1992 United States presidential election

Election of Bill Clinton yes related races 1992 United States elections May 2023January 2025 1992 United States presidential election United States 1992 presidential 1988 United States presidential election 1988 November 3, 1992 1996 United States presidential election 1996 538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral 58.1%http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present United States Election Project CQ Press February 21, 2023 July 25, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140725110444/http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present live 5.3 pp Bill Clinton.jpg 130 120 160 0 6 Bill Clinton Democratic Party (United States) Arkansas Al Gore 370 32 + DC 44,909,889 43.0% George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped 2).jpg 125 120 160 0 0 George H. W. Bush Republican Party (United States) Texas Dan Quayle 168 18 39,104,550 37.5% RossPerotColor (cropped closein 3x4).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 Ross Perot Independent Texas James Stockdale 0 0 19,743,821 18.9% 350px Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Clinton/Gore and red denotes those won by Bush/Quayle. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. President George H. W. Bush Republican Party (United States) Bill Clinton Democratic Party (United States) no thumb|197x197px|George H. W. Bush, the incumbent president in 1992, whose term expired at noon on January 20, 1993 Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 3, 1992. The Democratic ticket of Arkansas governor Bill Clinton and Tennessee junior senator Al Gore defeated incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush and vice president Dan Quayle and the independent ticket of businessman Ross Perot and vice admiral James Stockdale. Bush had alienated many conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge not to raise taxes, but he fended off a primary challenge from paleoconservative commentator Pat Buchanan without losing a single contest. Bush's popularity following his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates such as Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries. Clinton, a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council, established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries. He defeated former governor of California Jerry Brown, former Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas, and other candidates to win the nomination, and chose Tennessee senator Al Gore as his running mate. The billionaire Perot launched an independent campaign, emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (which at the time was being actively negotiated) and his plan to reduce the national debt. The economy had recovered from a recession in the spring of 1991, followed by 19 consecutive months of growth, but perceptions of the economy's slow growth harmed Bush, who had inherited a substantial economic boom from his predecessor Ronald Reagan. Bush's greatest strength, foreign policy, was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, as well as the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War. Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992, but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July. The Bush campaign criticized Clinton's character and emphasized Bush's foreign policy successes, while Clinton focused on the economy. Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, breaking a streak of three consecutive Republican victories and 12 consecutive years of Republican rule of the White House, as well ending a longer period of Republican dominance in American presidential politics that began in 1968, with the exception of Jimmy Carter's narrow victory in 1976. Clinton flipped a total of 22 states that had voted Republican in the election of 1988. Perot won 18.9% of the popular vote, the highest share of the vote won by a candidate outside of the two major parties since 1912. This is the most recent presidential election in which an independent or third-party candidate placed second in any state (Maine and Utah). As of 2024, this marked the last election in which the Democratic nominee won Montana. It was also the last election in which the Democratic nominee won Georgia until 2020. Due to the three-way split, only two contests were won by an absolute majority (Arkansas and Washington D.C.), the fewest in American history. Democratic Party nomination 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries 65px|center|link=Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party (United States)1992 Democratic Party ticket white Bill Clinton white Al Gorefor Presidentfor Vice President center|200x200px center|200x200px 40th and 42ndGovernor of Arkansas(1979–1981, 1983–1992) U.S. Senatorfrom Tennessee(1985–1993)Campaigncenter|200x200px Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primariesJerry BrownPaul TsongasTom HarkinBob KerreyDouglas Wildercenter|120x120pxcenter|120x120pxcenter|120x120pxcenter|120x120pxcenter|120x120pxGovernorof California(1975–1983)U.S. Senatorfrom Massachusetts(1979–1985)U.S. Senatorfrom Iowa(1985–2015)U.S. Senatorfrom Nebraska(1989–2001)Governorof Virginia(1990–1994)frameless|150x150pxframeless|150x150pxframeless|150x150pxframeless|150x150pxframeless|150x150pxCampaignCampaignCampaignCampaignCampaignEliminated at Convention:July 15, 19924,071,232 votesSuspended Campaign:March 19, 1992Endorsed Bill Clinton:June 3, 19923,656,010 votesWithdrew:March 9, 1992Endorsed Bill Clinton:March 26, 1992318,457 votesWithdrew:March 5, 1992Endorsed Bill Clinton:May 14, 1992Kerrey's Clinton Endorsement There hasn't been a definitive point found where Kerrey endorsed Clinton, but he had a speaking slot at the Democratic Convention which required one to have endorsed him; this is the closest determined instance280,304 votesWithdrew:January 8, 1992Endorsed Bill Clinton:July 14, 1992240 votesJuly 15, 1992 Jerry Brown Does Not Go Quietly A3 The Press Democrat https://www.newspapers.com/image/311862250 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250123213012/https://www.newspapers.com/image/311862250 January 23, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 March 20, 1992 Reshaping Race, Tsongas Bows Out 8 The Boston Globe https://www.newspapers.com/image/439717596 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250124021739/https://www.newspapers.com/image/439717596 January 24, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 June 3, 1992 Tsongas Endorses Clinton; Seeks Speech At Convention A10 Camarillo Star https://www.newspapers.com/image/930247040 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250305195111/https://www.newspapers.com/image/930247040 March 5, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 March 10, 1992 Harkin Withdraws But Pledges To Stay True To Populist Principles A4 The Los Angeles Times https://www.newspapers.com/image/930247040 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250305195111/https://www.newspapers.com/image/930247040 March 5, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 March 27, 1992 Harkin Throws Support To Clinton A6 The Sioux City Journal https://www.newspapers.com/image/337304803/ bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250123220129/https://www.newspapers.com/image/337304803/ January 23, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 March 5, 1992 Bob Kerry Drops Out Of Presidential Race 16 The Times https://www.newspapers.com/image/544545441 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250123214520/https://www.newspapers.com/image/544545441 January 23, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 May 15, 1992 Kerry Almost Endorses Clinton 10 Batesville Guard https://www.newspapers.com/image/1094215399 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250124111940/https://www.newspapers.com/image/1094215399 January 24, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 January 9, 1992 Wilder Drops Out Of Race 1 The Roanoke Times https://www.newspapers.com/image/919509807 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250305195111/https://www.newspapers.com/image/919509807 March 5, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 July 15, 1992 Virginia's Wilder Gives His Blessing 3A USA Today https://www.newspapers.com/image/1142755916 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250125042438/https://www.newspapers.com/image/1142755916 January 25, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 Overview Following the successful performance by U.S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush's approval ratings were 89%. His re-election was considered very likely; several high-profile candidates, such as Mario Cuomo and Jesse Jackson, refused to seek the Democratic nomination. U.S. Senator Al Gore from Tennessee refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son had been struck by a car and was undergoing surgery and physical therapy; however, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Jerry Brown, Larry Agran, Bob Kerrey, Douglas Wilder, and Bill Clinton chose to run as candidates. Harkin, a U.S. Senator from Iowa, ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Tsongas, a former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism. Jerry Brown, the former California governor who had run for the Democratic nomination in 1976 and 1980, declared a significant reform agenda, including Congressional term limits, campaign finance reform, and the adoption of a flat income tax. Nebraska senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or New Democrat. He was relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed when Gennifer Flowers alleged an extramarital affair. Clinton denied the story, appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton; later in 1998, he admitted the affair.https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D91739F937A25750C0A96E958260 Testing of a President: the Accuser; Jones Lawyers Issue Files Alleging Clinton Pattern of Harassment of Women The New York Times March 14, 1998 the President, though finally confirming a sexual encounter with Ms. Flowers March 20, 2008 F Clines June 14, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080614084420/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D91739F937A25750C0A96E958260 live The primary began with Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected. Tsongas won the New Hampshire primary on February 18, but Clinton's second-place finish, helped by his speech labeling himself "The Comeback Kid", energized his campaign. Brown won the Maine caucus and Kerrey won South Dakota. Clinton won his first primary in Georgia. Tsongas won the Utah and Maryland primaries and a caucus in Washington. Harkin won caucuses in Idaho and Minnesota while Brown won Colorado. Kerrey dropped out two days later. Clinton won the South Carolina and Wyoming primaries and Tsongas won Arizona. Harkin dropped out. Brown won the Nevada caucus. Clinton swept nearly all of the Super Tuesday primaries on March 10 making him the solid front runner. Clinton won the Michigan and Illinois primaries. Tsongas dropped out after finishing third in Michigan; however, Brown began to pick up steam, aided by using a phone number to receive funding from small donors. Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut, Vermont and Alaska. As the race moved to the primaries in New York and Wisconsin, Brown had taken the lead in polls in both states. Then he made a serious gaffe by announcing to an audience of New York City's Jewish community that he would consider Jesse Jackson as a vice presidential candidate; Jackson had offended many Jewish people with remarks he had made during his own presidential campaigns.Joyce Purnick Michael Oreskes https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/29/magazine/jesse-jackson-aims-for-the-mainstream.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Jesse Jackson Aims for the Mainstream November 29, 1987 The New York Times October 1, 2012 June 23, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133422/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/29/magazine/jesse-jackson-aims-for-the-mainstream.html?pagewanted=all live Clinton won dramatically in New York (41%–26%) and closely in Wisconsin (37%–34%). Clinton then proceeded to win a long streak of primaries leading up to Brown's home state of California. Clinton won this state 48% to 41% and secured the delegates needed to lock the nomination. The convention met in New York City, and the official tally was: Bill Clinton 3,372 Jerry Brown 596 Paul Tsongas 289 Robert P. Casey 10 Pat Schroeder 5 Larry Agran 3 Al Gore 1 Clinton chose Gore to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Choosing fellow Southerner Gore went against the popular strategy of balancing a Southern candidate with a Northern partner. Gore served to balance the ticket in other ways, as he was perceived as strong on family values and environmental issues, while Clinton was not.Ifill Gwen July 10, 1992 Clinton Selects Senator Gore Of Tennessee As Running Mate The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-selects-senator-gore-tennessee-running-mate.html February 20, 2017 July 2, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190702052545/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-selects-senator-gore-tennessee-running-mate.html live Gore's similarities to Clinton also allowed him to push some of his key campaign themes, such as centrism and generational change.Al Gore https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Albert_Gore.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20050616155605/http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Albert_Gore.htm dead June 16, 2005 United States Senate Republican Party nomination 1992 Republican Party presidential primaries 65px|center|link=Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party (United States)1992 Republican Party ticket white George H. W. Bush white Dan Quaylefor Presidentfor Vice President center|200x200px center|200x200px 41stPresident of the United States(1989–1993) 44thVice President of the United States(1989–1993)Campaigncenter|200x200px Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primariesPat BuchananDavid Dukecenter|120x120pxcenter|120x120pxWhite House Communications Directorfrom Virginia(1985–1987)State Representativefrom Louisiana(1989–1992)frameless|150x150pxframeless|150x150pxCampaignCampaignWithdrew:August 17, 1992Endorsed George Bush:August 17, 19922,899,488 votesWithdrew:April 22, 1992119,115 votesAugust 17, 1992 A Speech 'Only Pat' Can Give 2A USA Today https://www.newspapers.com/image/1143424508 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250124154746/https://www.newspapers.com/image/1143424508 January 24, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 April 22, 1992 Duke Out Of Race 18 The Daily Review https://www.newspapers.com/image/470169187 bot: unknown https://web.archive.org/web/20250305195113/https://www.newspapers.com/image/470169187 March 5, 2025 Newspapers.com December 28, 2024 President Bush had the public support and endorsement of former President Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party establishment. However, he faced a primary challenge from paleoconservative journalist Pat Buchanan, who became the primary opponent of President Bush; Ron Paul, the Libertarian Party's presidential nominee in 1988, had planned to run against the President, but dropped out shortly after Buchanan's entry in December. Buchanan's best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, 1992—where Bush won by a 53–38% margin.CHAPTER 13: Toward the 21st Century http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm November 3, 2004 June 2, 2022 usinfo.state.gov President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes; unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, won 119,115 votes. Just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot.Guide to U.S. Elections CQ Press 2010 978-1-60426-536-1 Kalb Deborah Washington, DC 451 Former Minnesota governor Harold Stassen, who had run for president nine times since 1944, also mounted his final campaign. President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won renomination by the Republican Party. However, the success of the opposition forced the moderate Bush to move further to the right than in the previous election, and to incorporate many socially conservative planks in the party platform. Bush allowed Buchanan to give a prime time address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and his "Culture War" speech alienated liberal Republicans. With intense pressure on the Buchanan delegates to relent, the tally for president went as follows: George H. W. Bush 2166 Pat Buchanan 18 former ambassador Alan Keyes 1 Vice President Dan Quayle was renominated by voice vote. Ross Perot candidacy Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign Presidential campaigns 1992 Independent ticket white Ross Perot white James Stockdalefor Presidentfor Vice President 200x200px center|200x200px President and CEO of Perot Systems(1988–2009) President of the Naval War College(1977–1979)Campaigncenter|200x200px thumb|right|Ross Perot was on the ballot in every state; in six states (Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Louisiana, Oregon, Pennsylvania) Perot was placed on the ballot through the formation of a political party supporting his candidacy. His electoral performance in each of those states led to those parties being given ballot-qualified status. The public's concern about the federal budget deficit and fears of professional politicians led to the independent candidacy of billionaire Texan Ross Perot increasing in popularity in the polls—at one point Perot was leading the major party candidates.June 11, 1992 The 1992 Campaign: On the Trail; Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/11/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html February 20, 2017 April 11, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200411100640/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/11/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html live Perot crusaded against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and internal and external national debt, tapping into voters' potential fear of the deficit. His volunteers succeeded in collecting enough signatures to get his name on the ballot in all 50 states. In June, Perot led the national public opinion polls with support from 39% of the voters (versus 31% for Bush and 25% for Clinton). Perot severely damaged his credibility by dropping out of the presidential contest in July and remaining out of the race for several weeks before re-entering. He compounded this damage by eventually claiming, without evidence, that his withdrawal was due to Republican operatives attempting to disrupt his daughter's wedding.Berke Richard L. October 26, 1992 The 1992 Campaign: The Overview; Perot Says He Quit In July To Thwart G.O.P. 'Dirty Tricks' The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/26/us/1992-campaign-overview-perot-says-he-quit-july-thwart-gop-dirty-tricks.html February 20, 2017 March 20, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170320002428/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/26/us/1992-campaign-overview-perot-says-he-quit-july-thwart-gop-dirty-tricks.html? live Perot and retired Vice Admiral James Stockdale drew 19,743,821 votes (19% of the popular vote). Minor parties and independents Minor party candidates, 1992 white Libertarian white New Alliance white Natural Law white Populist white U.S. Taxpayers' white Democrats for Economic RecoveryAndre MarrouLenora FulaniJohn HagelinBo Gritz Howard PhillipsLyndon LaRouche center|100x100px center|100x100px center|100x100px 100x100px center|100x100px center|100x100px Alaska State Representative(1985–1987) Psychologist and political activist Scientistand researcher Conservativepolitical activist Conservativepolitical activist Political activist Libertarian Party nomination thumb|right|Andre Marrou was on the ballot in every state. Libertarian candidates: Andre Marrou, former Alaska State Representative and 1988 vice presidential nominee Richard B. Boddie, political science professor from California The 6th Libertarian Party National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois. There, the Libertarian Party nominated Andre Marrou, former Alaska State Representative and the Party's 1988 vice presidential candidate, for president. Nancy Lord was his running mate. Marrou and Lord drew 291,627 votes (0.28% of the popular vote). New Alliance Party nomination thumb|right|Lenora Fulani was on the ballot in thirty-nine states (352 Electoral Votes). Those states with a lighter shade are states in which she was an official write-in candidate. New Alliance candidate: Lenora Fulani, Psychotherapist and political activist from New Jersey, and the 1988 Presidential nominee Lenora Fulani, who was the 1988 presidential nominee of the New Alliance Party, received a second consecutive nomination from the Party in 1992. Unlike in 1988, Fulani failed to gain ballot access in every state, deciding to concentrate some of that campaign funding towards exposure of her candidacy and the Party to the national public. Fulani also sought the endorsement of the Peace and Freedom Party of California, but despite winning a majority in that party's primary, she would lose the nomination to Ronald Daniels, the former Director the National Rainbow Coalition. Rather than pursuing a ballot space of her own, Fulani would endorse Daniels's candidacy in California. Fulani and her running mate Maria Elizabeth Muñoz received 73,622 votes (0.1% of the popular vote). Natural Law Party nomination 1992 Natural Law National Convention thumb|right|John Hagelin was on the ballot in twenty-eight states (264 Electoral Votes). Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate. The newly formed Natural Law Party nominated scientist and researcher John Hagelin for president and Mike Tompkins for vice president. The Natural Law Party had been founded in 1992 by Hagelin and 12 others who felt that governmental problems could be solved more effectively by following "Natural Laws". The party platform included preventive health care, sustainable agriculture and renewable energy technologies. During this and future campaigns, Hagelin favored abortion rights without public financing, campaign finance law reform, improved gun control, a flat tax, the eradication of PACs, a ban on soft money contributions, and school vouchers. The party's first presidential ticket appeared on the ballot in 28 states and drew 37,137 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote). U.S. Taxpayers' Party nomination 1992 U.S. Taxpayers National Convention thumb|right|Howard Phillips was on the ballot in twenty-one states (215 Electoral Votes). Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate. U.S. Taxpayers' candidates: Howard Phillips, conservative political activist from Virginia Pat Buchanan, conservative columnist from Virginia (declined interest) Gordon J. Humphrey, former senator from New Hampshire (declined interest)August 2026 The U.S. Taxpayers Party ran its first presidential ticket in 1992, having only been formed the prior year. Initially Howard Phillips had hoped to successfully entice a prominent conservative politician, such as the former senator Gordon J. Humphrey from New Hampshire, or even Patrick Buchanan who at the time had only been mulling over running against President Bush (he would officially declare in December 1991). No one, however, announced any intention to seek the Taxpayers Party nomination; Buchanan himself in the end endorsed President Bush at the Republican National Convention in Houston. Phillips had been unofficially nominated earlier in the year so as to allow the Party to be able to seek ballot access properly. While initially a temporary post, it was made permanent at the party's national convention, which was held in New Orleans on September 4 and 5. At the convention, which was attended by delegates from thirty-two states and Washington, D.C., Phillips received 264 votes on the first ballot, while Albion Knight was approved as his running mate by acclamation.Havel James T. U.S. Presidential Elections and the Candidates: A Biographical and Historical Guide Simon & Schuster 1996 0-02-864623-1 2: The Elections, 1789-1992 New York 412 Earlier that year, in the June 2 California primary, Phillips had received 15,456 votes in the American Independent Party primary. On August 30, the American Independent Party voted to affiliate with the U.S. Taxpayers Party, an affiliation which continued until 2008.378 Phillips and Knight drew 43,369 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote). Populist Party nomination thumb|right|Bo Gritz was on the ballot in eighteen states (161 Electoral Votes). Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate. Populist candidate: Bo Gritz, former United States Army Special Forces officer and Vietnam veteran Former United States Army Special Forces officer and Vietnam veteran Bo Gritz was the nominee of the Populist Party, facing virtually no opposition. Under the campaign slogan "God, Guns and Gritz" and publishing his political manifesto "The Bill of Gritz" (playing on his last name rhyming with "rights"), he called for staunch opposition to what he called "global government" and "The New World Order", ending all foreign aid, abolishing federal income tax, and abolishing the Federal Reserve System. During the campaign, Gritz openly proclaimed the United States to be a "Christian Nation", stating that the country's legal statutes "should reflect unashamed acceptance of Almighty God and His Laws". His run on the America First/Populist Party ticket was prompted by his association with another far-right political Christian talk radio host, Tom Valentine. During his campaign, part of Gritz's standard stump speech was an idea to pay off the national debt by minting a coin at the Treasury and sending it to the Federal Reserve. This predates the 2012 trillion-dollar coin concept. During August 1992, Gritz attracted national attention as mediator during the government standoff with Randy Weaver at Ruby Ridge, Idaho. He received 106,152 votes nationwide (0.1% of the popular vote). In two states he had a respectable showing for a minor third-party candidate: Utah, where he received 3.8% of the vote and Idaho, where he received 2.1% of the vote. In some counties, his support topped 10%, and in Franklin County, Idaho, was only a few votes away from pushing Bill Clinton into fourth place in the county. Lyndon LaRouche's candidacy thumb|right|Lyndon LaRouche was on the ballot in seventeen states (156 Electoral Votes). Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate. While officially running for the Democratic presidential nomination, Lyndon LaRouche also decided to run as an Independent in the general election, standing as the National Economic Recovery candidate.LoudounNow February 18, 2019 Perennial Presidential Candidate LaRouche Dies at 96 https://loudounnow.com/2019/02/18/perennial-presidential-candidate-larouche-dies-at-96/ February 8, 2021 Loudoun Now en-US February 9, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210209004351/https://loudounnow.com/2019/02/18/perennial-presidential-candidate-larouche-dies-at-96/ live LaRouche was in jail at the time, having been convicted of conspiracy to commit mail fraud in December 1988; it was only the second time in history that the presidency was sought from a prison cell (after Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs, while imprisoned for his opposition to U.S. involvement in World War I, ran in 1920). His running-mate was James Bevel, a civil rights activist who had represented the LaRouche movement in its pursuit of the Franklin child prostitution ring allegations. In addition to the displayed states, LaRouche had nearly made the ballot in the states of New York and Mississippi. In the case of New York, while his petition was valid and had enough signatures, none of his electors filed declarations of candidacy; in the cases of Mississippi a sore-loser law was in place, and because he ran in that state's Democratic presidential primary he was ineligible to run as an Independent in the general. Ohio also had a sore-loser law, but it was ruled in Brown vs. Taft that it did not apply to presidential candidates. LaRouche and Beval drew 22,863 votes. (<0.1% of the popular vote). Socialist Workers' Party nomination thumb|right|James Warren was on the ballot in thirteen states (148 Electoral Votes). Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate. Socialist Workers candidate: James Warren, journalist and steel worker from Illinois, and the 1988 Presidential nominee James Warren, who was the 1988 presidential nominee of the Socialist Workers Party, received a second consecutive nomination from the Party on the first of November 1991. Warren had two running mates that varied from state to state; Estelle DeBates and Willie Mae Reid, the latter also a resident of Illinois. Warren received 22,882 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote). Ron Daniels candidacy thumb|right|Ron Daniels was on the ballot in eight states (126 Electoral Votes). Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate. Ronald Daniels, former director of the National Rainbow Coalition Ronald Daniels was the former executive director for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the former director of the National Rainbow Coalition, and the worked on both of Jesse Jackson's campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination. Asiba Tupahache, a Native American activist from New York was his running-mate. Though running an Independent campaign under the label "Campaign for a Better Tomorrow", Daniels was endorsed by a number of third parties across the states, most notably the Peace and Freedom Party of California; though he had lost that party's presidential primary to Lenora Fulani, the nominee of the New Alliance Party, the delegates at its convention voted in favor of his candidacy 110–91, the only time it has ever nominated someone other than the winner of the primary. Daniels and Tupachache drew 27,396 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote). Other nominations The 1992 campaign also marked the entry of Ralph Nader into presidential politics as a candidate. Despite the advice of several liberal and environmental groups, Nader did not formally run. Rather, he tried to make an impact in the New Hampshire primaries, urging members of both parties to write-in his name.Kolbert Elizabeth February 18, 1992 In Nader's Campaign, White House Isn't the Goal The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/18/us/the-1992-campaign-write-in-in-nader-s-campaign-white-house-isn-t-the-goal.html February 20, 2017 February 2, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170202163020/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/18/us/the-1992-campaign-write-in-in-nader-s-campaign-white-house-isn-t-the-goal.html live As a result, several thousand Democrats and Republicans wrote-in Nader's name. Despite supporting mostly liberal legislation during his career as a consumer advocate, Nader received more votes from Republicans than Democrats."THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. online The Worker's League nominated Helen Halyard for president; she was the party's nominee for vice president in 1984 and 1988. Fred Mazelis was nominated for vice president. Halyard and Mazelis drew 3,050 votes."THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. online John Viamouyiannis candidacy Ballot access: Michigan, New Jersey (33 Electoral) John Yiamouyiannis, a major opponent of water fluoridation, ran as an Independent under the label "Take Back America". Allen C. McCone was his running-mate. Yiamouyiannis and McCone drew 2,199 votes."THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. online Socialist Party nomination Ballot access: Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Tennessee (33 Electoral) The Socialist Party nominated J. Quinn Brisben for president and Barbara Garson for vice president. Brisben and Garson drew 2,909 votes."THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. online Grassroots Party nomination Ballot access: DC, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin (30 Electoral) The Grassroots Party nominated Jack Herer, a noted cannabis activist for president and Derrick Grimmer for vice president. Herer and Grimmer drew 3,875 votes."THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. online Prohibition Party nomination Ballot access: Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin (28 Electoral) The Prohibition Party nominated Earl Dodge, the party's chairman for president and George Ormsby for vice president. Dodge and Ormsby drew 935 votes."THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. online Drew Bradford candidacy Ballot access: Arkansas, New Mexico, Tennessee (22 Electoral) Drew Bradford was an Independent candidate for the Presidency; he did not have a running-mate. Bradford drew 4,749 votes."THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. online Delbert Ehlers candidacy Ballot access: Wisconsin (11 Electoral) Delbert Ehlers was an Independent candidate for the Presidency. His running-mate was Rick Wendt. Ehlers and Wendt drew 1,149 votes. "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN; For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" New York Times October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press. General election Polling Poll source Date BillClintonDemocraticGeorgeBushRepublicanRossPerotIndependentOtherUndecided Lead Election Results Nov. 3, 199243.01% 37.45% 18.91% 0.63% 0% 5.56Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 192Oct. 31 – Nov. 144%36%14% –6%8HarrisNovember 2, 1992 Clinton Lead 4 to 8 Points, Polls Show 1 Florida Today https://www.newspapers.com/article/florida-today-clinton-lead-4-to-8-points/160212318/ Newspapers.comOct. 30 – Nov. 142%38%16% –4%4Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 190Oct. 30 – Oct. 3143%36%15% –6%7NewsweekOctober 27, 1992 Comparing The Polls 3B Enterprise-Record https://www.newspapers.com/article/enterprise-record-comparing-the-polls/160211942/ Newspapers.comOct. 20 – Oct. 2342%30%22% –6%12New York Times/CBS NewsOct. 20 – Oct. 2342%37%17% –4%5Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 187Oct. 21 – Oct. 2243%31%18% –8%12Time/CNNOct. 20 – Oct. 2238%31%17% –14%7HarrisOct. 20 – Oct. 2246%32%18% –4%12Washington PostOct. 19 – Oct. 2242%34%20% –4%8US NewsOct. 20 – Oct. 2145%31%20% –4%14NBC News/Wall Street JournalOct. 20 – Oct. 2147%28%19% –6%19Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 183Oct. 13 – Oct. 1547%34%13% –6%13Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 179Oct. 6 – Oct. 849%34%10% –7%15NBC News/Washington PostOctober 11, 1992 The Presidential Race M7 Anchorage Daily News https://www.newspapers.com/article/anchorage-daily-news-the-presidential-ra/160211831/ Newspapers.comOct. 4 – Oct. 546%32%10% –12%14Los Angeles TimesOct. 2 – Oct. 548%34%9% –9%14HarrisOctober 6, 1992 Presidential Polls A-10 Ventura County Star https://www.newspapers.com/article/ventura-county-star-presidential-polls/160211641/ Newspapers.comOct. 1 – Oct. 453%36%9% –2%17ABC News/Washington PostOct. 1 – Oct. 448%35%9% –8%13 October 1: Perot Reenters RaceGallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 172Sep. 28 – Sep. 3052%35%7% –6%17GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 166Sep. 17 – Sep. 2050%40% — –10%10Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 161Sep. 11 – Sep. 1551%42% — –7%9Tarrance GroupSeptember 10, 1992 The Poll Question: Who's In First? 3A Daily News https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-the-poll-questi/160217523/ Newspapers.comSep. 1 - Sep. 648%43% - –9%5Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 152Aug. 31 – Sep. 254%39% — –7%15HarrisSeptember 3, 1992 Harris Poll Shows Bush 5 Points Behind Clinton 16A Arizona Daily Star https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-star-harris-poll-shows-bus/160210666/ Newspapers.comAug. 26 – Sep. 150%45% - –5%5ABC News/Washington PostAug. 26 – Aug. 3056%36% - –8%20Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 149Aug. 21 – Aug. 2252%42% — –6%10 August 20: Republican National Convention EndsTarrance GroupAugust 21, 1992 Bush Narrows Clinton Lead to 11 Points 2A Daily News https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-democrat-bush-narrows-clinton-l/160216662/ Newspapers.comAug. 15 - Aug. 1948%43% - –9%5Tarrance GroupAug. 15 - Aug. 1851%40% - –9%11Tarrance GroupAug. 15 - Aug. 1751%35% - –14%16Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 147Aug. 1758%35% — –7%23 August 17: Republican National Convention StartsGallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 144Aug. 10 – Aug. 1258%35% — –7%23GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 140Jul. 31 – Aug. 257%32% — –11%25GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 131Jul. 24 – Jul. 1656%36% — –8%20HarrisJuly 21, 1992 Clinton Leads By 30 4A Leader-Telegram https://www.newspapers.com/article/leader-telegram-clinton-leads-by-30/160210205/ Newspapers.comJul. 17 – Jul. 1963%33% - –4%30NBC News/Washington PostJul. 17 – Jul. 1958%29% - –13%29Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 125Jul. 17 – Jul. 1856%34% — –10%22 July 16: Perot Withdraws; Democratic National Convention EndsTarrance GroupJuly 16, 1992 New Poll: Bill's No. 1 With 40% 37 Daily News https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-new-poll-bills-no-1-with-4/160215914/ Newspapers.comJul. 13 - Jul. 1440%31%20% –9%9Tarrance GroupJuly 14, 1992 Clinton Lead 4 to 8 Points, Polls Show 5 Daily News https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-clinton-soars-perot-sinks/160215580/ Newspapers.comJul. 1335%31%24% –10%4 July 13: Democratic National Convention StartsNew York Times/CBS NewsJul. 8 – Jul. 1130%33%25% –12%3Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 119Jul. 6 – Jul. 828%35%30% –7%5NBC News/Washington PostJul. 5 – Jul. 728%31%33% –8%2GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 112Jun. 26 – Jun. 3027%33%32% –8%1New York Times/CBS NewsJun. 17 – Jun. 2024%32%30% –14%2GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 112Jun. 12 – Jun. 1424%32%34% –10%2HarrisJune 12, 1992 Double-time March 5 Philadelphia Daily News https://www.newspapers.com/article/philadelphia-daily-news-double-time-marc/160209932/ Newspapers.comJun. 5 – Jun. 1025%33%37% –6%4GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 98Jun. 4 – Jun. 825%31%39% –5%8GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 88May 18 – May 2025%35%35% –5%TiedNBC News/Wall Street JournalMay 21, 1992 Poll Shows Bush Leading Perot, Clinton A-2 Chronicle Tribune https://www.newspapers.com/article/chronicle-tribune-poll-shows-bush-leadin/160210024/ Newspapers.comMay 15 – May 1927%35%30% –8%5GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 98May 7 – May 1029%35%30% –6%5Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 73Apr. 20 – Apr. 2226%41%25% –8%15New York Times/CBS NewsApr. 20 – Apr. 2328%38%23% –11%10Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 61Mar. 31 – Apr. 125%44%24% –7%19New York Times/CBS NewsMar. 26 – Mar. 2931%44%16% –9%13Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 51Mar. 20 – Mar. 2243%52% — –5%9Gallup/CNN/USA TodayGallup, Jr. 1993 46Mar. 11 – Mar. 1244%50% — –6%6GallupFeb. 19 – Feb. 2043%53% — –4%10GallupGallup, Jr. 1993 22Feb. 6 – Feb. 938%53% — –9%15HarrisJanuary 14, 1992 President's Lead Narrowing 4 Johnson City Press https://www.newspapers.com/article/johnson-city-press-presidents-lead-narr/160209707/ Newspapers.comDec. 26 – Dec. 3047%48% — –5%1 Campaign After Bill Clinton secured the Democratic Party's nomination in the spring of 1992, polls showed Ross Perot leading the race, followed by President Bush and Clinton in third place after a grueling nomination process. Two-way trial heats between Bush and Clinton in early 1992 showed Bush in the lead.Toner Robin March 3, 1992 Voters Are Unhappy With All the Choices The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/03/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-in-poll-voters-are-unhappy-with-all-the-choices.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525191920/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/03/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-in-poll-voters-are-unhappy-with-all-the-choices.html liveToner Robin April 1, 1992 Clinton Dogged By Voter Doubt, Poll of U.S. Says The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/01/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-clinton-dogged-by-voter-doubt-poll-of-us-says.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525191922/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/01/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-clinton-dogged-by-voter-doubt-poll-of-us-says.html liveToner Robin April 26, 1992 Poll Shows Perot Gaining Strength To Rival Clinton's The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/26/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-poll-shows-perot-gaining-strength-to-rival-clinton-s.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525192236/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/26/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-poll-shows-perot-gaining-strength-to-rival-clinton-s.html liveToner Robin June 23, 1992 Bush and Clinton Sag in Survey; Perot's Negative Rating Doubles The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/23/us/1992-campaign-poll-bush-clinton-sag-survey-perot-s-negative-rating-doubles.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525192238/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/23/us/1992-campaign-poll-bush-clinton-sag-survey-perot-s-negative-rating-doubles.html live As the economy continued to sour and the President's approval rating continued to slide, the Democrats began to rally around their nominee. On July 9, 1992, Clinton chose Tennessee senator and former 1988 presidential candidate Al Gore to be his running mate.July 10, 1992 Their Own Words; Excerpts From Clinton's and Gore's Remarks on the Ticket The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-their-own-words-excerpts-clinton-s-gore-s-remarks-ticket.html February 20, 2017 May 13, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110513033456/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-their-own-words-excerpts-clinton-s-gore-s-remarks-ticket.html live As Governor Clinton's nomination acceptance speech approached, Ross Perot dropped out of the race, convinced that staying in the race with a "revitalized Democratic Party" would cause the race to be decided by the United States House of Representatives.July 17, 1992 Captain Perot Jumps Ship The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/17/opinion/captain-perot-jumps-ship.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193120/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/17/opinion/captain-perot-jumps-ship.html live Clinton gave his acceptance speech on July 16, 1992, promising to bring a "new covenant" to America, and to work to heal the gap that had developed between the rich and the poor during the Reagan/Bush years.July 16, 1992 William J. Clinton: Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in New York https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/220260 August 18, 2016 Presidency.ucsb.edu The Clinton campaign received the biggest convention "bounce" in historyApple R. W. Jr. July 18, 1992 Poll Gives Clinton a Post-Perot, Post-Convention Boost The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/us/the-1992-campaign-overview-poll-gives-clinton-a-post-perot-post-convention-boost.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193124/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/us/the-1992-campaign-overview-poll-gives-clinton-a-post-perot-post-convention-boost.html live which brought him from 25% in the spring, behind Bush and Perot, to 55% versus Bush's 31%. After the convention, Clinton and Gore began a bus tour around the United States, while the Bush/Quayle campaign began to criticize Clinton's character, highlighting accusations of infidelity and draft dodging. The Bush campaign emphasized its foreign policy successes such as Desert Storm, and the end of the Cold War. Bush also contrasted his military service to Clinton's lack thereof, and criticized Clinton's lack of foreign policy expertise. However, as the economy was the main issue, Bush's campaign floundered across the nation, even in strongly Republican areas,Miller Judith August 16, 1992 The Republicans: Can They Get It Together? The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/16/magazine/the-republicans-can-they-get-it-together.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193126/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/16/magazine/the-republicans-can-they-get-it-together.html live and Clinton maintained leads with over 50% of the vote nationwide consistently, while Bush typically saw numbers in the upper 30s.August 17, 1992 Bush Trails, to Varying Degrees, in 3 Polls The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/17/news/party-in-the-spotlight-bush-trails-to-varying-degrees-in-3-polls.html February 20, 2017 May 28, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210528091845/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/17/news/party-in-the-spotlight-bush-trails-to-varying-degrees-in-3-polls.html live As Bush's economic edge had evaporated, his campaign looked to energize its socially conservative base at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas. At the convention, Bush's primary campaign opponent Pat Buchanan gave his famous "culture war" speech, criticizing Clinton's and Gore's social progressiveness, and voicing skepticism on his "New Democrat" brand. After President Bush accepted his renomination, his campaign saw a small bounce in the polls, but this was short-lived, as Clinton maintained his lead.Clymer Adam August 26, 1992 Bush's Gains From Convention Nearly Evaporate in Latest Poll The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/26/us/the-1992-campaign-bush-s-gains-from-convention-nearly-evaporate-in-latest-poll.html The campaign continued with a lopsided lead for Clinton through September,September 22, 1992 Clinton Takes 21-Point Lead Over President in a New Poll The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/22/us/the-1992-campaign-clinton-takes-21-point-lead-over-president-in-a-new-poll.html February 20, 2017 May 25, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193132/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/22/us/the-1992-campaign-clinton-takes-21-point-lead-over-president-in-a-new-poll.html live until Ross Perot decided to re-enter the race.Toner Robin September 30, 1992 Campaign Strategy; 2 Camps Regard A Perot Revival With Less Fear The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/30/us/1992-campaign-campaign-strategy-2-camps-regard-perot-revival-with-less-fear.html Ross Perot's re-entry in the race was welcomed by the Bush campaign, as Fred Steeper, a poll taker for Bush, said, "He'll be important if we accomplish our goal, which is to draw even with Clinton." Initially, Perot's return saw the Texas billionaire's numbers stay low, until he was given the opportunity to participate in a trio of unprecedented three-man debates. The race narrowed, as Perot's numbers significantly improved as Clinton's numbers declined, while Bush's numbers remained more or less the same from earlier in the raceToner Robin October 25, 1992 Contest Tightens As Perot Resurges And Clinton Slips The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/1992-campaign-overview-contest-tightens-perot-resurges-clinton-slips.html February 20, 2017 April 1, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190401014358/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/1992-campaign-overview-contest-tightens-perot-resurges-clinton-slips.html live as Perot and Bush began to hammer at Clinton on character issues once again. Presidential debates 1992 United States presidential debates The Commission on Presidential Debates organised four presidential debates +Debates among candidates for the 1992 U.S. presidential electionNo.DateHostLocationPanelistsModeratorParticipantsViewership (Millions)P1Sunday, October 11, 1992 Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MissouriSander VanocurAnn ComptonJohn MashekJim LehrerPresident George H. W. BushGovernor Bill ClintonMr. Ross Perot62.4https://www.debates.org/index.php?page=1992-debates CPD: 1992 Debates www.debates.org January 8, 2019 January 8, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190108145448/https://www.debates.org/index.php?page=1992-debates liveVPTuesday, October 13, 1992Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgian/aHal BrunoVice President Dan QuayleSenator Al GoreAdmiral James Stockdale51.2P2Thursday, October 15, 1992University of RichmondRichmond, Virginian/aCarole SimpsonPresident George H. W. BushGovernor Bill ClintonMr. Ross Perot69.9P3Monday, October 19, 1992Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MichiganGene GibbonsHelen ThomasSusan RookJim LehrerPresident George H. W. BushGovernor Bill ClintonMr. Ross Perot66.9 Character issues Many character issues were raised during the campaign, including allegations that Clinton had dodged the draft during the Vietnam War, and had used marijuana, which Clinton claimed he had ‘tried’ to smoke, but "didn't inhale." Bush also accused Clinton of meeting with communists on a trip to Russia he took as a student. Clinton was often accused of being a philanderer by political opponents. Allegations were also made that Bill Clinton had engaged in a long-term extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers.Conason, Joe (July/August 1992). "Reason No. 1 Not To Vote For Bill Clinton: He Cheats on His Wife." Spy magazine. Clinton denied ever having an affair with Flowers, but later admitted, under threat of perjury, that he had a brief sexual encounter with her in 1977.Kurtz, Howard (August 12, 1992). "Clinton Angrily Denounces Report of Extramarital Affair as 'a Lie.'" The Washington Post. thumb|right|upright=1.8|Election results by county#1560BD Bill Clinton 1px #AAAAAA solid #E32636 George H. W. Bush 1px #AAAAAA solid #00A550 Ross Perot 1px #AAAAAA solid thumb|right|upright=1.8|Results by congressional district. Results Clinton was declared the winner by CBS, NBC, and CNN at 10:48 P.M. EST and by ABC at 10:50 P.M. EST. He received 370 electoral votes from 32 states and D.C. and 43% of the popular vote while Bush received 168 electoral votes from 18 states and 37.4% of the popular vote and Perot received 18.9% of the popular vote and no electoral votes. The remaining candidates took 0.6% of the popular vote.Abramson Aldrich Rohde 1995 67 While winning the popular vote, Clinton did not win a majority of the popular vote; he was the first presidential candidate since Richard Nixon in 1968 to win the popular vote with a plurality, and the first Democrat since John F. Kennedy in 1960 to do so. Only Washington, D.C., and Clinton's home state of Arkansas gave the majority of their votes to a single candidate in the entire country; the rest were won by pluralities of the vote. Clinton was the first Democrat since 1964 to win a majority of states. Even though Clinton received roughly 3,100,815 more votes than Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis had four years earlier, the Democrats recorded a 2.7 percentage point decrease in their share of the popular vote compared to 1988 due to the higher turnout. His 43% share of the popular vote was the second-lowest for any winning candidate in the 20th century after Woodrow Wilson in 1912 (41.8%). President Bush's 37.4% was the lowest percentage total for a sitting president seeking re-election since William Howard Taft, also in 1912 (23.2%).Kornacki, Steve (January 21, 2011). "Why the 'good' Iraq war wasn't so good" https://web.archive.org/web/20110126054313/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/01/21/bush_gulf_war_reunion/index.html January 26, 2011 . Salon. 1992 was, as the 1912 election was, a three-way race (that time between Taft, Wilson, and Theodore Roosevelt). It was also the lowest percentage for a major-party candidate since Alf Landon received 36.5% of the vote in 1936. Bush had a lower percentage of the popular vote than even Herbert Hoover, who was defeated in 1932 (39.7%). However, none of these races included a major third-party candidate. Independent candidate Ross Perot received 19,743,821 with 18.9% of the popular vote. The billionaire used his own money to advertise extensively, and is the only non-major party candidate and the only non-party affiliated candidate ever allowed into the nationally televised presidential debates with both major party candidates (independent John Anderson debated Republican Ronald Reagan in 1980, but without Democrat Jimmy Carter, who had refused to appear in a three-man debate). Speaking about the North American Free Trade Agreement, Perot described its effect on American jobs as causing a "giant sucking sound". For a period of time, Perot was leading in the polls,Dionne E.J. June 9, 1992 PEROT LEADS IN NEW POLL https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/06/09/perot-leads-field-in-poll/5c0499dd-d5c5-42e4-bc63-e4c32ca083e7/ February 8, 2021 Washington Post June 9, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210609155934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/06/09/perot-leads-field-in-poll/5c0499dd-d5c5-42e4-bc63-e4c32ca083e7/ live but he lost much of his support when he temporarily withdrew from the election, only to declare himself a candidate again soon after. This was also the most recent time that a non-major party candidate and a non-party affiliated candidate won at least one county. Perot's 18.9% of the popular vote made him the most successful non-major party presidential candidate in terms of popular vote since Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election. His share of the popular vote was also the highest ever for a candidate who did not win any electoral votes. Although he did not win any states, Perot managed to finish ahead of one of the major party candidates in two states: In Maine, he received 30.44% of the vote to Bush's 30.39% (Clinton won Maine with 38.77%); in Utah, which Bush won with 43.36% of the popular vote, Perot collected 27.34% of the vote to Clinton's 24.65%. Perot also came in 2nd in Maine's 2nd Congressional District, where he had his best overall showing, winning 33.2% of the vote there and missing the district's 1 elector by only 4.6% of the vote. The election was the most recent in which Montana voted for the Democratic candidate, both the last time Florida backed the losing candidate and last time Georgia voted for the Democratic candidate until 2020, and the last time that Colorado voted Democratic until 2008. This was also the first time since Texas' admission to the Union in 1845 that a Democrat won the White House without winning the state, and the second time a Democrat won the White House without North Carolina (the first was 1844), and the second time since Florida's admission (also in 1845) that a Democrat won without winning the state (Kennedy in 1960 was the first). Clinton became the second Democrat to win every electoral vote in the Northeast, the first being Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. John Kerry and Barack Obama have been the only Democrats to repeat this since. Also, this was the first time since 1964 that the following nine states had voted Democratic: California, Colorado, Illinois, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, and Vermont. The 168 electoral votes received by Bush, added to the 426 electoral votes he received in 1988, gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president only once (594), and the tenth largest number of electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president behind Grover Cleveland's 664, Barack Obama's 697, Woodrow Wilson's 712, Bill Clinton's 749, Donald Trump's 848, Dwight Eisenhower's 899, Ronald Reagan's 1,015, Richard Nixon's 1,040 and Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1,876 total electoral votes. Bush and Clinton achieved an exact tie in Ware County, Georgia, the most recent time in American history a county was tied between the two major-party presidential candidates. Perot also achieved an exact tie with Bush in Morris County, Kansas. Analysis Several factors made the results possible. First, the campaign came on the heels of an economic slowdown. Exit polling showed that 75% thought the economy was in fairly or very bad shape while 63% thought their personal finances were better or the same as four years ago.Topics at a Glance—iPOLL summary results http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/cgi-bin/hsrun.exe/roperweb/pom/pom.htx;start=ipollsearch?TopID=444 August 27, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080918123018/http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/cgi-bin/hsrun.exe/roperweb/pom/pom.htx;start=ipollsearch?TopID=444 September 18, 2008 dead The decision by Bush to accept a tax increase adversely affected his re-election bid. Pressured by rising budget deficits, Bush agreed to a budget compromise with Congress which raised taxes and reduced the federal budget deficit. Clinton was able to condemn the tax increase effectively on both its own merits and as a reflection of Bush's dishonesty. Effective Democratic TV ads were aired showing a clip of Bush's 1988 acceptance speech in which he promised "Read my lips ... No new taxes." Most importantly, Bush's coalition was in disarray, for both the aforementioned reasons and for unrelated reasons. The end of the Cold War allowed old rivalries among conservatives to re-emerge and meant that other voters focused more on domestic policy, to the detriment of Bush, a social and fiscal moderate. The consequence of such a perception depressed conservative turnout.Toner Robin November 11, 1992 The Republicans; Looking to the Future, Party Sifts Through Past The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/11/us/the-transition-the-republicans-looking-to-the-future-party-sifts-through-past.html The election was compared to the 1945 United Kingdom general election, in which Winston Churchill, while a respected conservative wartime leader (like Bush) was not regarded as a good peacetime leader, and thus was voted out once the conflict was over.Fineman Howard 1991-09-15 Bush: The Churchill Scenario https://www.newsweek.com/bush-churchill-scenario-203272 2024-02-11 Newsweek en Unlike Bush, Clinton was able to unite his fractious and ideologically diverse party behind his candidacy, even when its different wings conflicted. To garner the support of moderates and conservative Democrats, he attacked Sister Souljah, an obscure rap musician whose lyrics Clinton condemned. Furthermore, Clinton made clear his support of the death penalty and would later champion making school uniforms in public schools a requirement.Alison Mitchell January 27, 1996 The New York Times CLINTON'S ADVISERS; Sharp Split Over Issues: Economics Or Values? https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/27/us/politics-clinton-s-advisers-sharp-split-over-issues-economics-or-values.html February 20, 2017 September 21, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240921111718/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/27/us/politics-clinton-s-advisers-sharp-split-over-issues-economics-or-values.html live Clinton could also point to his centrist record as governor of Arkansas. More liberal Democrats were impressed by Clinton's record on abortion and affirmative action. His strong connections to African Americans also played a key role. In addition, he organized significant numbers of young voters and became a symbol of the rise of the baby boomer generation to political power.Walter Shapiro November 16, 1992 Baby-boomer Bill Clinton: A Generation Takes Power Time http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976996,00.html February 27, 2014 September 21, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240921111725/https://time.com/archive/6721667/baby-boomer-bill-clinton-a-generation-takes-power/ live Supporters remained energized and confident, even in times of scandal or missteps. The effect of Ross Perot's candidacy has been a contentious point of debate for many years. In the ensuing months after the election, various Republicans asserted that Perot had acted as a spoiler, enough to the detriment of Bush to lose him the election. While many disaffected conservatives may have voted for Ross Perot to protest Bush's tax increase, further examination of the Perot vote in the Election Night exit polls not only showed that Perot siphoned votes nearly equally among Bush and Clinton,https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/us/1992-elections-disappointment-analysis-eccentric-but-no-joke-perot-s-strong.html THE 1992 ELECTIONS: DISAPPOINTMENT -- NEWS ANALYSIS An Eccentric but No Joke; Perot's Strong Showing Raises Questions On What Might Have Been, and Might Be November 5, 1992 The New York Times February 20, 2017 May 18, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190518111204/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/us/1992-elections-disappointment-analysis-eccentric-but-no-joke-perot-s-strong.html liveLos Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times Exit Poll 1992, Nov 1992 [survey question]. USLAT.92EXIT.QN. Los Angeles Times [producer]. Storrs, CT:Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, iPOLL [distributor], accessed Jul 20, 2015.ABC News, CBS News, CNN, NBC News. VRS Election Day Exit Poll 1992, Nov 1992 [survey question]. USVRS.92EXIT.Q08. Voter Research & Surveys [producer]. Storrs, CT:Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, iPOLL [distributor], accessed Jul 20, 2015.http://archive.fairvote.org/plurality/perot.htm Plurality Wins in the 1992 Presidential Race: Perot's Contribution to Clinton's Victory Archive.fairvote.org August 18, 2016 July 17, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110717085805/http://archive.fairvote.org/plurality/perot.htm live but roughly two-thirds of those voters who cited Bush's broken "No New Taxes" pledge as "very important" (25%) voted for Bill Clinton.Schmalz Jeffrey November 4, 1992 Clinton Carves a Path Deep Into Reagan Country The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/nyregion/1992-election-nation-s-voters-clinton-carves-wide-path-deep-into-reagan-country.html February 20, 2017 December 7, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20081207120319/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFD8173FF937A35752C1A964958260 live The voting numbers reveal that to win the electoral vote Bush would have had to win 10 of the 11 states Clinton won by less than five percentage points. For Bush to earn a majority of the popular vote, he would have needed 12.2% of Perot's 18.9% of the vote, 65% of Perot's support base.1992 Presidential Election – What if Scenario http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1992whatif.html November 11, 2012 January 22, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160122202429/http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1992whatif.html live State exit polls suggested that Perot did not alter the electoral college count, except potentially in one state (Ohio), which nonetheless showed a result in the margin of error.E.J. Dionne Jr. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/11/08/perot-seen-not-affecting-vote-outcome/27500538-cee8-4f4f-8e7f-f3ee9f2325d1/ Perot Seen Not Affecting Vote Outcome The Washington Post November 8, 1992 August 18, 2016 Furthermore, Perot was most popular in states that strongly favored either Clinton or Bush, limiting his real electoral impact for either candidate.http://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=ngresearchconf PDF H. Ross Perot and George C. Wallace: Defining the Archetype of Third-party "Success" in Presidential Elections AARON W. BROWN February 23, 2013 Digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu August 18, 2016 April 3, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160403184355/http://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=ngresearchconf live Perot gained relatively little support in the Southern states and happened to have the best showing in states with few electoral votes. Perot appealed to disaffected voters all across the political spectrum who had grown weary of the two-party system. NAFTA played a role in Perot's support, and Perot voters were relatively moderate on hot-button social issues.Public Opinion Watch http://www.tcf.org/list.asp?type=NC&pubid=1120#perot dead https://web.archive.org/web/20090823094350/http://www.tcf.org/list.asp?type=NC&pubid=1120#perot August 23, 2009Mishel Lawrence Teixeira Ruy A. December 30, 1998 The Political Arithmetic of the NAFTA Vote http://www.epi.org/briefingpapers/1993_bp_political.pdf dead https://web.archive.org/web/20081128173902/http://www.epi.org/briefingpapers/1993_bp_political.pdf November 28, 2008 A 1999 study in the American Journal of Political Science estimated that Perot's candidacy hurt the Clinton campaign, reducing "Clinton's margin of victory over Bush by seven percentage point."Lacy Dean Burden Barry C. 1999 The Vote-Stealing and Turnout Effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election American Journal of Political Science 43 1 233 10.2307/2991792 0092-5853 2991792 In 2016, FiveThirtyEight noted that it was "unlikely" that Perot was a spoiler.https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/long-before-trump-there-was-ross-perot/ Long Before Trump, There Was Ross Perot Galen Druke FiveThirtyEight October 24, 2016 May 9, 2021 May 9, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210509190714/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/long-before-trump-there-was-ross-perot/ dead Clinton, Bush, and Perot did not focus on abortion during the campaign. Exit polls, however, showed that attitudes toward abortion "significantly influenced" the vote, as pro-choice Republicans defected from Bush.Critchlow Donald T. Intended Consequences: Birth Control, Abortion, and the Federal Government in Modern America 2004 Oxford University Press New York 978-0-19-504657-1 221 https://archive.org/details/intendedconseque00crit_0/page/221Abramowitz (1995) The South was the only region where Bush received a majority of the electoral votes and two-thirds of his total electoral votes came from the South.Abramson Aldrich Rohde 1995 86 Implications According to Seymour Martin Lipset, this election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.Seymour Martin Lipset, "The significance of the 1992 election." PS: Political Science and Politics 26.1 (1993): 7-16 online https://web.archive.org/web/20210428231440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/419496 April 28, 2021 Clinton's election ended an era in which the Republican Party had controlled the White House for 12 consecutive years, and for 20 of the previous 24 years. The election also brought the Democrats full control of the legislative and executive branches of the federal government, including both houses of U.S. Congress and the presidency, for the first time since the administration of the last Democratic president, Jimmy Carter. This would not last for very long, however, as the Republicans won control of both the House and Senate in 1994. Reelected in 1996, Clinton would become the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to serve two full terms in the White House and the first to leave office at the end of his second full term since Woodrow Wilson. 1992 was arguably a political realignment election. It made the Democratic Party dominant in presidential elections in the Northeast, the Great Lakes region, and the West Coast, where many states had previously either been swing states or Republican-leaning. Clinton picked up several states that went Republican in 1988, and which have remained in the Democratic column ever since: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, most of Maine (besides the state's second congressional district, which broke the state's total straight Democratic voting record since, when it voted for Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in 2016, along with the two following presidential elections in 2020, and 2024), Maryland, New Jersey, and Vermont. Vermont, carried by Clinton, had been heavily Republican for generations prior to the election, voting for a Democrat only once (in 1964).http://www.270towin.com/states/Vermont Vermont Presidential Election Voting History 270towin.com August 18, 2016 September 21, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240921111722/https://www.270towin.com/states/Vermont live The state has been won by the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since. Bill Clinton narrowly defeated Bush in New Jersey (by two points), which had voted for the Republican nominee all but twice since 1948. Clinton would later win the state in 1996 by eighteen points; like Vermont, Republicans have not won the state since. Surprise Swing States CBS News February 11, 2009 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-swing-states/ October 3, 2013 January 15, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150115015541/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-swing-states/ live California, which had been a Republican stronghold since 1952, was now trending Democratic. Clinton, a native Southerner, was able to carry several states in the South that the GOP had won for much of the past two decades, but ultimately won only four of eleven former Confederate states. This reflected the final shift of the South to the Republican Party. In subsequent presidential elections from 1996 to 2020, 28 out of the 50 states were carried by the same party as in 1992 (15 for the Democrats and 13 for the Republicans). Detailed results Bill Clinton Democratic Arkansas 44,909,889 43.01% 370 Al Gore Tennessee George H. W. Bush (incumbent) Republican Texas 39,104,550 37.45% 168 Dan Quayle (incumbent) Indiana Ross Perot Independent Texas 19,743,821 18.91% 0 James Stockdale California Andre Marrou Libertarian Alaska 290,087 0.28% 0 Nancy Lord Nevada Bo Gritz Populist Nevada 106,152 0.10% 0 Cyril Minett New Mexico Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party New York 73,622 0.07% 0 Maria Elizabeth Muñoz California Howard Phillips U.S. Taxpayers Party Virginia 43,369 0.04% 0 Albion W. Knight Jr. Florida 152,516 0.13% 104,423,923 538 270 Source (Popular Vote): 1992 August 7, 2005 Source (Electoral Vote): 1992 August 7, 2005 Popular vote 600px 410px Clinton Democratic Party (US) 43.01 Bush Republican Party (US) 37.45 Perot Independent 18.91 Marrou Libertarian Party (US) 0.28 Others #777777 0.35 Electoral vote 600px 410px Clinton Democratic Party (US) 68.77 Bush Republican Party (US) 31.23 upright=2.95|thumb|left Results by state Source:http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1992&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0 1992 Presidential General Election Data – National Uselectionatlas.org February 11, 2012 April 17, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120417214748/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1992&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0 live + Legend States/districts won by Clinton/Gore States/districts won by Bush/Quayle † At-large results (For states that split electoral votes) Candidates with electoral votes (E electoral votes) Candidates with no electoral votes Overall popular vote Bill ClintonDemocratic George H.W. BushRepublican Ross PerotIndependent Andre MarrouLibertarian Others Top-2 margin(+/− if won by D Democrat/R Republican)MarginSwingPercentage point difference in margin from the 1988 election State Total State E electoral votes Vote Popular votes % E electoral votes Vote Popular votes % E electoral votes Vote Popular votes % Vote Popular votes % Vote Popular votes % Vote Popular votes % % Vote Popular votes Alabama 9 690,080 40.88 – 804,283 47.65 9 183,109 10.85 5,737 0.34 4,851 0.29 −114,203 −6.77 12.53 1,688,060 AL Alaska 3 78,294 30.29 – 102,000 39.46 3 73,481 28.43 1,378 0.53 3,353 1.29 −23,706 −9.17 14.15 258,506 AK Arizona 8 543,050 36.52 – 572,086 38.47 8 353,741 23.79 6,759 0.45 11,339 0.76 −29,036 −1.95 19.26 1,486,975 AZ Arkansas 6 505,823 53.21 6 337,324 35.48 – 99,132 10.43 1,261 0.13 7,113 0.75 168,499 17.73 31.91 950,653 AR California 54 5,121,325 46.01 54 3,630,574 32.61 – 2,296,006 20.63 48,139 0.43 35,677 0.32 1,490,751 13.40 16.97 11,131,721 CA Colorado 8 629,681 40.13 8 562,850 35.87 – 366,010 23.32 8,669 0.55 1,970 0.13 66,831 4.26 12.04 1,569,180 CO Connecticut 8 682,318 42.21 8 578,313 35.78 – 348,771 21.58 5,391 0.33 1,539 0.10 104,005 6.43 11.53 1,616,332 CT Delaware 3 126,055 43.51 3 102,313 35.31 – 59,213 20.44 935 0.32 1,219 0.42 23,742 8.19 20.59 289,735 DE D.C. 3 192,619 84.64 3 20,698 9.10 – 9,681 4.25 467 0.21 4,107 1.80 171,921 75.54 7.20 227,572 DC Florida 25 2,072,798 39.00 – 2,173,310 40.89 25 1,053,067 19.82 15,079 0.28 238 0.00 −100,512 −1.89 20.47 5,314,392 FL Georgia 13 1,008,966 43.47 13 995,252 42.88 – 309,657 13.34 7,110 0.31 140 0.01 13,714 0.59 20.84 2,321,125 GA Hawaii 4 179,310 48.09 4 136,822 36.70 – 53,003 14.22 1,119 0.30 2,588 0.69 42,488 11.39 1.87 372,842 HI Idaho 4 137,013 28.42 – 202,645 42.03 4 130,395 27.04 1,167 0.24 10,922 2.27 −65,632 −13.61 12.46 482,142 ID Illinois 22 2,453,350 48.58 22 1,734,096 34.34 – 840,515 16.64 9,218 0.18 12,978 0.26 719,254 14.24 16.32 5,050,157 IL Indiana 12 848,420 36.79 – 989,375 42.91 12 455,934 19.77 7,936 0.34 4,206 0.18 −140,955 −6.12 14.04 2,305,871 IN Iowa 7 586,353 43.29 7 504,891 37.27 – 253,468 18.71 1,076 0.08 8,819 0.65 81,462 6.02 −4.20 1,354,607 IA Kansas 6 390,434 33.74 – 449,951 38.88 6 312,358 26.99 4,314 0.37 179 0.02 −59,517 −5.14 8.09 1,157,236 KS Kentucky 8 665,104 44.55 8 617,178 41.34 – 203,944 13.66 4,513 0.30 2,161 0.14 47,926 3.21 14.85 1,492,900 KY Louisiana 9 815,971 45.58 9 733,386 40.97 – 211,478 11.81 3,155 0.18 26,027 1.45 82,585 4.61 14.82 1,790,017 LA Maine † 2 263,420 38.77 2 206,504 30.39 – 206,820 30.44 1,681 0.25 1,074 0.16 56,600 8.33 19.83 679,499 MEMaine-11145,19139.91115,69731.8–102,82828.3––––29,4948.1120.83363,716ME1Maine-21118,22937.8190,80729.0–103,99233.2––––14,2374.5518.92313,028ME2 Maryland 10 988,571 49.80 10 707,094 35.62 – 281,414 14.18 4,715 0.24 3,252 0.16 281,477 14.18 17.09 1,985,046 MD Massachusetts 12 1,318,639 47.54 12 805,039 29.02 – 630,731 22.74 9,021 0.32 10,234 0.37 513,600 18.52 10.67 2,773,664 MA Michigan 18 1,871,182 43.77 18 1,554,940 36.38 – 824,813 19.30 10,175 0.24 13,563 0.32 316,242 7.39 15.29 4,274,673 MI Minnesota 10 1,020,997 43.48 10 747,841 31.85 – 562,506 23.96 3,373 0.14 13,230 0.56 273,156 11.63 4.61 2,347,947 MN Mississippi 7 400,258 40.77 – 487,793 49.68 7 85,626 8.72 2,154 0.22 5,962 0.61 −87,535 −8.91 11.91 981,793 MS Missouri 11 1,053,873 44.07 11 811,159 33.92 – 518,741 21.69 7,497 0.31 295 0.01 242,714 10.15 14.13 2,391,565 MO Montana 3 154,507 37.63 3 144,207 35.12 – 107,225 26.11 986 0.24 3,686 0.90 10,300 2.51 8.38 410,611 MT Nebraska † 2 217,344 29.40 – 344,346 46.58 2 174,687 23.63 1,344 0.18 1,562 0.21 −127,002 −17.18 3.78 739,283 NENebraska-1180,69632.6–107,08143.2159,97424.2––––-28,847-10.6-247,751NE1Nebraska-2178,70132.4–115,25547.5148,65720.1––––-32,226-15.1-242,613NE2Nebraska-3157,46723.5–121,34249.7165,47326.8––––-55,869-22.9-244,282NE3 Nevada 4 189,148 37.36 4 175,828 34.73 – 132,580 26.19 1,835 0.36 6,927 1.37 13,320 2.63 23.57 506,318 NV New Hampshire 4 209,040 38.86 4 202,484 37.64 – 121,337 22.56 3,548 0.66 1,536 0.29 6,556 1.22 27.38 537,945 NH New Jersey 15 1,436,206 42.95 15 1,356,865 40.58 – 521,829 15.61 6,822 0.20 21,872 0.65 79,341 2.37 16.01 3,343,594 NJ New Mexico 5 261,617 45.90 5 212,824 37.34 – 91,895 16.12 1,615 0.28 2,035 0.36 48,793 8.56 13.52 569,986 NM New York 33 3,444,450 49.72 33 2,346,649 33.88 – 1,090,721 15.75 13,451 0.19 31,662 0.46 1,097,801 15.85 11.75 6,926,933 NY North Carolina 14 1,114,042 42.65 – 1,134,661 43.44 14 357,864 13.70 5,171 0.20 112 0.00 −20,619 −0.79 15.47 2,611,850 NC North Dakota 3 99,168 32.18 – 136,244 44.22 3 71,084 23.07 416 0.14 1,221 0.40 −37,076 −12.04 1.02 308,133 ND Ohio 21 1,984,942 40.18 21 1,894,310 38.35 – 1,036,426 20.98 7,252 0.15 17,034 0.34 90,632 1.83 12.68 4,939,964 OH Oklahoma 8 473,066 34.02 – 592,929 42.65 8 319,878 23.01 4,486 0.32 – – −119,863 −8.63 8.02 1,390,359 OK Oregon 7 621,314 42.48 7 475,757 32.53 – 354,091 24.21 4,277 0.29 7,204 0.49 145,557 9.95 5.28 1,462,643 OR Pennsylvania 23 2,239,164 45.15 23 1,791,841 36.13 – 902,667 18.20 21,477 0.43 4,661 0.09 447,323 9.02 11.34 4,959,810 PA Rhode Island 4 213,302 47.04 4 131,601 29.02 – 105,045 23.16 571 0.13 2,959 0.65 81,701 18.02 6.31 453,478 RI South Carolina 8 479,514 39.88 – 577,507 48.02 8 138,872 11.55 2,719 0.23 3,915 0.33 −97,993 −8.14 15.78 1,202,527 SC South Dakota 3 124,888 37.14 – 136,718 40.66 3 73,295 21.80 814 0.24 539 0.16 −11,830 −3.52 2.82 336,254 SD Tennessee 11 933,521 47.08 11 841,300 42.43 – 199,968 10.09 1,847 0.09 6,002 0.30 92,221 4.65 20.99 1,982,638 TN Texas 32 2,281,815 37.08 – 2,496,071 40.56 32 1,354,781 22.01 19,699 0.32 1,652 0.03 −214,256 −3.48 9.12 6,154,018 TX Utah 5 183,429 24.65 – 322,632 43.36 5 203,400 27.34 1,900 0.26 32,638 4.39 −119,232 −16.03 15.46 743,999 UT Vermont 3 133,592 46.11 3 88,122 30.42 – 65,991 22.78 501 0.17 1,495 0.52 45,470 15.70 19.22 289,701 VT Virginia 13 1,038,650 40.59 – 1,150,517 44.97 13 348,639 13.63 5,730 0.22 15,129 0.59 −111,867 −4.38 16.12 2,558,665 VA Washington 11 993,039 43.40 11 731,235 31.96 – 541,780 23.68 7,533 0.33 14,641 0.64 261,804 11.44 9.85 2,288,228 WA West Virginia 5 331,001 48.41 5 241,974 35.39 – 108,829 15.91 1,873 0.27 – – 89,027 13.02 8.28 683,677 WV Wisconsin 11 1,041,066 41.13 11 930,855 36.78 – 544,479 21.51 2,877 0.11 11,837 0.47 110,211 4.35 0.73 2,531,114 WI Wyoming 3 68,160 33.98 – 79,347 39.56 3 51,263 25.56 844 0.42 973 0.49 −11,187 −5.58 16.94 200,587 WY TOTALS: 538 44,909,889 43.01 370 39,104,545 37.45 168 19,742,267 18.91 291,628 0.28 378,330 0.36 5,805,344 5.56 13.29 104,426,659 US †Maine and Nebraska each allowed their electoral votes to be split between candidates using the Congressional District Method for electoral vote assignment. In both states, two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote was awarded to the winner of each congressional district.Barone Michael Ujifusa Grant The Almanac of American Politics 2000 July 1999 Crown Publishing Group District results for Maine and Nebraska do not include results for Marrou or other candidates and so totals differ from those for the states' at-large. Because Perot finished in 2nd place in some districts, the margins of the districts do not match the margin at-large. Nebraska split its electoral votes this way for the first time. States that flipped from Republican to Democratic Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Georgia Illinois Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Michigan Missouri Montana Nevada New Jersey New Hampshire New Mexico Ohio Pennsylvania Tennessee Vermont Close states States with margin of victory less than 1% (27 electoral votes): Georgia – 0.59% (13,714 votes) North Carolina – 0.79% (20,619 votes) States/Districts with margin of victory less than 5% (175 electoral votes): New Hampshire – 1.22% (6,556 votes) Ohio – 1.83% (90,632 votes) Florida – 1.89% (100,612 votes) Arizona – 1.95% (29,036 votes) New Jersey – 2.37% (79,341 votes) Montana – 2.51% (10,300 votes) Nevada – 2.63% (13,320 votes) Kentucky – 3.21% (47,926 votes) Texas – 3.48% (214,256 votes) South Dakota – 3.52% (11,830 votes) Colorado – 4.26% (66,831 votes) Wisconsin – 4.35% (110,211 votes) Virginia – 4.37% (111,867 votes) Maine's 2nd Congressional District – 4.54% (14,237 votes) (margin over Ross Perot) Louisiana – 4.61% (82,585 votes) Tennessee – 4.65% (92,221 votes) (tipping point state) States with margin of victory between 5% and 10% (131 electoral votes): Kansas – 5.14% (59,517 votes) Wyoming – 5.60% (11,187 votes) Iowa – 6.02% (81,462 votes) Indiana – 6.12% (140,955 votes) Connecticut – 6.43% (104,005 votes) Alabama – 6.77% (114,203 votes) Michigan – 7.39% (316,242 votes) South Carolina – 8.14% (97,993 votes) Maine's 1st Congressional District – 8.11% (29,494 votes) Delaware – 8.19% (23,741 votes) Maine – 8.33% (56,600 votes) (margin over Ross Perot) New Mexico – 8.56% (48,793 votes) Oklahoma – 8.63% (119,863 votes) Mississippi – 8.91% (87,535 votes) Pennsylvania – 9.02% (447,323 votes) Alaska – 9.17% (23,706 votes) Oregon – 9.95% (145,557 votes) Source: New York Times President MapAn Outline of American History: CHAPTER 13: Toward the 21st Century http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm dead https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm November 3, 2004 United States Department of State Statistics Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic) Washington, D.C. 84.64% Starr County, Texas 82.80% Macon County, Alabama 82.78% Duval County, Texas 79.56% Jefferson County, Mississippi 79.39% Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican) Jackson County, Kentucky 74.96% Sioux County, Iowa 72.21% Hansford County, Texas 69.08% Ochiltree County, Texas 68.06% Shelby County, Alabama 67.97% Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other) Loving County, Texas 46.88% San Juan County, Colorado 40.40% Billings County, North Dakota 39.82% Somerset County, Maine 38.95% Esmeralda County, Nevada 37.67% Voter demographics + Presidential vote in social groups (in percentage) Social groupClintonBush Perot % oftotal vote Total vote 43 37 19 100Party and ideology Conservative Republicans 5 82 13 21 Moderate Republicans 16 63 21 13 Liberal Republicans 16 54 30 2 Conservative Independents 17 53 30 7 Moderate Independents 42 28 30 15 Liberal Independents 54 16 29 4 Conservative Democrats 61 23 16 6 Moderate Democrats 76 9 15 20 Liberal Democrats 85 11 5 13Gender and marital status Married men 37 42 21 33 Married women 41 40 19 33 Unmarried men 48 29 22 15 Unmarried women 53 31 15 19Race White 39 40 20 84 Black 83 10 7 10 Hispanic 61 25 14 4 Asian 30 55 15 1Religion White Protestant 32 47 21 46 Catholic 44 35 20 29 Jewish 80 11 9 3 Born Again, religious right 23 61 15 17Age 18–29 years old 43 34 22 17 30–44 years old 41 38 21 33 45–59 years old 41 40 19 26 60 and older 50 38 12 24Education Not a high school graduate 54 28 18 6 High school graduate 43 36 21 24 Some college education 41 37 21 27 College graduate 39 41 20 26 Post graduate education 50 36 14 17Family income Under $15,000 58 23 19 13 $15,000–29,999 45 35 20 27 $30,000–49,999 41 38 21 26 $50,000-$75,000 41 42 17 19 Over $75,000 36 48 16 15Region East 47 35 18 23 Midwest 42 37 21 26 South 41 43 16 30 West 43 34 23 20Community size Population over 500,000 58 28 13 10 Population 50,000 to 500,000 50 33 16 21 Suburbs 40 39 21 39 Rural areas, towns 39 40 20 30 Source: Voter News Service exit poll, reported in The New York Times, November 10, 1996, 28. See also Newspaper endorsements in the 1992 United States presidential election Chicken George "Giant sucking sound" "It's the economy, stupid" "Read my lips: no new taxes" 1992 United States gubernatorial elections 1992 United States Senate elections 1992 United States House of Representatives elections List of 1992 United States presidential electors Presidency of Bill Clinton References 30em Notes http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/bridge.htm Outline of U.S. History: Chapter 15: Bridge to the 21st century Official web site of the U.S. Department of State December 10, 2005 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20051214030614/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/bridge.htm December 14, 2005 mdy-all Bulk of article text as of January 9, 2003 copied from this page, when it was located at http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/history/ch13.htm#1992 and titled "An Outline of American History: Chapter 13: Toward the 21st century". An https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm November 3, 2004 archival version of this page is available This page is in the public domain as a government publication. Works cited Abramson Paul Aldrich John Rohde David Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections CQ Press 1995 0871878399 Gallup, Jr. George 1993 The Gallup Poll, Public Opinion 1992 Wilmington, Delaware Scholarly Resources Inc. Further reading Ross Perot#Further reading 10.2307/2960276 Abramowitz Alan I. Alan Abramowitz 1995 It's Abortion, Stupid: Policy Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election Journal of Politics 57 1 176–186 0022-3816 2960276 155087138 Herbert E. Alexander Anthony Corrado 1995 Financing the 1992 Election Sharpe Armonk 978-1-56324-437-7 registration https://archive.org/details/financing1992ele0000alex Buell Jr, Emmett H. "The 1992 Elections." Journal of Politics (1994): 1133–1144; reviews leading political science studies of the election Ceaser, James, and Andrew Busch. Upside Down and Inside Out: The 1992 Elections and American Politics (1993). Crotty, William, ed. America's Choice: The Election of 1992 (1993) DeFrank Thomas M. Quest for the Presidency, 1992 1994 Texas A&M University Press College Station 978-0-89096-644-0 etal Rodolfo O. De la Garza Rodolfo de la Garza Louis Desipio 1996 Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections Westview Boulder 978-0-8133-8910-3 registration https://archive.org/details/ethnicironieslat0000unse Doherty, Kathryn M., and James G. Gimpel. "Candidate Character vs. the Economy in the 1992 Election." Political Behavior 19.3 (1997): 177–196. online Germond, Jack, and Jules Witcover. Mad As Hell: Revolt at the Ballot Box, 1992 (1993). online Goldman, Peter. et al. Quest for the Presidency 1992 (1994) 805pp. Herron, Michael C., et al. "Measurement of political effects in the United States economy: A study of the 1992 presidential election." Economics & Politics 11.1 (1999): 51–81. Johnstone, Andrew, and Andrew Priest, eds. US Presidential Elections and Foreign Policy: Candidates, Campaigns, and Global Politics from FDR to Bill Clinton (2017) pp 317–225. online Bryan D. Jones Bryan D. Jones 1995 The New American Politics: Reflections on Political Change and the Clinton Administration Westview Boulder 978-0-8133-1972-8 Kellstedt, Lyman A., et al. "Religious voting blocs in the 1992 election: The year of the evangelical?." Sociology of Religion 55.3 (1994): 307–326. [Kellstedt, Lyman A., et al. "Religious voting blocs in the 1992 election: The year of the evangelical?." Sociology of Religion 55.3 (1994): 307–326. online] Klein, Jill Gabrielle. "Negativity in impressions of presidential candidates revisited: The 1992 election." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22.3 (1996): 288–295. 10.2307/2991792 Lacy Dean Burden Barry C. Barry Burden 1999 The Vote-Stealing and Turnout Effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election American Journal of Political Science 43 1 233–255 2991792 Ladd, Everett Carll. "The 1992 vote for President Clinton: Another brittle mandate?." Political Science Quarterly 108.1 (1993): 1-28. online Lipset, Seymour Martin. "The significance of the 1992 election." PS: Political Science and Politics 26.1 (1993): 7–16. online Nelson, Michael ed. The Elections of 1992 (1993) Nelson, Michael. Clinton's Elections: 1992, 1996, and the Birth of a New Era of Governance (2020) excerpt O'Mara, Margaret. Pivotal Tuesdays: Four Elections That Shaped the Twentieth Century (2015), compares 1912, 1932, 1968, 1992 in terms of social, economic, and political history Ornstein, Norman J. "Foreign policy and the 1992 election." Foreign Affairs 71.3 (1992): 1–16. online Pomper, Gerald M. ed. The Election of 1992 (1993). Post, Jerrold M. "The Political psychology of the Ross Perot phenomenon." in The Clinton Presidency (Routledge, 2019. 37–56). Tom Rosenstiel Tom Rosenstiel 1993 Strange Bedfellows: How Television and the Presidential Candidates Changed American Politics, 1992 Hyperion New York 978-1-56282-859-2 https://archive.org/details/strangebedfellow00rose Robert P. Steed 1994 The 1992 Presidential Election in the South: Current Patterns of Southern Party and Electoral Politics Praeger Westport 978-0-275-94534-3 Troy, Gil. "Stumping in the bookstores: A literary history of the 1992 presidential campaign." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1995): 697–710. online Weaver, David, and Dan Drew. "Voter learning in the 1992 presidential election: Did the “nontraditional” media and debates matter?." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72.1 (1995): 7–17. Political commentary and campaign statements Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. America: What Went Wrong? (1992) online. Clinton, Bill, and Al Gore. Putting People First: How We Can All Change America (1992) Cramer, Richard Ben. What It Takes: The Way to the White House (1992). online. Dionne, E. J. Why Americans Hate Politics (1992). online Duffy, Michael, and Dan Goodgame. Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush (1992) online. Edsall, Thomas Byrne, and Mary D. Edsall. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (1992) online. Ehrenhalt, Alan. The United States of Ambition: Politicians, Power, and the Pursuit of Office (1992) online. Gore, Al. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (1992). online Greider, William. Who Will Tell the People: The Betrayal of American Democracy (1992) online. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy (1992) online. Perot, Ross. United We Stand: How We Can Take Back Our Country (1992) online. Phillips, Kevin. The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (1992) online. Sabato, Larry J. Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed American Politics (1991) online Will, George F. Restoration: Congress, Term Limits and the Recovery of Deliberative Democracy (1992) online. External links The Election Wall's 1992 Election Video Page 1992 popular vote by counties 1992 popular vote by state 1992 popular vote by states (with bar graphs) Presidential Campaign Commercials, C-SPAN Campaign commercials from the 1992 election wApxxm-vOgQ Film footage of Gore speech on the election campaign trail Booknotes interview with Tom Rosenstiel on Strange Bedfellows: How Television and the Presidential Candidates Changed American Politics, 1992, August 8, 1993. Election of 1992 in Counting the Votes Category:Al Gore Category:Dan Quayle Category:Presidency of George H. W. Bush Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton Category:George H. W. Bush Category:Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign Category:Ross Perot