1865 in science

none 1865 science 1865 The year 1865 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Archaeology John Lubbock publishes Pre-historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages, including his coinage of the term Palæolithic.Palaeolithic, adj. and n. 3rd Oxford English Dictionary online version Oxford University Press http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/136182 2012-02-24 https://www.webcitation.org/65kLYSVHL?url=http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=6590B9B41357E72B72FD9A83C4130F30?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F136182 2012-02-26 live December 2011 Astronomy Vassar College Observatory opens at Poughkeepsie, New York, with Maria Mitchell as its first director. Chemistry Friedrich Kekulé proposes a ring structure for benzene.F. A. Kekulé Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris 3 1865 98–110 Adolf von Baeyer begins work on indigo dye, a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionizes the dye industry. Adolf von Baeyer: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/baeyer-bio.html 2007-02-28 Johann Josef Loschmidt indirectly determines the number of molecules in a mole, later named the Avogadro constant.NPR KUHF-FM Houston Johann Josef Loschmidt 1858 The Engines of Our Ingenuity The Engines of Our Ingenuity Lienhard, John H. 2003 http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1858.htm Johann Josef Loschmidt Economics William Stanley Jevons publishes his book The Coal Question, which will form the scientific basis for the Jevons paradox. Life sciences Louis Pasteur shows that the air is full of bacteria. Joseph Lister begins to experiment with antiseptic surgery in Glasgow using carbolic acid.1865 The People's Chronology Everett, Jason M. Thomson Gale 2006 Max Schultze gives the first known description of the platelet.Schultze M. Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchungen des Blutes Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie 1865 1 1–42 10.1007/bf02961404 https://zenodo.org/record/1428432/files/article.pdf Claude Bernard publishes Principes de Médecine experimentale. February 8 & March 8 – Gregor Mendel reads his paper, Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brünn in Moravia.The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Work Randy Moore Bioscene 27 http://papa.indstate.edu/amcbt/volume_27/v27-2.pdf 2016-12-06 May 2001 https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002119/http://papa.indstate.edu/amcbt/volume_27/v27-2.pdf 2017-02-02 dead May 17 – Father Armand David first observes Père David's Deer in China.http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Elaphurus_davidianus.html Ultimate Ungulate Elaphurus davidianus 2004 2011-05-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20110605153301/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Elaphurus_davidianus.html 5 June 2011 live June–August – Francis Galton formulates eugenics.Francis Galton http://www.mugu.com/galton/essays/1860-1869/galton-1865-hereditary-talent.pdf Hereditary talent and character Macmillan's Magazine 12 1865 157–166, 318–327 2016-12-06 September – John Henry Walsh (writing as 'Stonehenge' in the magazine The Field) gives the first definition of a dog breed standard (for the pointer) based on physical form.First modern dog discovered http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=9636 University of Manchester 2013-03-06 2013-03-07 September 28 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson obtains a licence from the Society of Apothecaries in London to practice medicine, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the United Kingdom,Apart from the woman passing herself off as Dr James Barry. Penguin Pocket On This Day Penguin Reference Library 0-14-102715-0 2006 and sets up in her own practice. Physics Rudolf Clausius gives the first mathematical version of the concept of entropy, and also names it.Clausius R. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k152107/f369.table Über die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper Annalen der Physik 125 353–400 1865 26 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110605212636/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark%3A/12148/bpt6k152107/f369.table 5 June 2011 live 10.1002/andp.18652010702 1865AnP...201..353C Clausius R. 1867 The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies London John van Voorst James Clerk Maxwell publishes A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Technology Aveling and Porter produce the world's first steam roller at Rochester in England.Aveling and Porter http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/wiki/Aveling_and_Porter Grace's Guide 2011-05-25 Hermann Sprengel produces the Sprengel pump which is capable of creating a significant vacuum.Silvanus P. Thompson Thompson Silvanus P. The Development of the Mercurial Air-pump 1888 E. & F. N. Spon London 14–15 https://archive.org/details/developmentofmer00thom Hermann Sprengel. Awards Copley Medal: Michel ChaslesCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal in Geology: Thomas Davidson Births January 22 – Friedrich Paschen (died 1947), German physicist. February 1 – Henry Luke Bolley (died 1956), American plant pathologist. March 19 – William Morton Wheeler (died 1937), American entomologist. March 31 – Anandi Gopal Joshi (died 1887), Indian physician. April 28 – Charles W. Woodworth (died 1940), American entomologist. June 27 – John Monash (died 1931), Australian civil engineer and General. August 10 – Charles Close (died 1952), Jersey-born cartographer. October 12 – Arthur Harden (died 1940), English biochemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry recipient. November 4 – Chevalier Jackson (died 1958), American laryngologist and pioneer of endoscopy. Deaths January 14 – Marie-Anne Libert (born 1782), Belgian botanist. January 31 – Hugh Falconer (born 1808), British geologist, botanist, paleontologist and paleoanthropologist. April 23 – Diego de Argumosa (born 1792), Spanish surgeon. April 30 – Robert FitzRoy (born 1805), English admiral and meteorologist, suicide. May 27 – Charles Waterton (born 1782), English naturalist and explorer. June 5 – Sir John Richardson (born 1787), Scottish-born naturalist, explorer and naval surgeon. July 25 – Dr. James Barry (born 1789-1799), Irish-born military surgeon. August 12 – Sir William Jackson Hooker (born 1785), English botanist. August 13 – Ignaz Semmelweis (born 1818), Hungarian physician, following restraint in insane asylum. August 26 – Johann Franz Encke (born 1791), German astronomer. August 29 – Robert Remak (born 1815), Polish/Prussian Jewish embryologist. September 2 – Sir William Rowan Hamilton (born 1805), Irish mathematician, physicist and astronomer. October 17 – Joseph-François Malgaigne (born 1806), French surgeon. References Category:1860s in science Category:19th century in science