1910 San Zacarías hurricane

Category 2 hurricane in 1910 August 2023 August 2023 1910 San Zacarías hurricaneThe Puerto Rican tradition of referring to intense hurricanes by the names of Catholic saints being commemorated on the corresponding feast days was among the earliest informal tropical cyclone naming systems, and lasted for centuries prior to the introduction of standardized naming conventions.Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration April 9, 2020 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtmlYanez, Anthony September 7, 2017 From Adrian to Zelda: A History of Hurricane Names NBC4 Southern California https://www.nbclosangeles.com/local/how-hurricanes-get-their-names-storms-weather/23317/ April 9, 2020Tropical Cyclone Names https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/tc_names NWS JetStream National Weather Service April 9, 2020 The 1910 San Zacarías hurricane was the second named San Zacarías, and may be referred to as simply hurricane "San Zacarías II".Boose Emery R. Serrano Mayra I. Foster David R. Landscape and Regional Impacts of Hurricanes in Puerto Rico Ecological Monographs May 2004 74 2 335–352 10.1890/02-4057 4539059 Ecological Society of America 31174524 http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29394998 The first San Zacarías hurricane occurred in 1713.Rodríguez Havidán Diaz Henry F. Pulwarty Roger S. A Socioeconomic Analysis of Hurricanes in Puerto Rico: An Overview of Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Hurricanes 1997 121–143 10.1007/978-3-642-60672-4_7 9783642645020123–124 note-naming 1910 San Zacarias hurricane surface analysis 1910-09-13.png Surface weather analysis of the hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico on September 13 Weather map depicting the hurricane 1910 09 05All times and dates based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) unless otherwise noted. note-time 1910 09 15 95 1910 7 Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, Texas, Louisiana 1910 Atlantic hurricane season The 1910 San Zacarías hurricanenote-naming was a tropical cyclone that impacted parts of the Greater Antilles and South Texas in September 1910. Reanalyses of the storm estimate that the storm peaked at an intensity equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale, observations along the storm's path were sparse. The tropical cyclone formed east of the Leeward Islands by September 5, but passed near Puerto Rico as a hurricane on the night of September 6–7 with no advance warning. Strong winds and heavy rain produced by a squall or rainband associated with the hurricane impacted the eastern and northern coasts of Puerto Rico, causing extensive damage and setting rainfall intensity records at several weather stations. The maximum rainfall total documented in Puerto Rico was 19.11 in at Naguabo. Three people died after the storm sunk schooners in San Juan Bay. Tracking west across the Caribbean Sea, the hurricane affected Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica. It moved into the Gulf of Mexico on September 11, where it later reached its peak intensity. On September 14, the hurricane made landfall in South Texas. Gusty winds and rains from the storm spread across the coasts of Texas and Louisiana. The hurricane generated 4 – 8 in of rainfall over South Texas, leading to a flood of the lower Rio Grande that killed four people and caused some damage to crops. The storm weakened inland and dissipated over northeastern Mexico on September 15. Meteorological history AL03 1910 path.png new The modern Atlantic hurricane database documents the San Zacarías hurricane as developing east of the Leeward Islands by September 5, 1910, with estimated maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) accompanying the storm's first listed position at 06:00 UTC.note-time The storm intensified into a hurricane the same day and passed over the Leeward Islands, moving near Antigua in the afternoon before moving into the Caribbean Sea.1910 Hurricane NOT_NAMED (1910248N17302) https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-1910248N17302 Database International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) University of North Carolina at Asheville August 11, 2023 Asheville, North CarolinaPérez Orlando Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico, 1508–1970 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/perez_21_34.pdf 23–2423 The hurricane passed south of St. Croix on September 6 with estimated sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h), equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale.23 Despite the hurricane intensity, the United States Weather Bureau was only aware of "unsettled" weather over the eastern Caribbean on the morning of September 6,Bowie Edward H. Weather, Forecasts, and Warnings for the Month Monthly Weather Review September 1910 38 9 1456–1458 10.1175/1520-0493(1910)38<1456:WFAWFT>2.0.CO;2 free American Meteorological Society 1910MWRv...38.1456B 1456 and no warnings were in effect for Puerto Rico when the hurricane tracked south of the U.S. territory on the night of September 6–7.24 At 23:00 UTC on September 6, the Weather Bureau indicated for the first time that a tropical cyclone was nearby. The center of the hurricane passed 20 mi south of Ponce, Puerto Rico, and the barometric pressure at San Juan bottomed out at 1008 mbar (hPa; 29.76 inHg).241456 Tracking west-northwest,1456 the hurricane moved along the southern coast of Hispaniola between September 7–8.23 It then passed just north of Jamaica on September 9 and continued south of Cuba between September 9–10.23 The hurricane moved into the Yucatan Channel on September 10.Partagás José Fernandez Diaz Henry F. A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and Other Historical Sources Part VI: 1909–1910 1999 NOAA Climate Diagnostics Center Boulder, Colorado 4–8 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1909-1910/1910.pdf August 11, 2023 Year 1910 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory6 Although the hurricane database lists the storm as remaining a hurricane throughout its trek through the central and western Caribbean, weather researchers Henry F. Diaz and José Fernandez Partagás assessed the tropical cyclone as weakening to tropical storm intensity between September 9–12 before restrengthening based on nearby weather observations and contemporaneous analyses by the Cuban National Observatory.7 The storm moved across the Gulf of Mexico between September 11–14.23 During this period, the hurricane reached its peak intensity with winds of around 110 mph (175 km/h) and held this strength for around two days. Northeast storm warnings were issued for the Texas coast by the Weather Bureau on September 13. At around 22:00 UTC on September 14, the hurricane made landfall on the coast of South Texas near the mouth of the Rio Grande.1456Price W. Armstrong Hurricanes Affecting the Coast of Texas From Galveston to Rio Grande Technical Memorandum March 1956 https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blog/BEB-TM-78.pdf Louisiana State University August 11, 2023 United States Army Corps of Engineers A-7 Contemporaneously, the U.S. Weather Bureau considered the tropical cyclone a strong tropical storm at landfall.1456 However, a reanalysis of the storm conducted by the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory in 2011 estimated peak sustained winds of around 105 mph (165 km/h) at the time of landfall, equivalent to a modern-day Category 2 hurricane. No observations were made of the hurricane's central air pressure, though the storm's impacts suggested a minimum pressure of around 965 mbar (hPa; 28.50 inHg) occurring over southern Padre Island.Landsea Chris Anderson Craig Bredemeyer William Carrasco Cristina Charles Noel Chenoweth Michael Clark Gil Delgado Sandy Dunion Jason Ellis Ryan Fernandez-Partagas Jose Feuer Steve Gamanche John Glenn David Hagen Andrew Hufstetler Lyle Mock Cary Neumann Charlie Perez Suarez Ramon Prieto Ricardo Sanchez-Sesma Jorge Santiago Adrian Sims Jamese Thomas Donna Lenworth Woolcock Zimmer Mark Christopher Landsea Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 11, 2023 August 2011 Miami, Florida Metadata 1910/03 - 2011 REVISIONRoth David Texas Hurricane History https://www.weather.gov/media/lch/events/txhurricanehistory.pdf National Weather Service August 11, 2023 32 January 6, 2010 The storm weakened after moving inland over the Rio Grande Valley and dissipated over northeastern Mexico on September 15 near the U.S. border.23 Impact + September 6–7 rainfall totals in Puerto Rico68 Locality Rainfall total Naguabo 19.11 in Humacao 15.62 in Río Blanco 14.83 in Corozal 12.87 in Comerío Falls 12.80 in Maunabo 10.68 in Central Ingénio 10.54 in Despite passing south of Puerto Rico, a squall or rainband originating from the hurricane caused localized and severe impacts in northeastern Puerto Rico from Fajardo to areas around San Juan and Caguas, producing strong winds and torrential rainfall.23–2468 The hurricane's impacts were most evident in those areas,1456 with comparatively "normal weather conditions" prevailing across more than two-thirds of Puerto Rico.68 Considerable damage also occurred along the eastern coast of Puerto Rico between Fajardo and Maunabo.5 A modeling study published in Ecological Monographs in 2004 suggested that the severity of the hurricane's impacts were approximately equivalent to an F2 on the Fujita scale.344 The total cost of damage was reported in newspapers to be in the "hundreds of thousands of dollars."Big Hurricane Sweeps Porto Rico https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montgomery-times-1910-san-zacarias-h/129891032/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 The Montgomery Times 292 7 September 8, 1910 San Juan, Puerto Rico Montgomery, Alabama 1Hurricane Swept Porto Rico https://www.newspapers.com/article/shawnee-news-herald-1910-san-zacarias-hu/129891136/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 The Shawnee News National News Association September 8, 1910 San Juan, Puerto Rico Shawnee, Oklahoma 1 Clear skies were present over San Juan in the early morning of September 6, with no advanced warning of the approaching hurricane and barometers showing no clear indication of an approaching storm;2568 overcast conditions set in by 14:00 UTC and air pressures began to fall more precipitously thereafter.La Tempestad de Ayer https://www.newspapers.com/article/la-correspondencia-de-puerto-rico-1910-s/129888543/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 La Correspondencia de Puerto Rico September 7, 1910 San Juan, Puerto Rico 1 es23–24 The lack of warning led to criticism of the U.S. Weather Bureau. Thunderstorms affected much of Puerto Rico on the night of September 6–7.23–24 The localized impacts in the northern part of Puerto Rico despite the hurricane passing south of the territory gave the erroneous impression that there were two tropical cyclonesnamed San Zacarías II and San Zacarías IIIpassing near Puerto Rico, with one striking the northern coastal areas and the other moving harmlessly south of the territory.5 Strong northeasterly winds buffeted the entirety of Puerto Rico from the late afternoon of September 6 to the early morning hours of September 7, occasionally reaching hurricane-force. At the Weather Bureau office in San Juan, winds peaked at 72 mph at 23:20 UTC on September 6.145668 Winds were reportedly as strong along the east and northeastern coast of Puerto Rico.68 The winds toppled and snapped telephone and telegraph poles and wires, disrupting telecommunications in San Juan, Río Piedras, and Santurce.1456Fassig Oliver L. Porto Rico Section Climatological Data September 1910 12 9 67–68 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-C4D47803-67C1-4640-8554-DA2230D699F5.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20230812013540/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-C4D47803-67C1-4640-8554-DA2230D699F5.pdf August 12, 2023 August 11, 2023 United States Weather Bureau San Juan, Puerto Rico 68 Power outages befell those communities after an electric plant was knocked out of service, cutting them off from the rest of the main Puerto Rico island.68Porto Rico Hurricane Swept https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sun/129891681/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 The Sun 8 78 September 8, 1910 San Juan, Puerto Rico New York 1Cyclone Strikes San Juan https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-journal-1910-san-zacarias-hurr/129891778/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 The Freeport Daily Journal 138 32 September 8, 1910 San Juan, Puerto Rico Freeport, Illinois 2 The outages in Santurce cut power to the area's trolley service. The winds also uprooted some trees, though fruit trees largely withstood the hurricane.68 Three people were killed after several schooners sank in San Juan Bay.Hurricane in Porto Rico https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-1910-san-zacarias-hur/129890748/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 The New York Times 19220 59 September 8, 1910 San Juan, Puerto Rico New York 6 thumb|left|Surface weather analysis of the storm along the Texas coast on September 14|alt=Weather map The heavy rains from the hurricane broke intensity records at several weather stations in Puerto Rico.1456 There were two foci for extreme rainfall in Puerto Rico centered on Comerío and Naguabo.68 Two-day rainfall totals peaked at 19.11 in in Naguabo.24 In Comerío, a station reported around 13 in of rain in 12 hours.1456 Rainfall totals of around 6 – 7 ft were recorded along the remainder of the northern Puerto Rican coast between San Juan and Fajardo. Most of the damage in the U.S. territory caused by the hurricane was attributed to the rainfall, which led to record river flooding and washed out sugar cane fields.145668 Floodwaters also damaged railroads in the San Juan area.Hurricane Does Damage in the City of San Juan https://www.newspapers.com/article/asheville-gazette-news-1910-san-zacarias/129889880/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 The Asheville Gazette News 181 25 September 7, 1910 San Juan, Puerto Rico Asheville, North Carolina 1 Heavy property damage was reported in Santo Domingo and Haiti. Effects from the hurricane in Cuba were minor as the storm passed to the south.A Tropical Disturbance https://www.newspapers.com/article/lancaster-new-era-1910-san-zacarias-hurr/129890273/ Newspapers.com August 12, 2023 The Daily New Era 10339 September 8, 1910 Lancaster, Pennsylvania Washington 1 Heavy rain was reported in Guantanmo without strong attendant winds.6 The hurricane brought thunderstorms and gusty winds to Jamaica on September 7–9 without significant impact.And There Was a Great Wind NewspaperArchive.com The Daily Gleaner 209 26 September 10, 1910 Kingston, Jamaica 10 The hurricane produced high tides and strong winds throughout the Texas and Louisiana coasts.6 Storm surge heights from the hurricane reached 9 ft at South Padre Island.Needham Hal F. Keim Barry D. A storm surge database for the US Gulf Coast International Journal of Climatology November 30, 2012 32 14 2108–2123 10.1002/joc.2425 Royal Meteorological Society 2012IJCli..32.2108N 128673705 Padre Island was inundated by the surge during landfall and the tide in Nueces Bay reached its highest levels in years.32 Winds at Corpus Christi, reached 61 mph, but remained light in Brownsville.Bunnemeyer Bernard Climatological Data for September 1910: District No. 8, Texas and Rio Grande Valley Monthly Weather Review September 1910 38 9 1399–1407 10.1175/1520-0493(1910)38<1399:DNTARG>2.0.CO;2 free American Meteorological Society Wind speeds peaked at 42 mph in Taylor and 37 mph in Houston.7 Heavy rainfall accompanied the hurricane in Texas, with rainfall accumulations reaching 4 – 8 in in Cameron, Hidalgo, Nueces, and Starr counties after 24 hours of continuous rainfall. September 24-hour rainfall records were set in Brighton, La Parra, and Sarita.32 The heavy rain led to a flood of the lower Rio Grande. The river at Mission rose 17 ft and reached flood stage on September 19. The swollen river overtopped its banks 4 mi west of Mission, filling resacas. A 1800 acre on stretch of land spanning 2 mi wide in Mission was flooded, briefly disrupting rail service and ruining some of the area's bean crop. Northern parts of Mercedes were flooded, with travel by boat necessary to traverse the 3 mi wide expanse of floodwaters. The floodwaters reached Brownsville four days later, with the Rio Grande rising nearly 15 ft. Four people drowned in the floods near Hidalgo.Four Mexicans Drowned in Lower Rio Grande https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-paso-times-1910-san-zacarias-hurrican/129941222/ Newspapers.com August 13, 2023 El Paso Morning Times September 18, 1910 El Paso, Texas 1 Damage from the hurricane was minimal farther inland.A-7 Notes References Category:1910 in the United States Category:1910 natural disasters Category:1910s Atlantic hurricane seasons Category:Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes Category:Hurricanes in Puerto Rico Category:Hurricanes in Texas Category:September 1910 in the United States