1863 in science

none 1863 science 1863 The year 1863 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Chemistry August 1 – Friedrich Bayer founds the chemical manufacturing company of Bayer at Barmen in Germany. Teerfarbenfabrik Meister, Lucius & Co. of Höchst (Frankfurt) in Germany produce a green dye from coal tar.James Burke (science historian) James Burke Connections London Macmillan 1978 0-333-24827-9 205 French chemist Angelo Mariani produces the first commercially successful coca wine.Lestrange Aymon de Coca wine: Angelo Mariani's miraculous elixir and the birth of modern advertising 2018 978-1-62055-784-6 Rev. Rochester, VT Park Street Press 1029444492 Cryptography German military officer Friedrich Kasiski publishes Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrir-Kunst ("Secret writing and the Art of Deciphering"), the first published general method for cryptanalysis of polyalphabetic ciphers, especially the Vigenère cipher. Life sciences August 7 – Amalie Dietrich arrives in Australia to begin a decade of collecting specimens in natural history and anthropology. Max Schultze advances cell theory with the observation that animal and vegetable protoplasm are identical.Das Protoplasma der Rhizopoden und der Pflanzenzellen; ein Beiträg zur Theorie der Zelle. The first outbreak of phylloxera on the European mainland is observed, in the vineyards of the southern Rhône region of France. Henry Walter Bates publishes The Naturalist on the River Amazons. Medicine February 17 – First meeting of what will become the International Committee of the Red Cross is held in Geneva, Switzerland, following the lead of humanitarian Henry Dunant.Pierre Boissier History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima Henry Dunant Institute Geneva 1985 2-88044-012-2 William Banting publishes Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public in London, the first popular low-carbohydrate diet.http://www.second-opinions.co.uk/banting.html William Banting: The Father of the Low-Carbohydrate Diet 2011-06-21 Groves Barry 2002 Second Opinions https://web.archive.org/web/20110611192236/http://www.second-opinions.co.uk/banting.html 11 June 2011 live Ivan Sechenov publishes Refleksy golovnogo mozga ("Reflexes of the brain").Meditsinsky vestnik 47–48. Granula, the first manufactured breakfast cereal, is invented by nutrionist James Caleb Jackson in the United States.Dansville History Dansville Public Library 2013-11-14 http://dansville.lib.ny.us/historyo.html#castle https://web.archive.org/web/20140331204134/http://dansville.lib.ny.us/historyo.html#castle 2014-03-31 deadGranola History The Nibble: Great Food Finds. The Magazine about Specialty Foods 2013-11-14 http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/cereals/granola-girl-cereal.asp Meteorology The Paris Observatory begins to publish weather maps. Paleontology Richard Owen publishes the first description of a fossilised bird, Archaeopteryx, from the specimen in London's British Museum.On the archeopteryx of von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species, from the lithographic stone of Solenhofen R. Owen Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London 153 1863 33-47 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1863.0003 2025-10-23 Paper read November 20, 1862.1863 The People's Chronology Everett, Jason M. Thomson Gale 2006 Physics January – John Tyndall first explains the workings of the greenhouse effect.In a public lecture, "On Radiation Through The Earth's Atmosphere", reprinted in his book Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat (1872). Technology February 10 – Alanson Crane patents a fire extinguisher. April 14 – William Bullock is granted a United States patent for improvements to the rotary printing press to use a continuous web or roll of paper to be printed on both sides, the first machine designed especially for curved stereotype plates.Patent 38,200. http://www.clpgh.org/research/pittsburgh/history/pghsts3.html Pittsburgh World Firsts: By Event Pennsylvania Department, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 2016-02-05 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160113005156/http://www.clpgh.org/research/pittsburgh/history/pghsts3.html 2016-01-13 Spring – John Pratt builds a practical form of typewriter in the United States.Centre Man Invented First Typewriter https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52526632/ The Coosa River News 1 Centre, Alabama 1951-11-30 Newspapers.com July – The tiny Confederate States of America hand-propelled submarine H. L. Hunley is first tested successfully (although thirteen crew – including her inventor Horace Lawson Hunley – are lost in two sinkings later in the year).The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy Tom Chaffin New York Hill and Wang 2008 978-0-8090-9512-4 registration https://archive.org/details/hlhunleysecretho00chaf October 23 – The Ffestiniog Railway in North Wales introduces steam locomotives into general service, the first time this has been done anywhere in the world on a public railway of such a narrow gauge (2 ft (60 cm)).Ransom, P. J. G. Narrow Gauge Steam: its origins and world-wide development 1996 Oxford Publishing Co Sparkford 0-86093-533-7 December 19 – Linoleum patented in the United Kingdom. John W. Murphy builds a Whipple-type truss bridge across the Lehigh River at Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania for the Lehigh Valley Railroad in the United States, the first known to have both tension and compression members in wrought iron.American Railroad Bridges Theodore Cooper https://books.google.com/books?id=SwM5AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Mauch+Chunk%22+truss+bridge&pg=PA18 1889 18 2022-06-05 Events and institutions March 3 – National Academy of Sciences incorporated in the United States. Summer – The Chōshū Five leave Japan secretly to study Western science and technology in Britain, at University College London, part of the ending of sakoku. November 29 – Polytechnic University of Milan founded as the Istituto Tecnico Superiore. Publications January 31 – The first of Jules Verne's scientifically inspired Voyages Extraordinaires, the novel Cinq semaines en ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon), is published in Paris. Awards Copley Medal: Adam SedgwickCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Gustav Bischof Births March 25 – Simon Flexner (d. 1946), American pathologist and bacteriologist. April 7 – André Rochon-Duvigneaud (d. 1952), French ophthalmologist. April 29 – Signe Häggman (d. 1911), Finnish pioneer of physical education of the disabled. May 14 – John Charles Fields (d. 1932), Canadian mathematician. July 12 Albert Calmette (d. 1933), French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist. Paul Drude (d. 1906), German physicist. October 16 – Beverly Thomas Galloway (d. 1938), American plant pathologist. November 25 – Ioan Cantacuzino (d. 1934), Romanian microbiologist. December 5 – Paul Painlevé (d. 19333), mathematician and statesman, 62nd Prime Minister of France. December 11 – Annie Jump Cannon (d. 1941), American astronomer and academic.Moira Davison Reynolds American Women Scientists: 23 Inspiring Biographies, 1900-2000 Jefferson NC McFarland 2004 18 978-0-78642-161-9 Undated – Cuthbert Christy (d. 1932), English medical investigator, zoologist and explorer. Deaths March 7 – Charles Wilkins Short (b. 1794), American botanist. June 25 – Thomas Evans Blackwell (b. 1819), English civil and hydraulic engineer. July 21 – Josephine Kablick (b. 1787), Czech botanist and paleontologist. December 8 – Jacques Etienne Chevalley de Rivaz (b. 1801), Swiss-born physician References Category:1860s in science Category:19th century in science