1864 in science

none 1864 science 1864 The year 1864 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy May 14 – The Orgueil meteorite, composed of carbonaceous chondrite, falls in southwestern France. August 29 – William Huggins is the first to take the spectrum of a planetary nebula when he analyzes NGC 6543.Kwok Sun Sun Kwok The Origin and Evolution of planetary Nebulae History and overview 2000 Cambridge University Press 1–7 0-521-62313-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=7NfqpZxO_o0C 13 January 2012 February 2023 InternetArchiveBot yes Botany English botanist Richard Spruce completes a 15-year expedition to the Andes and Amazon Basin during which he has collected more than 30,000 plant specimens.Richard Spruce Hepaticae of the Amazon and the Andes of Peru and Ecuador Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society Edinburgh 1884 15 1-2Wallace, Alfred Russel Alfred Russel Wallace Spruce Richard Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and the Andes... during the years 1849–1864 https://archive.org/details/b31360117_0004 Macmillan London 1908Pearson Michael Richard Spruce: naturalist and explorer Hudson History Settle, Yorkshire 2004 1-903783-28-3 Chemistry August 20 – John Alexander Reina Newlands produces the first periodic table of the elements.On Relations Among the Equivalents Newlands John A. R. Chemical News 10 94–95 1864-08-20 http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/EA/NEWLANDSann.HTML#newlands3 2011-08-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050432/http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/EA/NEWLANDSann.HTML 21 July 2011 live November 27 – Barbituric acid is first synthesized, by German chemist Adolf von Baeyer. Lothar Meyer develops an early version of the periodic table, with 28 elements organized by valence.Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/julius-lothar-meyer-and-dmitri-ivanovich-mendeleev Science History Institute 21 March 2018 21 March 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130939/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/julius-lothar-meyer-and-dmitri-ivanovich-mendeleev liveBowden Mary Ellen Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd registration 1997 Chemical Heritage Foundation Philadelphia, PA 9780941901123 Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev 59-63 Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, building on Claude Louis Berthollet's ideas, propose the law of mass action.Guldberg, C. M. Waage, P. 1864 Studies Concerning Affinity Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana 35Waage, P. Experiments for Determining the Affinity Law Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1864 92C. M. Guldberg Concerning the Laws of Chemical Affinity Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania 1864 111 Conservation June 30 – The Yosemite Grant is created in the United States.Schaffer Jeffrey P. Yosemite National Park 4th 48 Mathematics Alfred Enneper publishes his parametrization of the Enneper surface in connection with minimal surface theory.Enneper A. Analytisch-geometrische Untersuchungen Zeitschrift für mathematische Physik 9 96–125 1864 Physics December 8 – James Clerk Maxwell presents his paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field to the Royal Society in London, treating light as an electromagnetic wave and presenting Maxwell's equations.10.1098/rstl.1865.0008 Maxwell J. Clerk A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf PDF Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155 459–512 1865 2011-08-30 2011-07-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20110728140123/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf live Technology February 17 – In the American Civil War, the tiny Confederate hand-propelled submarine H. L. Hunley sinks the USS Housatonic using a spar torpedo in Charleston Harbor, becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship (although the submarine and her crew of eight are also lost).The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy Tom Chaffin New York Hill and Wang 2008 978-0-8090-9512-4 registration https://archive.org/details/hlhunleysecretho00chaf December 8 – The Clifton Suspension Bridge across the Bristol Avon in England, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and completed as a memorial to him, opens to traffic.Penguin Pocket On This Day Penguin Reference Library 0-14-102715-0 2006 Oriel Chambers, Liverpool, England, the world's first metal-framed glass curtain walled building, designed by Peter Ellis (architect), is built.http://www.orielchambers.co.uk/#/411 History Oriel Chambers 2009-07-27 2011-02-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20110208175443/http://www.orielchambers.co.uk/#/411 live Nicolaus Otto and Eugen Langen produce a free piston gas atmospheric engine. Henry Roscoe and Robert Bunsen carry out what is reputed to be the first flashlight photography, using magnesium as a light source.Henry Roscoe (1833-1915): flashlight photography Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester) 2007 http://emu.msim.org.uk/htmlmn/collections/online/browsethemes/relatedobjects_lower.php?irn=2386 2011-11-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20120302015509/http://emu.msim.org.uk/htmlmn/collections/online/browsethemes/relatedobjects_lower.php?irn=2386 2012-03-02 dead Possible date – Siegfried Marcus builds the first motorized cart, in Vienna. Zoology The species Homo neanderthalensis is formally described by William King. The Central Park Zoo opens in New York City as a menagerie. Awards Copley Medal: Charles DarwinCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en 24 July 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200724101403/https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal live Wollaston Medal for Geology: Roderick Murchison Births January (prob. date) – George Washington Carver (died 1943), African American agricultural botanist. January 13 – Wilhelm Wien (died 1928), German physicist. February 28 – Oswald Bertram Lower (died 1925), Australian lepidopterist. March 12 – W. H. R. Rivers (died 1922), English psychiatrist. March 15 – Carl Edvard Johansson (died 1943), Swedish metrologist. April 21 – Max Weber (died 1920), German sociologist. June 14 – Alois Alzheimer (died 1915), German neuroscientist. June 25 – Walther Nernst (died 1941), German chemist. June 22 – Hermann Minkowski (died 1909), Lithuanian-German mathematician. September 8 (O.S. August 27) – Jakob Johann von Uexküll (died 1944), Baltic German pioneer of biosemiotics.Carlo Brentari Jakob von Uexküll: The Discovery of the Umwelt between Biosemiotics and Theoretical Biology Springer 2015 December 1 – Carsten Borchgrevink (died 1934), Norwegian Antarctic explorer. Deaths January 14 – Father Nicholas Callan (born 1799), Irish physicist. March 21 – Luke Howard (born 1772), English meteorologist and manufacturing chemist. May 3 – William Lobb (born 1809), English plant collector. May 5 – Elizabeth Andrew Warren (born 1786), Cornish botanist and marine algolologist. May 29 – Johann Georg Bodmer (born 1786), Swiss mechanical engineer and inventor. November 23 – Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (born 1793), Baltic German-born astronomer. December 8 – George Boole (born 1815), English-born mathematician. December 12 – John Fowler (born 1826), English agricultural engineer. References Category:1860s in science Category:19th century in science