2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute

other gas disputes between Russia and Ukraine, including the current dispute Russia–Ukraine gas disputes January 2009 thumb|350px|Natural gas pipelines from Russia to Europe The 2005–06 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute was between Ukrainian state-controlled oil and gas company Naftogaz Ukrainy and Russian national gas supplier Gazprom. The disagreements concerned natural gas supplies, prices and debts. The conflict started in March 2005, ended in January 2006 and, in addition to the gas companies, involved politicians from both countries. The conflict began when Russia claimed that Ukraine was not paying for gas and was diverting gas bound from Russia to the European Union from pipelines that crossed the country. Ukrainian officials at first denied the last accusation, Ukraine gas row hits EU supplies BBC 2006-01-01 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4573572.stm 2008-12-16 but later Naftogaz admitted it used some gas intended for other European countries for domestic needs. The dispute peaked on January 1, 2006 when Russia cut off supply. Ukraine takes extra Russian gas BBC 2006-01-24 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4642684.stm 2008-12-16 The cutoff affected gas supplies to European countries that depended on Russian natural gas. On January 4, 2006 a preliminary agreement between Ukraine and Russia was achieved, the supply was restored and the situation calmed. Historical background After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia began charging market prices to Ukraine for oil in 1993, but both Ukrainian gas import prices and transit fees for Russian exports to Europe were set in bilateral negotiations, well below European levels.Ukraine's Gas Sector Pirani Simon Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2007 http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/NG21.pdf 2008-12-21 978-1-901795-63-9 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080527194203/http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/NG21.pdf 2008-05-27 In 2004–2005, about 80% of Russian gas exports to the European Union passed through Ukraine. Ukraine: Energy Policy Review 2006 IEA/OECD 2006 http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/ukraine2006.pdf 204; 220 2008-12-21 92-64-10991-9 https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195333/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/ukraine2006.pdf 2009-01-14 deadRussia's Cutoff of Natural Gas to Ukraine: Context and Implications Nichol Jim Woehrel, Steven Gelb, Bernhard A. CRS Report 2006-02-15 http://www.italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RS22378.pdf 2008-12-21 RS22378 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195333/http://www.italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RS22378.pdf 2009-01-14 Two-thirds of Gazprom's revenue comes from the sale of gas that crosses Ukraine.Where East Meets West: European Gas and Ukrainian Reality Chow Edward Elkind, Jonathan The Washington Quarterly Center for Strategic and International Studies 1 77–92 32 2009 http://www.twq.com/09winter/docs/09jan_ChowElkind.pdf 2009-01-10 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195332/http://www.twq.com/09winter/docs/09jan_ChowElkind.pdf 2009-01-14 10.1080/01636600802552247 154391246 Ukraine's own gas consumption in 2005 was around 80 e9m3 off, of which around 20 e9m3 off were produced domestically, 36 e9m3 off were bought from Turkmenistan, and 17 e9m3 off came from Russia as payment for Russian gas transit. It purchased the remaining 8 e9m3 off from Russia. Russia-Ukraine gas dispute remains unsettled RIA Novosti 2005-12-20 http://en.rian.ru/russia/20051220/42586383.html 2008-12-21 Relatively cheap Russian gas, sold to Ukraine at $50 per cubic meterMarch 2026 between 1998 and 2005, supported growth of energy-intensive industries in Ukraine, its status as one of the world's least energy-efficient countries and largest gas importers, expansion of Ukrainian debts. Eventually, Ukraine failed to pay its debts, diverted gas from the transit system; and came under Russian pressure to relinquish infrastructure in return for debt relief. Gas trading was conducted under bilateral intergovernmental agreements providing a framework for sales, transit volumes and prices and sometimes other issues such as storage and establishment of joint production ventures. The relevant companies signed contracts in accord with the agreements, supplemented by annual refinements specifying exact prices and volumes for the following year. Gas prices and transit tariffs were set in relationship to each other. Commercial agreements and trade relations have been non-transparent. Trade was conducted by Itera, EuralTransGaz, and since 2004 by RosUkrEnergo, a company with no assets, no track record, and no transparency about its owners. RosUkrEnergo beneficiaries include well-placed officials in Russian and Ukrainian gas industries and governmental structures. RosUkrEnergo is allegedly half-owned by a business ally of Ukraine's President Viktor Yushchenko.Deal Struck to End Gas Cutoff, The New York Times, January 8, 2009 The Ukrainian investigation into RosUkrEnergo, during Yulia Tymoshenko's previous term as prime minister, was closed after Yushchenko fired her in September 2005.Mogilevich Arrested With Arbat Boss https://web.archive.org/web/20090123010921/http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/1010/42/303006.htm 2009-01-23 , The Moscow Times, January 28, 2008 According to the contract between Gazprom and Naftogaz signed on June 21, 2002, payment was in the form of barter—up to 15% of gas pumped through the Ukrainian territory was taken by Ukraine instead of cash.https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Jan2006-RussiaUkraineGasCrisis-JonathanStern.pdf The Russian-Ukrainian gas crisis of January 2006 Stern Jonathan January 2006 The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies This contract was supposed to be valid until the end of 2013.The Politics and Complexities of Crisis Management in Ukraine: A Historical Perspective Gregory Simons Mykola Kapitonenko Viktor Lavrenyuk Erik Vlaeminck Routledge 2017 9781317020523Economic Developments in Contemporary Russia Jeffries Ian Taylor & Francis 2011 9781136850776 152 On August 9, 2004, the two companies signed a contract addendum setting the transit tariff at US$1.09 per 1,000 cubic meters per 100 km mi. This tariff was the basis for computing the amount of gas delivered in lieu of cash. The amendment fixed the gas price at $50 per 1,000 cubic meters (approximately $1.40 per million Btu), independent of European market prices.Expert: Ukraine vs Gazprom: the price of the problem Regnum 2006-01-10 http://www.regnum.ru/english/569483.html 2008-12-15 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090402145716/http://www.regnum.ru/english/569483.html 2009-04-02 According to the addendum the price was not subject to change until the end of 2009. Україна перехоплює ініціативу в газовій війні. Читайте документи Українська правда 2005-12-22 http://pravda.com.ua/news/2005/12/22/36935.htm 2008-12-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20051230072411/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2005/12/22/36935.htm 2005-12-30 dead In 2005, Gazprom argued that this addendum was only applicable provided that the two countries sign an annual intergovernmental protocol having higher legal status for specifying the terms of gas transit. According to Gazprom, the addendum was void because the annual protocol had not been signed for 2006 under the required terms.Comment on Naftagaz Ukrainy's statement from 7 December 2005 Gazprom 2005-12-07 http://www.gazprom.com/eng/news/2005/12/18443.shtml 2008-12-15 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20081012115241/http://www.gazprom.com/eng/news/2005/12/18443.shtml October 12, 2008 Russia claimed that Gazprom's subsidies to the Ukrainian economy amounted to billions of dollars. Обнародован текст стенограммы "газовых переговоров" From-UA 2005-12-30 https://www.from-ua.com/news/43b5160a4b11f 2008-12-15 2005 negotiations In March, Gazprom informed Ukraine that it was raising prices to market levels, charging $160 per 1,000 cubic meters (approximately $4.40 per million Btu). Ukraine's new government agreed to pay the higher prices in return for increased transit fees.Russian newspaper Kommersant daily, Tuesday, March 29, 2005https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENERGY/34004325-1112025344408/20772948/ukrainegassector.pdf Ukraine: Challenges Facing the Gas Sector World Bank September 2003 siteresources.worldbank.org Ukraine took steps to change the payments for the transition of Gazprom's gas to Europe from barter to cash. Yushchenko agreed to pay higher prices only over time, stating that Ukrainian industry would become unprofitable with gas above $90.http://old.bisla.sk/sk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Kostanyan_Argine_Bachelor_Thesis.pdf What does Russia mean? The Interpretation of Russian Foreign Policy within the Russia – Ukraine Gas Disputes Kostanyan Argine June 2014 Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts 7.8 e9m3 off of natural gas which Gazprom had deposited in Ukrainian storage reservoirs during the previous winter had disappeared. It remained unclear if the gas had leaked away, had been stolen, or if there was another cause.The Russian-Ukrainian gas crisis of January 2006 Stern Jonathan The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2006-01-16 http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/comment_0106.pdf 2008-12-21 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195339/http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/comment_0106.pdf 2009-01-14 In July by agreement, Gazprom, Naftogaz and RosUkrEnergo reached a preliminary agreement. Naftogaz received 2.55 e9m3 off of natural gas as partial settlement of 2005 transit services and 5.25 e9m3 off was sold by Gazprom to RosUkrEnergo who was to receive it from Naftogaz. Gazprom and Naftogaz Ukrainy settle 7.8 bcm of Russian gas in Ukrainian UGSfacilities problem RUSTOCKS.com 2005-07-17 http://www.rustocks.com/index.phtml/pressreleases/0/46/7822?filter=2005 2008-12-21 During the final three months of 2005, negotiations between Gazprom and Naftogaz stalled. Gazprom demanded a 2006 price of $160–230 per 1,000 cubic meters unless a Gazprom/Naftogaz consortium took over transmission. Ukraine agreed presuming it was phased in and that the maximum it was prepared to pay in 2006 was $80 per 1,000 cubic meters. In November, Ukraine proposed to pay for gas with weapon supplies as one option. Украина готова платить России за газ поставками оружия NEWSru.com 2005-11-11 https://www.newsru.com/finance/26nov2005/ukr.html 2008-12-15 ru Some Ukrainian officials called for a review of the lease price Russia paid to Ukraine for keeping its Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol, Crimea, while Russia resisted any discussions that might affect the lease. Ukraine ups ante in Russian gas dispute The Globe and Mail 2005-12-10 https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/ukraine-ups-ante-in-russian-gas-dispute/article991245/ 2008-12-15Economic Developments in Contemporary Russia Jeffries Ian Taylor & Francis 2011 9781136850776 214–215 On December 8, Russian President Vladimir Putin noted that Ukrainian consumers pay less for gas than do Russians. He claimed that Ukraine had enough money to pay market price. Putin also noted that Russia subsidized Ukraine by $1 billion a year from the Russian budget—money that Gazprom would have paid from its revenues. He also noted that 25 million Russians live below the poverty line, further questioning Ukraine's deal. Vladimir Putin Charged Ukraine Kommersant 2005-12-09 http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=633921 2008-12-15 On December 13, Gazprom stated that unless an agreement were reached before January 1, 2006, it would cut Ukraine off. Gazprom also stated its readiness to create a joint venture to own and operate Ukraine's gas transit pipelines. Gas Main Is Main Kommersant 2005-12-14 http://www.kommersant.com/p635142/r_1/Gas_Main_Is_Main/ 2008-12-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102910/http://www.kommersant.com/p635142/r_1/Gas_Main_Is_Main/ 2011-06-06 dead After Ukraine rejected this proposal, Gazprom stated that the new price would have to be 220–230 per 1,000 cubic meters (~ $6.35/million Btu), claiming that this was the market price. "Газпром": Цена газа для Украины может составить $500-700 Korrespondent 2005-12-23 https://korrespondent.net/business/140219 2008-12-15 ru Gasprom Responds to Ukrainian Refusal Kommersant 2005-12-15 http://www.kommersant.com/p635564/r_1/Gasprom_Responds_to_Ukrainian_Refusal_/ 2008-12-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102921/http://www.kommersant.com/p635564/r_1/Gasprom_Responds_to_Ukrainian_Refusal_/ 2011-06-06 dead Ukraine then requested international arbitration. Ukraine Prepares For Arbitration In Gas Row With Russia Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2005-12-23 https://www.rferl.org/content/article/1064130.html 2008-12-15 On December 15, Ukraine offered a joint-venture for selling gas in the internal Ukrainian market in exchange for gradual price increases up to 2010. Gazprom declined. Dear Price for Attitude Kommersant 2005-12-16 http://www.kommersant.com/p636042/r_1/Dear_Price_for_Attitude/ 2008-12-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102951/http://www.kommersant.com/p636042/r_1/Dear_Price_for_Attitude/ 2011-06-06 dead On December 26, Prime Minister Yuriy Yekhanurov asserted that Ukraine had a contractual right for 15% of the gas transiting to the European Union. Ukraine stakes claim to 15 pct of Russian gas transiting to western Europe Forbes 2005-12-27 https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2005/12/27/afx2415146.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070527233336/http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2005/12/27/afx2415146.html dead May 27, 2007 2008-12-16 This statement came largely in response to the Gazprom threat to resort to the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce should Ukraine engage in unlawful withdrawal of Russian transit gas. Earlier, Yekhanurov announced that Ukraine could refer the case to the Institute if the compromise was not reached.https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4564228.stm Ukraine ups ante over Russian gas December 2005 BBC News On December 29, Putin offered Ukraine a $3.6 billion loan to cover the increase in gas prices. Yushchenko rejected the offer. Ukraine rejects Moscow gas loan offer Neil Buckley, George Parker Financial Times 2005-12-30 https://www.ft.com/content/6e9bf05a-78d8-11da-a356-0000779e2340 2008-12-16 In the last days of 2005, European countries, which had stayed out of the dispute, began advocating for a compromise. On December 31 Putin offered to postpone the price increase until April 2006 if Ukraine immediately agreed to the new prices. Ukraine did not agree. Ukraine rejects Russian natural gas price hike plan - Gazprom Forbes 2006-01-01 https://www.forbes.com/work/feeds/afx/2006/01/01/afx2422361.html https://web.archive.org/web/20071217173210/http://www.forbes.com/work/feeds/afx/2006/01/01/afx2422361.html dead December 17, 2007 2008-12-16 Andrei Illarionov, then Putin's economic adviser, resigned rather than explain the price hike and other issues of Russia–Ukraine relations as liberal economic policies. Cut-off thumb|Then President of Russia Vladimir Putin at a meeting on 29 December 2005 with Alexei Kudrin (Russian Finance Minister), Viktor Khristenko (Russian Energy Minister), Alexander Medvedev (Deputy Chairman of the Gazprom board), Ivan Plachkov (Ukrainian Energy Minister) and Alexey Ivchenko (CEO of Naftogaz), in which the dispute was discussed On January 1, 2006 Gazprom started reducing pressure in the pipeline system ahead of the deadline of the Russian ultimatum set for 10:00 MSK. Russia cuts off gas supply to Ukraine International Herald Tribune 2006-01-01 http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/01/europe/web.0101gas.php 2008-12-16 At the same time Russia accused Ukraine of stealing $25 million worth of gas. Ukraine denied the allegation. On January 24, Naftogaz admitted withholding some Russian gas intended for other European countries in January 2006, but said it would still meet its contractual obligations. A spokesman for Naftogaz said the gas was needed to cope with especially cold weather. European gas imports were declining, whether from Ukrainian expropriation or Russian undersupply. Gazprom invited the Switzerland-based goods inspection and testing company SGS to monitor the amount of gas that is entering Ukraine's pipeline network.https://www.europapress.es/economia/energia-00341/noticia-gazprom-acusa-ucrania-robar-100-millones-metros-cubicos-gas-dirigidos-europa-20060102135624.html Gazprom acusa a Ucrania de "robar" 100 millones de metros cúbicos de gas dirigidos a Europa January 2006 Europa PressRussia and the World: The Internal-External Nexus Kuhrt Natasha Routledge 2014 9781317850373 69The EU-Russian Energy Dialogue: Europe's Future Energy Security Professor Pami Aalto Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2013 9781409498315 89 The EU's contract with Gazprom requires the supplier to deliver to the former USSR's border, i.e., Ukraine's western border. Therefore, if Ukraine interferes with delivery, the EU can sue Gazprom for contract violations. As soon as the supply began to fall in the EU, Gazprom was forced to return supplies to normal.https://www.reuters.com/article/europe-gas-supply-weather/update-2-gazprom-says-unable-to-meet-greater-europe-gas-demand-idUSL5E8D404T20120204 UPDATE 2-Gazprom says unable to meet greater Europe gas demand Soldatkin Vladimir Gloystein Henning February 2012 ReutersForeign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases Steve Smith Amelia Hadfield Tim Dunne Oxford University Press 2016 9780198708902 466Russia's Border Wars and Frozen Conflicts Coyle James J. Springer 2017 9783319522043 37https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1405862&fileOId=1405874 European Union's Gas Supply Issue. To Securitize or not to Securitize? Sergiy Prokhorov, Marta-Maria Denshchykova Spring 2009 Lund University Impact on Europe Many European countries saw a drop in the supply of gas: Ukraine 'stealing Europe's gas' BBC 2006-01-02 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4574630.stm 2008-12-16 Austria Austria—Russian supplies down by around 33% Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina—100 % Croatia Croatia—100 % France France—25–30 % Germany Germany—supplies down by an unspecified amount Hungary Hungary—40 % Italy Italy—24 % (6% of total imports)https://www.forbes.com/finance/feeds/afx/2006/01/02/afx2423220.html https://web.archive.org/web/20071217165937/http://www.forbes.com/finance/feeds/afx/2006/01/02/afx2423220.html dead December 17, 2007 Italy gas supplies from Russia down 24 pct, 6 pct of total - Eni CEO Forbes 2006-07-29 2009-01-07 Republic of Macedonia Republic of Macedonia—supplies down by around 100% Poland Poland—14 % Romania Romania—20 % Serbia Serbia—100 % Slovakia Slovakia—33 % Slovenia Slovenia—33 % (40% of average annual gas supply). Agreement to end the dispute thumb|left|Then President of Russia Vladimir Putin and President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko hold a joint press conference in Astana on 11 January 2006 On January 4, Russia and Ukraine ended the dispute. Ukraine and Russia reach gas deal BBC 2006-01-04 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4579648.stm 2008-12-17 A five-year contract was signed, although with prices set for six months only. According to the contract, the gas was sold not directly to Naftogaz, but to RosUkrEnergo, who paid $230 per 1,000 cubic metres. After mixing it with two thirds of cheaper supplies from Central Asia RosUkrEnergo resold it to Ukraine at a price of $95 per 1,000 cubic metres. Russia, Ukraine reach deal on gas pricing; EU relieved, oil price falls Forbes 2006-01-04 https://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/01/04/afx2426965.html https://web.archive.org/web/20060106075423/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/01/04/afx2426965.html dead January 6, 2006 2008-12-17 Russia, Ukraine Agree on New Gas Prices Kommersant 2006-01-04 http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=-7864 2008-12-17 The parties also agreed to raise the transit tariff from US$1.09 to US$1.60 per 1,000 cubic meters per 100 km. This price also held for transit of Turkmen gas through Russia to Ukraine. The company had to buy 16 e9m3 off from Russia at $230 per 1000 cubic meters, 40 e9m3 off from Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan at price of $60–65 per 1000 cubic meters, and then sell it to Ukraine at US$95 per 1000 cubic meters. Besides, RosUkrEnergo had to transport 40 e9m3 off from Turkmenistan to Ukraine at price US$1.60 per 1000 cubic meters per 100 km, or $1,920 million. Total expenses become US$2,500 +US$3,800 + US$1,920 million, or US$8.2 billion. Revenues from selling the gas are just $5.5 billion. Сухой остаток газового спора Gazeta.ru 2006-01-04 http://www.gazeta.ru/2006/01/04/oa_183744.shtml 2008-12-17 International reactions According to the Russian news agency ITAR-TASS, economic ministers of Germany, Italy, Austria and France warned Ukraine that their nations' relations with Ukraine could be affected if it failed to deliver gas according to the contract schedule. Russia's Image at Risk in Dispute Kim Murphy Los Angeles Times 2006-01-02 https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jan-02-fg-russgas2-story.html 2008-12-16 On January 3 Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov asked the European Union to influence Ukraine to ensure gas transit from Russia to EU countries. Fradkov asks EU to influence Ukraine to ensure gas transit RIA Novosti 2006-01-03 http://en.rian.ru/russia/20060103/42838359.html 2009-01-13 On January 3 and 4 Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs Ursula Plassnik supported resumption of gas supplies by Gazprom and emphasized that a lasting solution was preferable to unilateral measures.Gas dispute Russia - Ukraine: Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik has welcomed the resumption of gas supplies Austrian Presidency of the Council of the European Union 2006 2006-01-03 http://www.eu2006.at/en/News/Press_Releases/January/0301gasPlassnik1.html 2009-01-13 2008-10-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20081027145733/http://www.eu2006.at/en/News/Press_Releases/January/0301gasPlassnik1.html dead Gas dispute Russia - Ukraine: Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik has welcomed the resumption of gas supplies Austrian Foreign Ministry 2006-01-04 http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/news/presseaussendungen/2006/gas-dispute-russia-ukraine-foreign-minister-welcomes-agreement-between-moscow-and-kiev.html https://web.archive.org/web/20110522085501/http://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/foreign-ministry/news/presseaussendungen/2006/gas-dispute-russia-ukraine-foreign-minister-welcomes-agreement-between-moscow-and-kiev.html dead 2011-05-22 2009-01-13 According to Pascal Lamy of the World Trade Organization, all Post-Soviet states that buy gas from Gazprom should pay market prices to improve the efficiency of their economies.Putin's Kremlin Flexes Its Muscles With Gazprom Forbes 2006-01-02 https://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2006/01/02/putin-gazprom-ukraine-cx_po_0102autofacescan02.html https://web.archive.org/web/20060104102104/http://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2006/01/02/putin-gazprom-ukraine-cx_po_0102autofacescan02.html dead January 4, 2006 These countries should pay today's market prices for their energy to improve the efficiency of their economies 2009-01-13 Illarionov noted there is no such thing as a market price for gas, because Russia offers different terms for analogous countries, e.g. gas price for Ukraine is not calculated in the same way as for Germany. Q&A: Putin's Critical Adviser Yuri Zarakhovich Time 2005-12-31 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1145192,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20060105023720/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1145192,00.html dead January 5, 2006 2008-12-17 Alleged political motivation thumb|Tents in Kyiv during Ukraine's 2004 Orange Revolution European and U.S. media cited sources who saw the conflict as punishing the new 'orange' Government of Ukraine, which was considered more pro-NATO and EU than its predecessor, despite the fact that the country paid less than (fellow post-Soviet state) Georgia and other European countries. Russian gas theories abound BBC News 2009-01-03 https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7809131.stm 2009-01-03 Rupert Wingfield-Hayes Russian officials state that the country can no longer subsidize former Soviet republics. Russia's State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia Washington Post 2007-11-03 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/02/AR2006110201520.html 2007-11-03 Peter Finn However, when the 'orange' Government of Ukraine was ousted later in 2006 and replaced by a new more Moscow-friendly Government led by Viktor Yanukovych, the price for 2007 still grew to $135 per 1,000 cubic meters (from $95 in 2006).Price for gas for Ukraine in 2007 will amount to $135 USD per 1,000 cubic metres NRCU 2006-08-28 http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=33048 2008-12-16 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20071220000322/http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=33048 2007-12-20 Earlier in 2005 Gazprom declined Turkmenistan's offer to buy natural gas at $58 per 1,000 cubic meters as too expensive, but in December 2005 it agreed to buy additional 30 e9m3 off of gas at $65. Q&A: Ukraine gas row BBC 2006-01-04 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4569846.stm 2008-12-16 Gazprom to buy 30 bln cu m of gas from Turkmenistan in 2006 RIA Novosti 2005-12-29 http://en.rian.ru/russia/20051229/42778226.html 2008-12-16 Oil and gas prices doubled during 2005.December 2008 Public reaction Russia Ukraine Energy Russia cuts off gas supplies to Ukraine Remember about the Gas — Do not buy Russian goods! Political pressure Russia to Ukraine during the gas conflict led to the emergence of a public campaign to boycott Russian goods in Ukraine. In December 2005, unknown activists in Kirovohrad distributed leaflets calling not to buy Russian goods. Then various social and political movements in Ukraine picked up the idea, which got wide publicity and support. See also 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Natural gas in Ukraine References 2 2005-2006