1933 Sumatra earthquake

Earthquake in Indonesia Indonesia Sumatra#Indonesia 5.18 S 104.83 E inline, title 20 km mi 0 on 788+ dead Multiple 9 Indonesia Strike-slip Great Sumatran fault 7.5–7.7 s yes OB 905657Hurukawa Wulandari Kasahara 2014 04:54:49 WIB June 25, 1933 iscgem905657 905657 1933-06-24 21:54:49 The 1933 Sumatra earthquake or Liwa earthquake affected southern Sumatra, Indonesia, on 25 June at 04:54 WIB. The earthquake had an estimated surface-wave magnitude (s) of 7.5–7.7 and occurred at a shallow depth of 20 km. It was caused by slip along a 130 km section of the seismically active Great Sumatran fault, a major fault on the island that partially accommodates oblique convergence between the Australian and Sunda plates. The Kumering segment, one of 20 segments that make up the fault zone, near the southern end of the fault, may have produced the ruputure. The earthquake caused damage and hundreds of deaths in Kaur and Liwa. At least 788 people were reported killed, although the death toll may have been in the thousands. Aftershocks followed, including one that caused additional deaths. The mainshock also triggered a nearby volcanic eruption at Suwoh two weeks later, killing an unknown number of people. Tectonic setting thumb|300px|left|The Great Sumatran fault has distinct segments which are named Off the west coast of Sumatra lies the Sunda megathrust, a 5,500 kmSieh 2007 long convergent boundary where the Australian plate subducts beneath the Burma plate and Sunda plate at a rate of 60 mm per year.Philibosian Sieh Avouac Natawidjaja 2014 Convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, causing crustal deformation within the overriding Sunda plate.Philibosian Sieh Avouac Natawidjaja 2014 Part of this deformation is accommodated by strike-slip motion along the Great Sumatran fault;Philibosian Sieh Avouac Natawidjaja 2014 a 1,900 km on long strike-slip fault system located on the island of Sumatra. The fault is divided into 20 geometrically distinct segments that extends for 35 to 200 km. Each segment is bounded at both ends by bends which causes the fault's segmentation.Natawidjaja 2018 The slip rate along these segments vary; the northern Sumatra segments moves at 16–20 mm per year; the central segments slip at 23 mm per year, and in the south, is at 6 mm per year.Hurukawa Wulandari Kasahara 2014 The Great Sumatran fault was the source of the 1994 Liwa and 1995 Kerinci earthquakes. It produced its largest earthquake during the 1943 Alahan Panjang sequence; measuring w 7.7. Earthquake The earthquake occurred on 25 June at 04:54 WIB with a surface-wave magnitude of 7.5 or 7.7.Hurukawa Wulandari Kasahara 2014 It was caused by a strike-slip rupture on at least one segment of the Great Sumatran fault. It had an epicenter 50 km southeast of the Semangko segment and 60 km north of the Kumering segment.Hurukawa Wulandari Kasahara 2014 The distribution of damage suggest most of the 150 km long Kumering segment ruptured during the earthquake. An analysis of the aftershocks suggest the rupture extended for at least 130 km on the southern portion of the segment. From hypocenter at the southeastern end of the Kumering segment, the earthquake rupture began propagating northwestward on the fault. Another possible scenario involves a rupture beginning on the Semangko segment, the segment immediately south of the Kumering segment. This scenario assumes the northeastern Semangko and southwestern Kumering segments ruptured during the earthquake. Five aftershocks were recorded, two of which were located 100 km and 130 km northwest of the epicenter, respectively.Hurukawa Wulandari Kasahara 2014 Between 1933 and 1994, no earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 or larger were recorded on the aforementioned portions of the Great Sumatran fault.Widiwijayanti Déverchère Louat Sébrier 1996 3051 H. P. Berlage reported ground fissures in Negeri RatuA village in West Lampung Recency; 5.029 S 104.137 E and near the Wai Uluhan river,Located at 4.937 S 104.025 E located 16 km apart. However, Berlage did not specify that the fissures at these locations formed a continuous feature or provide any details of offset in the ground. At Negeri Ratu, he documented a 1 m wide rupture appearing in the flat plain. These observations were made along the Kumering segment and may represent surface rupture caused by the earthquake.Martin Stacey S. Cummins Phil R. Meltzner Aron J. Gempa Nusantara: A Database of 7380 Macroseismic Observations for 1200 Historical Earthquakes in Indonesia from 1546 to 1950 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2022 112 6 2958–2980 10.1785/0120220047 2022BuSSA.112.2958M 10356/166257 https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/166257/3/Martinetal%282022%29-gempanusantara_2.pdf Damage 260px|thumb|right|Suwoh which erupted two weeks later Destruction was widespread along an area between Lake Ranau and Suwoh, coinciding with the approximate length of the Kumering segment rupture.Hurukawa Wulandari Kasahara 2014 The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII–IX (Severe–Violent). Many buildings and other infrastructure in the western portion of southern Sumatra were damaged. Damage in Sebarus, a village in Lampung, was so severe that it forced all of its residents to leave. In Pasirah, every home was destroyed and rice fields were ruined, while in Liwa and Banding Agung, all of its buildings were razed. On the Barisan Mountains, many landslides were reported. Large fissures and ground subsidence were reported from Kota Agung to Makaka. On Lake Ranau, at the entrance of the Wai Warduk river in Kotabatu, a "co-seismic flood wave" inundated ten paddy fields by up to 0.5 m. At least 424 deaths were reported in Kaur, South Bengkulu, while another 364 people died in Liwa. At least 50 people were badly injured in addition to 600 others with minor injuries.Mounting death roll in Sumatra https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19330703-1.2.72?qt=mounting,%20death,%20roll,%20in,%20sumatra&q=mounting%20death%20roll%20in%20sumatra 25 June 2024 The Straits Times 3 July 1933 The total number of fatalities is unknown and may be in the thousands, although the National Geophysical Data Center earthquake database only attributed 76 deaths within the event. An early statement by Reuters said at least 20 Europeans were among the 60 people dead which turned out false.Sumatra Quake https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/maltribune19330628-1.2.87 25 June 2024 Reuters Malaya Tribune 28 June 1933 13 In the aftermath, the government ensured adequate food, medication and hygiene for the affected communities. An aftershock on June 26 also caused several fatalities in Bengkulu. Two weeks after the mainshock, geothermal activity at Suwoh increased, and a series of phreatic eruptions occurred, causing ash to fall on settlements. The eruption was rated VEI-4 on the volcanic explosivity index and caused an unspecified number of deaths.Sieh Natawidjaja 2000 It ejected 0.2 km3 of tephra which blanketed the region.Natawidjaja Danny Hilman Bradley Kyle Daryono Mudrik R. Aribowo Sonny Herrin Jason Late Quaternary eruption of the Ranau Caldera and new geological slip rates of the Sumatran Fault Zone in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia Geoscience Letters 2017 4 21 10.1186/s40562-017-0087-2 free 2017GSL.....4...21N See also List of earthquakes in 1933 List of earthquakes in Indonesia Notes References M 7.7 - 26 km S of Sijunjung, Indonesia 1943 iscgem899872 Katalog Gempabumi Signifikan dan Dirasakan https://kalbar.bmkg.go.id/images/gempabumi/katalog_gempabumi/Katalog-Gempabumi-Signifikan-dan-Merusak-1821-2018.pdf Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency 14 March 2022 Catalog of Significant and Felt Earthquakes id National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K Ahmad Arif Agung Setyahadi Prasetya Eko P Ingki Rinaldi Wawan H Prabowo Rustiono Andri Hidup dan Maut Bertaut Erat di Liwa https://jelajah.kompas.id/ekspedisi-cincin-api/baca/hidup-dan-maut-bertaut-erat-di-liwa/ 14 March 2022 Kompas Jelajah Kompas 15 January 2019 id 261270 Suoh 2006-12-28 Sources Belle Philibosian Kerry Sieh Jean-Philippe Avouac Danny H. Natawidjaja Danny Hilman Natawidjaja Hong-Wei Chiang Chung-Che Wu Hugo Perfettini Chuan-Chou Shen Mudrik R. Daryono Bambang W. Suwargadi 2014 Rupture and variable coupling behavior of the Mentawai segment of the Sunda megathrust during the supercycle culmination of 1797 to 1833 Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119 9 7258–7287 10.1002/2014JB011200 2014JGRB..119.7258P free 10356/79397 free Sieh Kerry The Sunda megathrust - Past, present and future Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 2007 1 1–19 http://tecto.caltech.edu/sumatra/downloads/papers/Snu.pdf California Institute of Technology 10.1142/S179343110700002X 1793-4311 25 February 2022 22 December 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181222165223/http://tecto.caltech.edu/sumatra/downloads/papers/Snu.pdf live 10.17014/ijog.5.2.137-160 Natawidjaja D.H. Danny Hilman Natawidjaja 2018 Major Bifurcations, Slip Rates, and A Creeping Segment of Sumatran Fault Zone in Tarutung-Sarulla-Sipirok-Padangsidempuan, Central Sumatra, Indonesia Indonesian Journal on Geosciences 5 2 137-160 free Sieh Kerry Natawidjaja Danny Danny Hilman Natawidjaja Neotectonics of the Sumatran fault, Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000 105 B12 28295–28326 10.1029/2000JB900120 https://earthobservatory.sg/files/publications/pdf/Neotectonicosf%20the%20Sumatran%20fault,%20Indonesia.pdf American Geophysical Union 2000JGR...10528295S 10356/95544 Kerry Sieh 2022-03-14 2022-02-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20220226103053/https://earthobservatory.sg/files/publications/pdf/Neotectonicosf%20the%20Sumatran%20fault,%20Indonesia.pdf Hurukawa Nobuo Wulandari Biana Rahayu Kasahara Minoru Earthquake History of the Sumatran Fault, Indonesia, since 1892, Derived from Relocation of Large Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2014 104 4 1750–1762 10.1785/0120130201 2014BuSSA.104.1750H Widiwijayanti Christina Déverchère Jacques Louat Rémy Sébrier Michel Aftershock sequence of the 1994, Mw 6.8, Liwa Earthquake (Indonesia): Seismic Rupture process in a volcanic arc Geophysical Research Letters 1996 23 21 3051–3054 10.1029/96GL02048 1996GeoRL..23.3051W 129056643 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01356400/document External links 905657 Category:1933 earthquakes Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia Category:Earthquakes in Sumatra Category:1933 in the Dutch East Indies Category:West Lampung Regency Category:History of Lampung Category:20th-century volcanic events Category:VEI-4 eruptions Category:Bengkulu Category:Strike-slip earthquakes Category:Landslides in Indonesia Category:1933 disasters in Asia Category:1933 disasters in Oceania Category:20th-century disasters in Indonesia Category:20th century in Sumatra Category:June 1933 in Asia