the crash sites, as well as the extent of the destruction of the two airliners and the lack of real-time flight data as might be derived from a modern flight data recorder. Despite the considerable difficulties, CAB experts were able to determine with a remarkable degree of certainty what had transpired and, in their report, issued the following statement as probable cause for the accident:CAB Docket 320, File 1, Probable Cause, issued 1957/04/17 The Board determines that the probable cause of this mid-air collision was that the pilots did not see each other in time to avoid the collision. It is not possible to determine why the pilots did not see each other, but the evidence suggests that it resulted from any one or a combination of the following factors: Intervening clouds reducing time for visual separation, visual limitations due to cockpit visibility, and preoccupation with normal cockpit duties, preoccupation with matters unrelated to cockpit duties such as attempting to provide the passengers with a more scenic view of the Grand Canyon area, physiological limits to human vision reducing the time opportunity to see and avoid the other aircraft, or insufficiency of en route air traffic advisory information due to inadequacy of facilities and lack of personnel in air traffic control. In the report, weather and airworthiness of the two planes were thought to have played no role in the accident. Lacking credible eyewitnesses and with some uncertainty regarding high altitude visibility at the time of the collision, it was not possible to determine conclusively how much opportunity was available for the TWA and United pilots to see and avoid each other. Neither flight crew was specifically implicated in the CAB's finding of probable cause, although the decision by TWA's Captain Gandy to cancel his IFR flight plan and fly "1,000 on top" was the likely catalyst for the accident. Also worth noting was that the investigation itself was thorough in all respects, but the final report focused on technical issues and largely ignored contributory human factors, such as why the airlines permitted their pilots to execute maneuvers solely intended to improve the passengers' view of the canyon. It would not be until the late 1970s that human factors would be as thoroughly investigated as technical matters following aerial mishaps. During the investigation, Milford "Mel" Hunter, a scientific and technical illustrator with Life magazine, was given early and unrestricted access to the CAB's data and preliminary findings, enabling him to produce an illustration of what likely occurred at the moment of the collision. Hunter's finely detailed gouache painting first appeared in Life April 29, 1957, issuehttps://books.google.com/books?id=PEkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA151 Air Mystery is Solved Mary H. Cadwalader Life April 29, 1957 151–164 and was subsequently included in David Gero's 1996 edition of Aviation Disasters II. In a letter to Gero in 1995, Hunter wrote:As related by Susan Smith-Hunter, Mel Hunter's widow.October 2013 I was able to plot the two intersecting flight paths and the fact that both planes were in each other's blind spot. I remember showing that the descending aircraft's propellers chewed a series of gashes along the fuselage top of the ascending aircraft. I did a lot of this type of factual re-creation for Life. They were always extremely tough to piece together to the satisfaction of all the editors, art directors and assorted researchers who were assigned to such projects. But, it was extremely interesting work. Hunter's recollection of his illustration was not completely accurate. The painting showed the DC-7 below the Constellation, with the former's number one engine beneath the latter's fuselage, which disagreed with the CAB technical findings.https://lostflights.smugmug.com/gallery/4906723_y8cPU/2/305765767_2uEnQ/Large June 30, 1956: Trans World Airlines / United Air Lines, Lockheed L-1049 (N6902C) / Douglas DC-7 (N6324C) Mid-Air Collision, Grand Canyon, AZ lostflights.com Catalyst for change At 128 fatalities, the Grand Canyon collision became the deadliest U.S. commercial airline disaster and deadliest air crash on U.S. soil of any kind, surpassing United Air Lines Flight 409 the year before.Jones Tia 2014-05-02 Grand Canyon Collision Declared a National Historic Landmark https://explorethecanyon.com/grand-canyon-collision-declared-a-national-historic-landmark/ 2023-09-11 Grand Canyon Visitor Center en-US It was surpassed in both respects on December 16, 1960, by the 1960 New York mid-air collision. Coincidentally, the collision also involved United and TWA and saw 128 deaths in the two aircraft (in addition to 6 deaths on ground). However, it is still the deadliest aviation disaster in the state of Arizona. The accident was covered by the press worldwide, and as the story unfolded, the public learned of the primitive nature of air traffic control (ATC) and how little was being done to modernize it. The air traffic controller who had cleared TWA to "1,000 on top" was severely criticized as he had not advised Captains Gandy and Shirley about the potential for a traffic conflict following the clearance, even though he must have known of the possibility. The controller was publicly blamed for the accident by both airlines and was vilified in the press, but he was cleared of any wrongdoing. As Charles Carmody (the then-assistant ATC director) testified during the investigation, neither flight was legally under the control of ATC when they collided, as both were "off airways." The controller was not required to issue a traffic conflict advisory to either pilot. According to the CAB accident investigation final report, page 8, the en-route controller relayed a traffic advisory regarding United 718 to TWA's ground radio operator: "ATC clears TWA 2, maintain at least 1,000 on top. Advise TWA 2 his traffic is United 718, direct Durango, estimating Needles at 0957." The TWA operator testified that Captain Gandy acknowledged the information on the United flight as "traffic received."https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2022-11/CAB_accident_report.pdf Civil Aeronautics Board Accident Investigation Report Federal Aviation Administration March 20, 2014 The accident was particularly alarming in that public confidence in air travel had increased during the 1950s with the introduction of new airliners like the Super Constellation, Douglas DC-7, and Boeing Stratocruiser. Travel by air had become routine for large corporations, and vacationers often considered flying instead of traveling by train. At the time, a congressional committee was reviewing domestic air travel, as there was growing concern over the number of accidents. However, little progress was being made and the state of ATC at the time of the Grand Canyon accident reflected the methods of the 1930s. As near-misses and mid-air collisions continued, the public demanded action. Often-contentious congressional hearings followed, and in 1957, increased funding was allocated to modernize ATC, hire and train more air traffic controllers, and procure much-needed radar – initially military surplus equipment. However, control of American airspace continued to be split between the military and the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA, the federal agency in charge of air traffic control at the time). The CAA had no authority over military flights, which could enter controlled airspace with no warning to other traffic. The result was a series of near-misses and collisions involving civil and military aircraft, the latter often flying at much higher speeds than the former. For example, in 1958, the collision of United Air Lines Flight 736 flying "on-airways" and an F-100 Super Sabre fighter jet near Las Vegas, Nevada, resulted in 49 fatalities. Again, action was demanded. After more hearings, the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 was passed, dissolving the CAA and creating the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA, later renamed the Federal Aviation Administration in 1966). The FAA was given total authority over American airspace, including military activity, and as procedures and ATC facilities were modernized, mid-air collisions gradually became less frequent. In 1960, a jury in Kansas City, in a judgment against United Air Lines, awarded the estate of Jack S. Gandy, the pilot of the TWA flight, $64,000 (US 64000 1960 eq -4), and the estate of James H. Ritner, the co-pilot, $45,000 (US 45000 1960 eq -4). https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/09/24/99806302.html?pageNumber=5 The New York Times September 24, 1960 April 18, 2023 Associated Press 5 Air Crash Damages Set National Historic Landmark 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision nhl 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision NRHP plaque.jpg Coconino County, Arizona 36 10 30 N 111 50 00 W region:US-AZ_type:landmark_scale:50000 inline,title April 22, 2014 14000280 On April 22, 2014, the site of the crash was declared a National Historic Landmark,Towne Douglas History: Crash Over the Canyon https://www.phoenixmag.com/2025/05/05/history-crash-over-the-canyon/?fbclid=IwY2xjawK1RpZleHRuA2FlbQIxMQBicmlkETExbk84TkNWdk9BeDViZFhWAR5SKfTwVOwMbhj47QXeMMyeB0y7Trb9xuhSfWYgMjBi_AsJG5wuDykOv7Bkog_aem_gT7flwFVu0trUTMemYYfrA PHOENIX magazine 10 June 2025 5 May 2025https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/az/AZ.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20170124214835/https://www.nps.gov/NHL/find/statelists/az/AZ.pdf dead January 24, 2017 National Historic Landmarks in Arizona National Park Service July 7, 2017 making it the first landmark for an event that happened in the air.http://www.nps.gov/nhl/news/LC/spring2011/GrandCanyonREDACTED.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235910/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/news/LC/spring2011/GrandCanyonREDACTED.pdf dead April 26, 2014 1956 Grand Canyon TWA-United Airlines Aviation Accident Site National Park Service July 7, 2017 The location, in a remote portion of the canyon accessible only to hikers, has been closed to the public since the 1950s.The Site of a 1950s Plane Crash Just Became a National Landmark https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-site-of-a-1950s-plane-crash-just-became-a-national-landmark/361183/ The Atlantic April 24, 2014 Adrienne LaFrance April 28, 2014 http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Historic-Plane-Wreck-Site-Protected221938-1.html Historic Plane Wreck Site Protected May 3, 2014 Grady Mary April 30, 2014 AVweb May 3, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140503230701/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Historic-Plane-Wreck-Site-Protected221938-1.html dead In popular culture In 2006, the story of this disaster was covered in the third season of the History Channel program UFO Files. The episode, entitled "Black Box UFO Secrets", contained the Universal Newsreel footage of the accident narrated by Ed Herlihy.https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1713917/ The Internet Movie Database: UFO Files (Season 3: Black Box UFO Secrets) The Internet Movie Database In 2009, the story of the disaster, along with other mid-air collisions, was featured on the eighth season of the National Geographic Channel show Mayday (also known as Air Emergency, Air Crash Investigation and Air Disasters). The episode is entitled "System Breakdown" or "Grand Canyon" (Mayday, Season 8, episode 1, first broadcast 10 June 2009; Air Disasters, season 4, episode 6, first broadcast June 8, 2014).Air Crash Investigation Season 8 http://archive.org/details/aci8_20230105 2024-03-05 In 2013, an episode from the twelfth season, entitled "Grand Canyon Disaster", also featured this accident.Mayday – Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22) https://archive.org/details/mayday-aci 2024-02-16 It is featured in season 1, episode 5, of the TV show Why Planes Crash, in an episode called "Collision Course". In 2015, the first season of Mysteries at the National Parks on the Travel Channel, in the series' seventh episode, "Portal To The Underworld," the crash was also featured and was mentioned as being a "supernatural event." The disaster figures in Tony Hillerman's 2004 novel, Skeleton Man.https://ehillerman.unm.edu/464#sthash.TgnTShVN.dpbs See also Arizona Aviation 1950s Aeroméxico Flight 498 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision Free flight (air traffic control) Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 1986 Grand Canyon mid-air collision, another airliner involved in a mid-air collision over the Grand Canyon Hughes Airwest Flight 706 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona National Register of Historic Places listings in Coconino County, Arizona 1960 New York mid-air collision, which also involved aircraft from United Air Lines and Trans World Airlines Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182 1922 Picardie mid-air collision 2002 Überlingen mid-air collision 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision References Informational notes "note" Citations Bibliography Civil Aeronautics Board (April 17, 1957) Official Report (Docket 320, File 1). Washington, D.C. Job, Macarthur (2001) Air Disaster, Vol. 4: The Propeller Era. Australia: Aerospace Publications. 1-875671-48-X Nance, John J. (1986) Blind Trust. New York: William Morrow. 0-688-05360-2 External links http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/UAL718/CAB_accident_report.pdf Civil Aeronautics Board Accident Investigation Report Federal Aviation Administration dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150220195809/http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/UAL718/CAB_accident_report.pdf 2015-02-20 – Alternate URL with PDF http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/UAL718/Flightpaths_pop_up.htm TWA Flight 2 and UAL Flight 718 Flight Plans Federal Aviation Administration 2014-03-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20140322122602/http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/UAL718/Flightpaths_pop_up.htm 2014-03-22 dead https://books.google.com/books?id=PEkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA151 Air Mystery is Solved Mary H. Cadwalader Life April 29, 1957 151–164 Lessons from Tragedy Over the Grand Canyon by Jon Proctor Flying Blind https://web.archive.org/web/20071010004536/http://archives.obs-us.com/obs/english/books/rawlins/moths/stumble/9.html October 10, 2007 by Gregory Rawlins TWA and United collision over Grand Canyon Arizona Aircraft Archaeology What Caused The "Worst Accident In The History" Of Commercial Aviation? Mayday: Air Disaster – YouTube Channel Category:Airliner accidents and incidents in Arizona Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1956 Category:History of Coconino County, Arizona Category:Trans World Airlines accidents and incidents Category:United Airlines accidents and incidents Category:1956 in Arizona Category:Disasters in Arizona Category:Grand Canyon Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-7 Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Constellation Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error Category:Mid-air collisions involving airliners Category:Mid-air collisions in the United States Category:National Historic Landmarks in Arizona Category:National Register of Historic Places in Coconino County, Arizona Category:June 1956 in the United States