1978 Atlantic hurricane season

none Atl 1978 1978 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png January 18, 1978 November 1, 1978 Ella 120 956 Greta 115 947 1 24 12 5 2 42 total 141 Timeline of the 1978 Atlantic hurricane season 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980 1978 Pacific hurricane season 1978 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 1978 Pacific typhoon season The 1978 Atlantic hurricane season was a slightly above average hurricane season in terms of number of named storms. Eleven tropical cyclones were named in all, and five of these became hurricanes; two of the five became a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale).Miles B. Lawrence April 1979 Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1978 National Hurricane Center; National Weather Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 3, 2014 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1978.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20080923022550/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1978.pdf September 23, 2008 live Miami, Florida This was also the last Atlantic hurricane season to use an all-female naming list.https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19780513&id=07osAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6750,2499859 Hurricane Bob? May 13, 1978 Wilmington Morning Star July 20, 2023 Google News The season officially began on June 1, 1978, and ended on November 30, 1978. These dates, adopted by convention, denote the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic basin.Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions June 1, 2023 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd-faq/#hurricane-season July 20, 2023 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Miami, Florida However, the formation of subtropical or tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as shown by the formation of an unnamed subtropical storm on January 18. Three storms made landfall along the coast of the western Gulf of Mexico during the season. At the end of July and into early August, short-lived Tropical Storm Amelia and its remnants caused extensive flooding in Texas after dropping as much as 48 in mm on of rain. There were 33 deaths and US$110 million (equivalent to $US-GDP 110 1978 2 million in US-GDP) in damage. Also in August, Tropical Storm Bess made landfall in Veracruz, and later, Tropical Storm Debra did so in Louisiana. Neither caused significant damage, though Debra or its remnants spawned multiple tornadoes that killed two people. Hurricanes Ella and Greta each reached Category 4 strength. Though remaining out at sea, Ella did lash the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada with gusty winds and rip currents in early September. Greta brought strong winds, high tides, and flooding to Central America, particularly Belize and Honduras, resulting in about $25 million in damage and at least five fatalities. The storm crossed intact into the eastern Pacific Ocean and was renamed Olivia. Overall, the storms of this season collectively caused $141 million in damage and 42 fatalities. Season summary thumb|right|Hurricane Greta directly north of Honduras on September 18 The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1978. Although 24 tropical cyclones developed, only twelve of them reached tropical storm intensity, which is slightly above the 1966-2009 average of 11.3 named storms per season.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/ Tropical Cyclone Climatology March 19, 2014 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration May 30, 2014 Miami, Florida Of the twelve tropical storms, five of them strengthened into a hurricane, which is slightly below the 1966-2009 average of 6.2. Two of the five hurricane became major hurricanes, which is Category 3 or greater on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale May 23, 2013 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration May 25, 2014 Miami, Florida Three tropical storms and two hurricanes made landfall during the season. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1978 season caused at least 42 fatalities and $141 million,David M. Roth January 17, 2010 Texas Hurricane History National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Prediction Center June 3, 2014 https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf Camp Springs, Maryland Associated Press December 2, 1978 U.S. Escaped Direct Hit in 'Average' Season This Year, But That Could Change The Evening Independent June 3, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7KdRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4FgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5284,365118&dq Miami, Florida Associated Press August 22, 1978 St. Lucia Youth Electrocuted During Storm The Virgin Islands Daily News June 3, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oGBOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=C0cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5394,2391887&dq= Castries, Saint Lucia https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/prenhc/prelim_greta_13-23.03.jpg Preliminary Report Hurricane Greta (& Hurricane Olivia) 3 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 6, 2014 Miami, Florida with $6 million in damage and one death in Puerto Rico from the precursor of Hurricane Kendra. The season officially ended on November 30, 1978. Tropical cyclogenesis began very early, with the development of a subtropical storm on January 18. It dissipated about five days later. However, the next tropical cyclone, an unnumbered depression, did not develop until June 21. In July, there were two systems, including an unnumbered tropical depression and Tropical Storm Amelia. Seven tropical cyclones formed in August, including Tropical Depression Four, tropical storms Bess and Debra and hurricanes Cora and Ella. There were also seven systems in September – tropical depressions Eight, Nine, and Twelve, Tropical Storm Hope, and hurricanes Flossie and Greta. During the month of October, there were five tropical cyclones, with two unnumbered tropical depressions, tropical storms Irma and Juliet, and Hurricane Kendra. There was another unnumbered tropical depression in November, which dissipated on November 5. The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 63. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity.Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration September 2021 Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT September 28, 2021 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html Systems Unnamed subtropical storm Atl subtropical SS One 1978-01-21 1230Z.jpg 1978 Atlantic subtropical storm 1 track.png January 18 January 23 40 1002 List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes In the middle of January, an upper-level trough in the westerlies spawned a surface low-pressure area to the east-northeast of the Lesser Antilles and to the south of a subtropical ridge. Isolated from the detrimental effects of the westerlies, it was initially non-tropical in nature and intensified through a baroclinic energy source, or one that derives energy from the interaction of cold and warm air. Convection increased slightly despite cool sea surface temperatures of around 75 °F °C on. At 1200 UTC on January 18, it organized into a subtropical depression about 1725 mi km on east-northeast of Puerto Rico while moving in a general westward track, which it would maintain for much of its duration. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) initiated Dvorak classifications on the cyclone at 0000 UTC on January 19, assessing a Dvorak number of T2.5, suggesting both tropical and subtropical characteristics.JBL January 19, 1978 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0082-jpg/1978/atlantic/st%231/satcws/saw190030z.jpg Tropical and Subtropical Cyclone Classification on Subtropical Storm One (1) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida On the same day, the pressure gradient between the storm and the ridge produced gale-force winds. By early on January 20, the storm maintained minimal convection near its center, with its primary rainband revolved in a cyclonic formation around its well-defined center.MM January 20, 1978 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0082-jpg/1978/atlantic/st%231/satcws/saw201830z.jpg Tropical and Subtropical Cyclone Classification on Subtropical Storm One National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida Later that day, the storm strengthened into a subtropical storm and attained peak winds of 45 mph km/h on,SCT January 20, 1978 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0082-jpg/1978/atlantic/st%231/satcws/saw210630z.jpg Tropical and Subtropical Cyclone Classification on Subtropical Storm One National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida supported by both ship and Hurricane Hunters reports. After the storm maintained peak winds for about 36 hours, the outer rainbands to the south and east of the center began diminishing late on January 21, which began a weakening trend.MM January 21, 1978 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0082-jpg/1978/atlantic/st%231/satcws/saw201830z.jpg Tropical and Subtropical Cyclone Classification on Subtropical Storm One National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida At around that time, the cyclone was moving west-southwestward, and within 72 hours was forecast by one hurricane forecast model to be located over Hispaniola.January 21, 1978 SANBAR Model Forecast for Subtropical Storm One National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0082-jpg/1978/atlantic/st%231/modelout/fcst211200z.jpg By midday on January 22, the winds decreased to below gale force after the convection dissipated near the center.JBL January 21, 1978 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0082-jpg/1978/atlantic/st%231/satcws/saw221230z.jpg Tropical and Subtropical Cyclone Classification on Subtropical Storm One National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida Subsequently, it turned more to the west away from land, and by January 23 the circulation degenerated into a remnant trough about 185 mi km on north of the Lesser Antilles. The storm was one of six tropical or subtropical cyclones on record to be active in the month of January, and one of four to have formed in the month.Christopher W. Landsea December 2012 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (1938) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Hurricane Research Division June 3, 2014 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1938_1 etal Tropical Storm Amelia Atl Amelia 1978-07-30 1800Z.jpg Amelia 1978 track.png July 30 August 1 45 1005 Tropical Storm Amelia (1978) A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on July 19. The wave did not develop significantly while crossing the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The disturbance then entered an area of the Gulf of Mexico that was conducive to tropical cyclogenesis and became a tropical depression while located about 30 mi km on south of Brownsville, Texas on July 30. Despite its proximity to land, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Amelia on July 31 and peaked with winds of 50 mph km/h on. Around that time, Amelia made landfall near Port Isabel, Texas.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/amelia/prelim01.gif Tropical Storm Amelia July 30–31, 1978 John R. Hope 1978 1 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida Later on July 31, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated early the following day. Amelia affected the Texas coast for two days, causing several shipping incidents and minor damage in Corpus Christi and South Padre Island.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/amelia/prelim02.gif Tropical Storm Amelia July 30–31, 1978 John R. Hope 1978 2 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida While active, there were no deaths linked to the storm.Associated Press July 31, 1978 Tropical Storm Sinks Three Boats Toledo Blade June 3, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=InYUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gAIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2266,1335733&dq Brownsville, Texas However, the biggest impact from the storm followed its dissipation, when its remnants contributed to record rainfall totals over the state. The state, already suffering from a previous drought, believed that the rain would help alleviate the conditions.Texas Weather https://archive.org/details/texasweather0000boma registration George W. Bomar 1983 University of Texas Press 52 978-0-292-78053-8 However, the dry ground aided the flooding from the storm.Associated Press August 2, 1978 Floods in Aftermath of Tropical Storm Sweep Away Texas Homes, Cars Times-Union June 3, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zSFSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pjUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2458,174047&dq San Antonio, TexasUnited Press International August 7, 1978 Texans Keep Eyes on Sky and Gulf Storm Beaver County Times June 3, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bvgjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fNsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2587,1688411&dq Graham, Texas The rainfall caused several rivers and creeks to flood, especially around the Texas Hill Country and northern Texas, leading to severe damage. Overall, Amelia caused 33 fatalities with an estimated $110 million in damages.David M. Roth January 17, 2010 Texas Hurricane History National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Prediction Center June 3, 2014 https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf Camp Springs, MarylandAssociated Press December 2, 1978 U.S. Escaped Direct Hit in 'Average' Season This Year, But That Could Change The Evening Independent June 3, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7KdRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4FgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5284,365118&dq Miami, Florida Tropical Storm Bess Atl Bess 1978-08-07 1500Z.jpg Bess 1978 track.png August 6 August 8 45 1005 A low-pressure area developed in Georgia along a dissipating cold front on August 1. The system detached from the cold front and drifted southwestward, reaching northeastern Gulf of Mexico on August 3. Satellite imagery, buoys, and reconnaissance aircraft flights indicated that by August 5, the system likely acquired a closed circulation. Thus, the National Hurricane Center estimated that a tropical depression developed in the central Gulf of Mexico at 1200 UTC that day. On August 6, a reconnaissance flight into the depression resulted in an upgrade to Tropical Storm Bess, while located about 250 mi km on southeast of Brownsville, Texas. The storm had initially headed west-southwestward at 8 mph km/h on, before moving southwestward at nearly the same speed.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0073-jpg/1978/atlantic/bess/postevent/prelim.01.jpg 1 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Bess Paul J. Hebert 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center January 1, 2013 Miami, Florida At 1200 UTC on August 7, Bess attained its minimum barometric pressure of 1005 mbar inHg on. Thereafter, Bess began to turn nearly due southward under the influence of a high-pressure area over southern Texas. Later on August 7, the storm reached its maximum sustained winds of 50 mph km/h on. Early on August 8, Bess made landfall near Nautla, Veracruz, at the same intensity and then rapidly dissipated inland. In Tuxpan, Veracruz and Tampico, Tamaulipas, sustained winds reached only 29 mph km/h on.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0073-jpg/1978/atlantic/bess/postevent/prelim.02.jpg 2 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Bess Paul J. Hebert 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center January 1, 2013 Miami, Florida The storm also produced heavy rainfall, peaking at 12.04 in mm on in La Estrella.https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/bess1978.html Tropical Storm Bess - August 7–8, 1978 David M. Roth April 27, 2010 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Prediction Center January 1, 2013 Camp Springs, Maryland However, no flooding occurred and no damage or fatalities were reported. Its remnants emerged into the Pacific Ocean, leading to the formation of Hurricane Iva.Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1978 Neil L. Frank and Gilbert B. Clark August 1979 National Hurricane Center 107 8 1035–1041 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami, Florida 10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1035:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 free Hurricane Cora Atl Cora 1978-08-08 1800Z.jpg Cora 1978 track.png August 7 August 12 80 980 On August 4, a disturbance exited the west coast of Africa and moved quickly westward within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Two days later, the system broke away from the ICTZ, when it started organizing. It developed into Tropical Depression Three late on August 7. A day later it intensified into Tropical Storm Cora on August 8.1978 Preliminary Report: Hurricane Cora Page 1 NOAA 2009-04-24 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/cora/prelim01.gif The storm quickly intensified and developed a well-defined eye feature. The NHC upgraded Cora to hurricane status, marking only the second time that an Atlantic hurricane was upgraded solely based on satellite photography; the first was Doris in 1975.1978 Preliminary Report: Hurricane Cora Page 2 NOAA 2009-04-24 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/cora/prelim02.gif The NHC estimated that Cora attained peak winds of 90 mi/h km/h on 5 early on August 9. For much of its duration, Cora moved quickly to the west-southwest toward the Lesser Antilles. Possibly as a result of the fast forward motion, the hurricane weakened soon after reaching its peak intensity, dropping to tropical storm status on August 10. That day, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft encountered the weakening storm. Cora struck the island of Grenada on August 11 while weakening to a tropical depression. Cora degenerated into a tropical wave on August 12 in the eastern Caribbean.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0074-jpg/1978/atlantic/cora/prenhc/prelim_cora_07-12.04.jpg Hurricane Cora August 7–12, 1978 Gilbert B. Clark 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4 June 3, 2014 Miami, Florida The remnant crossed over Central America into the Pacific Ocean, where it regenerated into Hurricane Kristy. While passing through the Lesser Antilles, Cora produced wind gusts to 45 mi/h km/h on, along with light rainfall in Barbados and Saint Lucia. In the latter, a person died after stepping on a high tension power line that was downed in Castries. Approximately two to four percent of trees on the island were toppled.Associated Press August 22, 1978 St. Lucia Youth Electrocuted During Storm The Virgin Islands Daily News June 3, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oGBOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=C0cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5394,2391887&dq= Castries, Saint Lucia Although it remained far to the south, Hurricane Cora affected weather conditions that reached as far north as Presque Isle, Maine, where balloonists Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson, and Larry Newman were preparing to make the first ever transatlantic balloon flight on the Double Eagle II. The winds created by Cora's influence would give the hot air balloon the northerly push required for takeoff.Associated Press 1978 Balloon Launch Awaited New Mexican Tropical Storm Debra Atl Debra 1978-08-28 2100Z.jpg Debra 1978 track.png August 26 August 29 50 1000 An upper-level cold-core low pressure system developed over southwestern Florida in late August. The low moved southwest towards the Yucatán Peninsula over the next day, as a tropical wave drifted westwards from the Caribbean Sea. The interaction between the upper-level system and the wave led to the formation of a tropical depression on August 26 around 460 mi km south of New Orleans. At first the depression drifted westward but, as the western periphery of a high-pressure area weakened, it tracked towards the north and slowly strengthened. After a reconnaissance aircraft found surface winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) on August 28, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Debra. While Debra approached the coast of Louisiana, its pressure dropped to pressure to 1000 mbar (hPa; 29.53 inHg), while the winds peaked at 60 mph (100 km/h) at 00:00 UTC on August 29. The storm made landfall between Beaumont, Texas, and Lake Charles, Louisiana, on August 28. The low crossed Louisiana into Arkansas, merging with a frontal trough on August 29; the frontal wave drifted into southern Illinois and traveled eastbound into the Ohio Valley for the next three days.Tropical Storm Debra Preliminary Report 1 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/debra/prelim01.gif 1978 Pelisser, Joseph M. National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2011-06-30Tropical Storm Debra Preliminary Report 4 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/debra/prelim04.gif 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2011-07-01Tropical Storm Debra Preliminary Report 2 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/debra/prelim02.gif 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2011-06-30 Pelisser, Joseph M. Oil companies evacuated about 1,000 employees from offshore oil rigs in Texas and Louisiana.Tropical Storm Debra Brings Battening Down https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lf4jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6197,6084186&dq=tropical+debra&hl=en 2011-07-01 Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1978-08-29Storm Hits Louisiana https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QjgwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=C_kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5788,3790704&dq=tropical+debra&hl=en 2011-07-01 Spokane Daily Chronicle 1978-08-29 One person died while attempting to evacuate an oil rig to the south of Cameron, Louisiana. More than 6,000 people evacuated from coastal areas of Louisiana.Tropical Storm Debra Headed For Arkansas https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NExQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3533,3279238&dq=tropical+debra&hl=en 2011-07-01 The Evening Independent 1978-08-29 In Louisiana, rainfall peaked at 10.81 in mm on in Freshwater Bayou. There was flooding in Rapides Parish.Tropical Storm Debra Weakens, Moves Inland https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WTBPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5784,4314115&dq=tropical+storm+debra+flooding&hl=en 2011-07-01 Toledo Blade 1978-08-29 Five tornadoes were reported from the system in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi shortly after Debra's landfall.Tornadoes were confirmed in Texas,Tornado Climatology for Southeast Texas & Southwest Louisiana http://www.crh.noaa.gov/Image/lch/torclimo/torclimo.pdf National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters NWS Central Region Headquarters 2011-07-18Tornado History Project: 19780828.48.128 http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780828.48.128 https://web.archive.org/web/20101027123759/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780828.48.128 usurped October 27, 2010 Storm Prediction Center Tornado History Project 2011-07-18 Louisiana,Tornado History Project: 19780828.22.14 http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780828.22.14 https://web.archive.org/web/20101025213431/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780828.22.14 usurped October 25, 2010 Storm Prediction Center Tornado History Project 2011-07-18 Mississippi,Tornado History Project: 19780829.28.10 http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780829.28.10 https://web.archive.org/web/20101025033035/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780829.28.10 usurped October 25, 2010 Storm Prediction Center Tornado History Project 2011-07-18 Arkansas,Tornado History Project: 19780829.5.35 http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780829.5.35 https://web.archive.org/web/20101025230050/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780829.5.35 usurped October 25, 2010 Storm Prediction Center Tornado History Project 2011-07-18 and Tennessee.Tornado History Project: 19780829.47.7 http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780829.47.7 https://web.archive.org/web/20101025033717/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19780829.47.7 usurped October 25, 2010 Storm Prediction Center Tornado History Project 2011-07-18 "note" A tornado spawned in Turkey Creek, Mississippi, destroyed three mobile homes and a house, killing one person and seriously injuring another; this tornado tracked on to Crystal Springs, Mississippi.Debra Spawns Tornadoes: 1 Killed, Dozens Hurt https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rUxVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cT4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1908,4048486&dq=tropical+debra&hl=en 2011-07-01 The News-Dispatch 1978-08-30Debra lumbers inland, causes minor flooding https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ethSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9n8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4926,7399962&dq=tropical+storm+debra+flooding&hl=en June 5, 2014 Deseret News August 29, 1978 A confirmed tornado at the Ike settlement in Vernon Parish, knocked over a trailer.Tropical Storm Debra Headed For Arkansas https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NExQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3533,3279238&dq=tropical+debra&hl=en 2011-07-01 The Evening Independent 1978-08-29 Wind gusts reached 70 mph km/h in Grand Chenier, which downed tree and damaged roofs.Tropical Storm Debra Preliminary Report National Hurricane Center https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/debra/prelim03.gif 1978 3 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pelisser, Joseph M. 2011-06-30Tropical storm slams into Texas, Louisiana https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d2lQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NloDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6254,4503052&dq=tropical+debra&hl=en 2011-07-01 St. Petersburg Times 1978-08-29 Tides at Lake Pontchartrain were 2 ft m off to 3 ft m off above normal.Local Statement Number 4 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0075-jpg/1978/atlantic/debra/local/msy291000z.jpg National Weather Service New Orleans, Louisiana National Weather Service 2011-07-05 One person was hurt in the Memphis tornado. Power was knocked out at four blocks of the Memphis International Airport, gas supplies were cut off in Memphis, and downed trees and power poles blocked many streets.Woman dies; Elvis Boulevard hit: Spent Debra sends tornadoes through South https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BwdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6uEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4799,8671311&dq=tropical+debra&hl=en 2011-07-01 Eugene Register-Guard 1978-08-30 Hurricane Ella Atl Ella 1978-09-01 1900Z.jpg Ella 1978 path.png August 30 September 5 120 956 Towards the end of August, a cold front stalled and dissipated across the western Atlantic Ocean, which spawned a tropical disturbance southeast of Bermuda on August 28. It developed into a tropical depression on August 30, about 520 miles (840 km) south-southeast of Bermuda. Located to the south of a subtropical ridge, the depression tracked steadily west-northwestward, becoming Tropical Storm Ella 18 hours later. The storm reached hurricane status late on August 31, based on confirmation from nearby ship reports and a Hurricane Hunters flight. On September 1, Ella reached a preliminary peak intensity of 125 mph km/h on. At the same time, an approaching short-wave trough caused the hurricane to decelerate and turn slightly to the north, bringing it just off the east coast of North Carolina. Ella's winds dropped to minimal hurricane status as the convection diminished. After stalling for about 24 hours, Ella turned and accelerated to the northeast, steered by another trough. The hurricane began to significantly re-intensify. Early on September 4, Ella again reached major hurricane status, and later that day it peaked with winds of 140 mph km/h on; at the time it was about 335 mi km south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and its peak winds were measured by Hurricane Hunters. This made it the strongest hurricane ever recorded in Canadian waters. Weakening began immediately after peak intensity due to cooler water temperatures. Early on September 5, Ella passed very near Cape Race, although the strongest winds were south and east of the center. Associated convection became completely removed from the center, and the hurricane became extratropical as it was absorbed by a larger mid-latitude system.Miles B. Lawrence National Hurricane Center 1978 Hurricane Ella Preliminary Report 2010-03-27 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/prenhc/Frank 1978-08-30 Tropical Depression Advisory National Hurricane Center 2010-03-27 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/public/pub302200z.jpgHebert 1978-08-30 Tropical Storm Ella Special Advisory One National Hurricane Center 2010-03-27 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/public/pub310100z.jpgMiles Lawrence National Hurricane Center 1978-08-31 Hurricane Ella Discussion 2010-03-28 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/tropdisc/tcd3121z.jpgPelissier National Hurricane Center 1978-09-02 Hurricane Ella Discussion 2010-03-28 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/tropdisc/tcd0209z.jpgPelissier National Hurricane Center 1978-09-03 Hurricane Ella Discussion 2010-03-28 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/tropdisc/tcd0309z.jpgSeptember 14, 2010 Environment Canada 1978-Ella May 10, 2021 http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=DB671096-1 Moncton, New Brunswick https://web.archive.org/web/20181118082039/http://www.ec.gc.ca/Hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=DB671096-1 November 18, 2018John Hope National Hurricane Center 1978-09-05 Hurricane Ella Advisory 24 2010-03-28 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/public/pub050400z.jpgMiles Lawrence National Hurricane Center 1978-09-05 Hurricane Ella Discussion 2010-03-28 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/tropdisc/tcd0509z.jpg The hurricane prompted a hurricane watch for the Outer Banks of North Carolina during Labor Day Weekend, resulting in a significant decrease in tourism. Due to the threat, campgrounds on Ocracoke Island and Cape Lookout, each only accessible by ferry, were closed to reduce their populations.Cape Hatteras National Weather Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1978-09-02 Hurricane Ella Local Statement Number 6 2010-03-29 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/local/hat020730z.jpg Hurricane Ella produced waves of 5 to 9 ft metre off in height, as well as rip currents along the coast. This caused some minor beach erosion, but the depleted sand returned within a few days.Cape Hatteras National Weather Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1978-09-02 Hurricane Ella Local Statement Number 12 2010-03-29 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/local/hat022230z.jpgAlbert R. Hinn Wilmington National Weather Service 1978-09-07 Information for Hurricane Ella Survey Report 2010-03-29 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/postevent/hinn07.jpg Prior to the storm's arrival, the Newfoundland Weather Forecast Office issued a hurricane warning for southeastern Newfoundland.Gilbert Clark National Hurricane Center 1978-09-04 Hurricane Ella Advisory 22 2010-03-29 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0076-jpg/1978/atlantic/ella/public/pub041600z.jpg The ferry between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland was disrupted, and boats across the region were sent back to harbor. Rainfall was fairly light, peaking at 2.39 in mm in southeastern Newfoundland, and sustained winds reached 71 mph km/h on at Cape Race. Hurricane Flossie Atl Flossie 1978-09-13 1230Z.png Flossie 1978 track.png September 4 September 15 85 976 A tropical wave passed westward across Dakar, Senegal on August 31 and entered the Atlantic Ocean later that day. Convection markedly increased over the next few days and by 0000 UTC on September 4, the wave developed into a tropical depression while located about midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles. Later that day, the Hong Kong Merchant reported tropical storm force winds, thus the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Flossie. It initially tracked northwestward at 23 mph km/h on and minimal strengthening occurred, possibly due to rapid forward speeds. On September 5, the storm curved westward, until turning north on September 7. A high-pressure area transitioned into a trough, causing Flossie to re-curve northeastward and generating strong upper-level winds. On September 8, Flossie was downgraded to a tropical depression.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0072-jpg/1978/atlantic/flossie/prenhc/flossie_sept3-sept16.01.jpg Preliminary Report Hurricane Flossie Paul J. Hebert 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center 1 June 5, 2014 After the trough began weakening, favorable conditions returned, allowing Flossie to re-strengthen into a tropical storm on September 10. Flossie then decelerated and became nearly stationary on September 12. Around that time, the storm was upgraded to a hurricane. Further intensification continued, and Flossie peaked with winds of 100 mph km/h on early on September 13. The storm began turned nearly due northward and began weakening. Flossie accelerated to the northeast and eventually transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while 700 mi km north of the Azores on September 15.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0072-jpg/1978/atlantic/flossie/prenhc/flossie_sept3-sept16.02.jpg Preliminary Report Hurricane Flossie Paul J. Hebert 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center 2 June 5, 2014 The strong extratropical cyclone brought winds as high as 104 mph km/h on to Fair Isle, Great Britain.http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_septemb.htm The British weather in September Trevor A. Harley 2012 University of Dundee June 5, 2014 Dundee, Scotland https://web.archive.org/web/20080403082123/http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_septemb.htm 2008-04-03 dead Hurricane Greta Atl Greta 1978-09-17 2131Z.jpg Greta-Olivia 1978 track.png September 13 September 20 (Exited basin) 115 947 Hurricane Greta–Olivia A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression near Trinidad on September 13. By the following day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Greta. It headed westward to west-northwestward across the Caribbean Sea and slowly intensified, becoming a hurricane on September 16.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/prenhc/prelim_greta_13-23.01.jpg Preliminary Report Hurricane Greta (& Hurricane Olivia) September 13–23, 1978 1 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 19, 2014 Miami, Florida The rate of intensification increased as Greta was approaching the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Greta briefly peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph km/h on and a minimum barometric pressure of 947 mbar inHg on, while brushing northeastern Honduras. Although the storm remained offshore, land interaction caused significant weakening. On September 19, Greta made landfall in Stann Creek District, Belize with winds of 110 mph km/h on.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/prenhc/prelim_greta_13-23.02.jpg Preliminary Report Hurricane Greta (& Hurricane Olivia) September 13–23, 1978 2 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 19, 2014 Miami, Florida The storm rapidly weakened inland over Central America, but survived its passage and eventually became Hurricane Olivia in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/prenhc/prelim_greta_13-23.03.jpg Preliminary Report Hurricane Greta (& Hurricane Olivia) September 13–23, 1978 3 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 19, 2014 Miami, Florida Early in its duration, Greta produced heavy rainfall in the Netherlands Antilles. With a similar path to Hurricane Fifi four years prior, Greta threatened to reproduce the devastating effects of the catastrophic storm;Hurricane Greta Pounds Honduras Coast September 18, 1978 Associated Press Kingman Daily Miner June 5, 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=932&dat=19780918&id=gPNSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BIMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2753,1107436 Tegucigalpa, Honduras however, damage and loss of life was significantly less than feared. In Honduras, about 1,200 homes were damaged, about half of which in towns along the coastline.The Patriot December 1978 5 12 Bundles for Bolivia June 5, 2014 http://www.westover.afrc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-131211-018.pdf dead https://web.archive.org/web/20131227224215/http://www.westover.afrc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-131211-018.pdf December 27, 2013 The storm damaged about 75% of the houses on Roatán along the offshore Bay Islands,George Singer National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration HWDamage7 September 18, 1978 June 5, 2014 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/postevent/hwdamage.09.jpg JPG Miami, Florida and there was one death in the country. In the Belize Barrier Reef, Greta downed trees and produced high waves,Coral Reefs May 1983 Hindcast hurricane characteristics on the Belize barrier reef 1 4 B. Kjerfve S. P. Dinnel 203 10.1007/bf00304416 1983CorRe...1..203K 1844072 while on the mainland, there was minimal flooding despite a high storm surge. In Dangriga where it made landfall, the hurricane damaged or destroyed 125 houses and the primary hospital.George Singer National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration HWDamage6 September 19, 1978 June 5, 2014 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/postevent/hwdamage.06.jpg JPG Miami, FloridaGeorge Singer National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration HWDamage7 September 19, 1978 June 5, 2014 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/postevent/hwdamage.07.jpg JPG Miami, Florida In Belize City, a tornado flipped over a truck and damaged four houses.George Singer National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration HWDamage2 September 18, 1978 June 5, 2014 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0077-jpg/1978/atlantic/greta/postevent/hwdamage.02.jpg JPG Miami, Florida Damage in Belize was estimated at $25 million, and there were four deaths. Tropical Storm Hope Atl Hope 1978-09-18 1400Z.png Hope 1978 track.png September 12 September 21 55 987 A mid-tropospheric low-pressure area developed over the Southeastern United States on September 10. The system developed into a subtropical depression early on September 12, while located about 75 mi km on east of St. Augustine, Florida. Over the next few days, the depression tracked east-northeastward to eastward. While strengthening into a subtropical storm on September 15, it passed just north of Bermuda,https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0078-jpg/1978/atlantic/hope/prenhc/hopesept11-sept21.01.jpg Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hope September 11–21, 1978 Gilbert B. Clark 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 5, 2014 Miami, Florida but produced only 1.07 in mm on of rain on the island. The storm then made a brief dip to the east-southeast, before resuming its east-northeastward course on September 16. Beginning on the following day, satellite imagery indicated that the system was acquiring tropical characteristics. As a result, it was reclassified as Tropical Storm Hope at 0600 UTC on September 17. Because Hope remained out of range of reconnaissance aircraft flights, the National Hurricane Center relied on ships and satellite estimates. After becoming a tropical cyclone, Hope began to accelerate while slowly intensifying. Satellite estimates at 1200 UTC on September 19 indicated that the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph km/h on and a minimum pressure of 987 mbar inHg on, recorded by the S.S. Banglar Mann. While located hundreds of miles north of the Azores on September 20, the storm turned northward and began crossing into sea surface temperatures of 68 F C on.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0078-jpg/1978/atlantic/hope/tropdisc/tcd201500z.jpg Tropical Cyclone Discussion Tropical Storm Hope Miles B. Lawrence September 20, 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 5, 2014 Miami, Florida By 1200 UTC on September 21, Hope transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and was absorbed by another extratropical storm while situated about 220 mi km on south of Reykjavík, Iceland. Tropical Storm Irma Atl Irma 1978-10-05 1230Z.jpg Irma 1978 track.png October 2 October 5 45 998 The origins of Tropical Storm Irma were from a subtropical depression that formed about 500 mi km on south of the Azores on October 2. During the next two days, thunderstorm activity gradually increased around the circulation center as the storm drifted northward. On October 2, the storm had taken the appearance of a tropical storm on satellite photographs, and upper-level anticyclonic flow over the center of the storm was evident on satellite time-lapse movies. By the afternoon of October 4, the system had acquired the characteristics of a tropical storm and was named Irma; gale-force winds extended 150 mi km on from the center of circulation.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/irma/prelim01.gif Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Irma October 2–5, 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 5, 2014 Miami, Floridahttps://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0079-jpg/1978/atlantic/irma/public/pub041600z.jpg Tropical Storm Irma Advisory 1 Joseph M. Pelissier October 4, 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 5, 2014 Miami, Florida Six hours after being named, Irma reached its peak intensity of 50 mph km/h on.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/irma/prelim02.gif Preliminary Best Track Tropical Storm Irma October 2–5, 1978 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Hurricane Center June 5, 2014 Miami, Florida On October 5, Irma turned towards the north-northeast and passed about midway between the central and western Azores. Shortly thereafter, Irma became less organized,https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0079-jpg/1978/atlantic/irma/public/pub051600z.jpg Tropical Storm Irma Advisory 5 Joseph M. Pelissier 5 October 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 5, 2014 Miami, Florida and that evening was absorbed into an approaching cold front, about 450 mi km on northeast of the Azores.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0079-jpg/1978/atlantic/irma/public/pub052200z.jpg October 5, 1978 Tropical Storm Irma Advisory 6 Miles B. Lawrence National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 5, 2014 Miami, Florida Although Irma passed near parts of the western and central Azores with gale-force winds in some areas, no reports of damage or casualties caused by Irma were received. Several nearby ships reported winds around 46 mph km/h on. It was noted that heavy rains may have occurred on some of the mountainous islands as Irma passed. Tropical Storm Juliet Atl Juliet 1978-10-09 1500Z.jpg Juliet 1978 track.png October 7 October 11 45 1006 A weak tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on September 30. The wave moved west-northwestward and was centered well east of the Leeward Islands on October 6, when satellite imagery indicated that deep convection became much more concentrated. The following day, ship reports noted that a closed circulation was developing. The system was classified as a tropical depression beginning at 1800 UTC on October 7, while located about 600 mi km on east of Puerto Rico. Around midday on October 8, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Juliet.https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1978-prelim/juliet/prelim01.gif Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Juliet 7 – 11 1978 Miles B. Lawrence 1978 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1 June 5, 2014 Miami, Florida After peaking with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph km/h on and a minimum barometric pressure of 1006 mbar inHg on early on October 9, Juliet passed north of Puerto Rico. The storm brought light rainfall to the island, peaking at 4.51 in mm on at Toro Negro Plant. The storm then accelerated and curved northwestward, northward, and then northeastward. On October 11, Juliet merged with a frontal zone, while located west-southwest of Bermuda. Later that day, the remnants moved across the island and produced up to 3 in mm on of rainfall. Hurricane Kendra Atl Kendra 1978-10-30 1300Z.jpg Kendra 1978 track.png October 28 November 1 70 990 In late October, a tropical wave and an area of disturbed weather combined in the northwestern Caribbean, before crossing Puerto Rico. The system moved northwest and by late on October 28, it became a tropical depression while located about 80 mi km north of Mayaguana in The Bahamas. Early on the following day, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Kendra. The storm quickly intensified while moving either north or north-northwestward and became a hurricane late on October 29. After peaking with winds of 80 mph km/h on on October 30, Kendra weakened significantly to a 50 mph km/h on tropical storm in only 12 hours. Kendra continued north-northeastward or northeastward, before being absorbed by an extratropical cyclone while located west-northwest of Bermuda early on November 1. The precursor system dropped rainfall across much of southern Puerto Rico was at least 7 in mm on, with a peak at 20.43 in mm on in Pico del Este. Mudslides and flooding from the heavy precipitation left many roads impassable, washed out or collapsed several bridges, and caused considerable damage to agriculture, especially livestock. Additionally, one fatality occurred and 1,710 families fled their homes for shelters.http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-B8263CF8-57A6-48D4-9042-DE2DDAEE0D6F.pdf Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena National Climatic Data Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4 June 6, 2014 Asheville, North Carolina https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005931/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-B8263CF8-57A6-48D4-9042-DE2DDAEE0D6F.pdf 2014-06-07 dead Damage in Puerto Rico reached $6 million. A high-pressure area and Kendra combined produced strong winds and abnormally high tides along the East Coast of the United States, though no damage was reported. Other systems In addition to the 12 other tropical cyclones, there were several tropical depressions that developed during the season. The first of which formed over the central Gulf of Mexico on June 21. The depression moved northeastward toward Florida and strengthened slightly. It dissipated by late on June 22. Another tropical depression developed about 175 mi km on southwest of Porto Novo, Cape Verde on July 10. The system moved generally westward and intensified into a strong tropical depression, before dissipating two days later. Tropical Depression Four formed about 465 mi km on east of Barbados on August 7. It tracked westward without significantly intensifying, and passed through the Windward Islands over Bequia on the following day. The depression continued westward and passed near Aruba on August 9. It eventually traversed the Caribbean Sea, and made landfall to the south of Bluefields, Nicaragua on August 11. The depression dissipated shortly thereafter. A tropical depression formed in the central Gulf of Mexico on August 9. The storm moved northward and struck southeastern Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana before dissipating the next day. By August 30, another depression developed in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. The system tracked generally eastward and avoided landfall. It dissipated around midday on September 1. Tropical Depression Eight developed over western Senegal around 1200 UTC on September 3. The depression initially headed west-southwestward and soon entered the Atlantic Ocean. Between late on September 4 and early on September 5, the system passed south of Cape Verde. Later that day, the storm began curving west-northwestward. By early on September 7, it was heading northwestward and then turned to the north-northwest the next day. The depression moved northward between September 9 and September 10, before re-curving to the northeast. It dissipated about 440 mi km on of Flores Island in the Azores around midday on September 11. At 1200 UTC on September 8, Tropical Depression Nine developed over the west-central Gulf of Mexico. Moving generally westward, the depression made landfall south of La Pesca, Tamaulipas, around midday on September 10. The system rapidly weakened inland and dissipated later that day. Another tropical depression formed over western Senegal on September 18. It moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean before curving west-northwestward about three days later. On September 25, the depression moved northwestward and then northward by September 28. It dissipated about 550 mi km on east-northeast of Bermuda at 1200 UTC the following day. The next tropical depression developed in the Gulf of Mexico just offshore Campeche on September 21. Moving west-northwestward, the depression made landfall near Tampico on September 23, shortly before dissipating. A tropical depression formed at 1200 UTC on October 13, while located about 55 mi km on north of Corvo Island in the Azores. The depression initially moved south-southwestward, before curving southwestward by the following day. It then turned west-northwestward on October 15. Late the next day, the depression turned abruptly northward. The system dissipated about 500 mi km on west-northwest of Flores Island. The next tropical depression developed at 1200 UTC on October 26, while located about 490 mi km on south-southwest of the southernmost islands of Cape Verde. It moved generally westward and dissipated about halfway between the Lesser Antilles and the west coast of Africa on October 29. The final tropical depression of the season formed about 265 mi km on northeast of North Abaco in the Bahamas on November 3. Moving north-northeastward, the depression turned northeastward by the next day. It dissipated about 275 mi km on east of Virginia Beach, Virginia on November 5. Storm names The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1978.https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/HOPs-1978.pdf 12 NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research Washington, D.C. National Hurricane Operations Plan May 1978 January 17, 2024 Storms were named Amelia, Bess, Cora, Flossie, Hope, Irma, and Juliet for the first time in 1978. This was the last Atlantic hurricane season to utilize only female names for tropical storms. A new set of six annual lists utilizing both female and male names came into use in 1979.Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml National Hurricane Center Miami, Florida January 17, 2024 Amelia Bess Cora Debra Ella Flossie Greta Hope Irma Juliet Kendra Louise Martha Noreen Ora Paula Rosalie Susan Tanya Vanessa Wanda Retirement List of retired Atlantic hurricane names The name Greta was retired after the 1978 season. Season effects This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1978 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1978 USD. center 1978 North Atlantic tropical cyclone sstorm Unnamed January 18–23 45 (75) 1002 None None None depression Unnumbered June 21–23 30 (45) 1014 None None None depression Unnumbered July 10–12 35 (55) 1011 None None None storm Amelia July 30August 1 50 (85) 1005 Texas $110 million 33 storm Bess August 5–8 50 (85) 1005 Mexico (Veracruz) None None cat1 Cora August 7–12 90 (150) 980 Windward Islands (Grenada), Maine Minimal 1 depression Four August 7–11 35 (55) 1008 Windward Islands (Bequia), Central America (Nicaragua) None None depression Unnumbered August 9–10 30 (45) 1015 Louisiana None None storm Debra August 26–29 60 (95) 1000 Southern United States (Louisiana), Midwestern United States, Mid-Atlantic states, New England Minor 2 cat4 Ella August 30September 5 140 (220) 956 East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada None None depression Unnumbered August 30September 1 35 (55) 1013 None None None depression Eight September 3–11 35 (55) 1009 None None None cat2 Flossie September 4–15 100 (155) 976 None None None depression Nine September 8–10 35 (55) 1003 Mexico (Tamaulipas) None None cat4 Greta September 13–20 135 (215) 947 Netherlands Antilles, Central America (Belize), Mexico $25 million 5 storm Hope September 11–21 65 (100) 987 None None None depression Twelve September 18–29 35 (55) 1008 None None None depression Unnumbered September 21–23 35 (55) 1001 Mexico (Veracruz) None None storm Irma October 2–5 50 (85) 998 Azores None None storm Juliet October 7–11 50 (85) 1006 Puerto Rico, Bermuda None None depression Unnumbered October 13–17 35 (55) 992 None None None depression Unnumbered October 26–29 30 (45) 1008 None None None cat1 Kendra October 28November 1 80 (130) 990 Puerto Rico, East Coast of the United States $6 million 1 depression Unnumbered November 3–5 35 (55) 1006 None None None 24 January 18November 5 140 (220) 947 $141 million 42 See also Tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones in 1978 1978 Pacific hurricane season 1978 Pacific typhoon season 1978 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Australian region cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79 South Pacific cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1977–78, 1978–79 South Atlantic tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone Notes "note" References 30em External links WPC rainfall page for 1978 tropical cyclones Monthly Weather Review nb 1970 Atlantic hurricane 1978 Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines